“The people,” philosopher statesman S. Radhakrishan told the Constituent Assembly in December 1946, “whether they are Hindus or Muslims, prince of peasant, belong to this country… It is not possible for us to think we belong to separate identities.”
It was a noble vision, particularly when set against the daunting backdrop of a vocal and vibrant democracy. It was also a vision riddled with imperfections and unanswered questions. The Congress posited a secular India – as distinguished from the confessional state of Pakistan – but the ground rules of secularism were left vague. There was a good reason for the ambiguity: very divergent views on the subject.
Mahatma Gandhi was a deeply religious man and he could never countenance the separation of religious morality from political conduct. Nehru, on the other hand, was an agnostic who saw religion as an intensely private matter.
On paper, India is unquestionably a secular state with secure constitutional guarantees for all citizens. Yet at a social and political level, secularism seems a delightful and occasionally, a grotesque abstraction. If Britain – the country that shaped India’s Constitution – is a denominational state with a secular state with a society divided along religious lines.
Since the early 1980s, the fires of sectarian conflict have been burning with varying intensity, pitting Indian against Indian. Historical memories, religious wounds, and political manipulation have together generated a fierce communal rage that is destroying the soul of India. The otherwise sane and sober are mounting intolerance even sanctioning violence and murder. Hate has become respectable and the consensus of tolerance and accommodation is being challenged.
A brief history of secular crises (past 25 years)
1976 Secular Mantra
During Emergency Indira Gandhi alters the preamble of the Constitution and adds the word “secular” . Secularism becomes a new battle.
1979 Meenakshipuram
The conversion of Dalits to Islam in Tamil Nadu triggers controversy. VHP enters the stage as the new champion of Hindu interests.
1984 Anti Sikh Riots
The killing of 3,000 Sikhs in Delhi after Indira Gandhi’s assassination undermines secularism. No action taken against rioters.
1985 Shah Bano Case
Rajiv Gandhi gives Muslim orthodoxy and reverses Supreme Court verdict. It is seen as an instance of minority appeasement.
199o Exodus of Pandits
V.P. Singh regime is helpless as Kashmiri Hindus flee the valley. Inaction bolsters impression of unconcern for the majority community.
1992 Babri Demolition
Ram Janmabhoomi movement peaks with demolition of mosque. Compromises secularism and triggers a wave of vicious rioting.
2002 Gujarat carnage
Nearly 700 people die in post Godhra riots. The state BJP Government charged with being a passive onlooker to the killing of Muslims.
The Guilty : Architects of a Divided State
M.A. Jinnah
The father of the first Islamic State in South Asia started it. His two nation theory sanctified the irreconcilability of Hindus and Muslims.
Indira Gandhi
She constitutionalised secularism, with her politics swinging between secular extremism and religious opportunism.
Rajiv Gandhi
From the famous Shas Bano case to Ayodhya, he gave secularism a go by and set the stage for Hindu resurgence.
J.S. Bhindranwale
India’s first militant face of religious radicalism, almost Bin-Laden like, he marked the bloody inauguration of Sikh extremism in Punjab.
V.P Singh
The caste plank of his Mandal movement contributed to the rise of Hindu constituency in the Hindu heartland.
L.K. Advani
His famous rath yatra, for the first time, set of the biggest political moblisation of Hindus and BJP’s journey to power.
Bal Thackeray
The maverick demagogue had perfected the politics of hate, visceral, banal but never failing to evoke fear among minorities.
“In India, as elsewhere in our darkening world, religion is poison.” Salman Rushdie
“Secularism doesn’t mean minorities can defy laws of the land.” Kuldip Singh
“India is secular but stae patronage of Hindutva vitiates the mood. John Dayal
“India has to remain secular and abjure bigotry if it is to prosper.” H.D. Shourie
“It must be terrifying to be a Muslim in this country today.” Arundhati Roy