Tag Archives: homology

Homology

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Part 1: “Homology” without Pre-requisites, except “Function” (he un-rigourously interchanges with “Mapping”, although Function is stricter with 1-and-only-1 Image) .

Part 2: Simplex (单纯形)

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Topology History : Euler Characteristic eg. (V – E + R = 2) ,
Poincaré invention

This video uses Algebra of point, line, triangle… to explain a Simplex (plural: Simplices) in R^{n} Space, that is organizing the n-Dimensional “Big Data” data points into Simplices, then (future Part 3, 4…) compute the “holes” (or pattern called Persistent Homology).

Part 3: Boundary

Part 3 justifies why triangles (formed by any 3 data points) called “Simplex” 单纯形(plural: Simplices) are best to fill any Big Data Space.

Is There a Multi-dimensional Mathematical World Hidden in the Brain’s Computation?

Medicine, Modern Math, Science 1 Comment

“Algebraic Topology” can detect the Multi-dimensional neural network in our brain – by studying the Homology (同调) and co-Homology (上同调) with the help of Linear Algebra (multi-dim Matrix) &  Computers.

Homology = compute the number of “holes” in multi-dim space. 

Neurons formed in the brain can be modeled in Math (Topology) by Simplex 单纯 (plural : Simplices), billions of them interconnected into a complex – “Simplicial Complex” (单纯复体)。

https://singularityhub.com/2017/06/21/is-there-a-multidimensional-mathematical-world-hidden-in-the-brains-computation/?from=timeline#.WUvPNsvmjqD

代 数拓扑 Algebraic Topology (Part 1/3)

Modern Math 1 Comment

Excellent Advanced Math Lecture Series (Part 1 to 3) by 齊震宇老師

（2012.09.10) Part I:

History: 1900 H. Poincaré invented Topology from Euler Characteristic (V -E + R = 2)

Motivation of Algebraic Topology : Find Invariants [1]of various topological spaces (in higher dimension). 求拓扑空间的“不变量” eg.

  • Vector Space (to + – , × ÷ by multiplier Field scalars);
  • Ring (to + x) in co-homology
  • etc.

then apply algebra (Linear Algebra, Matrices) with computer to compute these invariants  (homology, co-homology, etc).

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A topological space can be formed by a “Big Data” Point Set, e.g. genes, tumors, drugs, images, graphics, etc. By finding (co)- / homology – hence the intuitive Chinese term (上) /同调 [2] – is to find “holes” in the Big Data in the 10,000 (e.g.) dimensional space the hidden information (co-relationship, patterns, etc).
Note: [1] Analogy of an”Invariant” in Population: eg. “Age” is an invariant can be added in the “Population Space” as the average age of the citizens.

Side Reading (Very Clear) : Invariant and the Fundamental Group Primer

Note [2]: Homology 同调 = same “tune”.

南朝 刘宋 谢灵运山水诗:
“谁谓古今殊，异代可同调”
同调 = Homology
(希腊 homo = 同, -logy = 知识 / 调)

– “Reading an ancient text  allows us to think “in tune” (or resonant) with the ancient author.”

[温习] Category Theory Foundation – 3 important concepts:

  • Categories
  • Functors
  • Natural Transformation

[Skip if you are familiar with Category Theory Basics: Video 16:30 mins to 66:00 mins.]


[主题] Singular Homology Groups 奇异同调群  (See excellent writeup in Wikipedia) (Video 66:20 mins to end)

  1. Singular Simplices 奇异 单纯
  2. Singular Chain Groups 奇异 链 群
  3. Boundary Operation 边界
  4. Singular Chain Complex 奇异 单纯复形

    5. Image

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Part 1/3 Video (Whole) :

Homology: Why Boundary of Boundary = 0 ?

Modern Math 1 Comment

Homology and co-homology are the Top 10 Toughest Math in the world (1st & 8th topics in the list, of which 3rd, 4th, 9th and 10th topics received the Fields Medals). Like most Math concepts, which were discovered few decades or centuries ago, now become useful in scientific / industrial / computer applications never thought before by their discoverers.

Examples: Prime numbers, Chinese Remainder Theorem 韩信点兵 / Fermat’s Little Theorem / Gauss Modular Arithmetic / Elliptic Curve in Cryptography; Homology in Big Data Analytics for Epidemic Medicine, Pharmaceutical Drugs, Consumer Behavior Study, Stock Market, Economy, etc.

This Homology Fundamental Equation puzzles most people. WHY ?
\boxed {{\delta}^2 = 0 { ?}}

It is analogous to the Vector Algebra:
Let the boundary of {A, B} =
\delta (A,B) = \overrightarrow{AB } 

\overrightarrow{AB } + \overrightarrow {BA} =\overrightarrow{AB } - \overrightarrow {AB} = \vec 0

Source: http://mathoverflow.net/questions/640/what-is-cohomology-and-how-does-a-beginner-gain-intuition-about-it

Note: (co)-homology: (上) 同调

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Euclid Geometry & Homology:

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References: (Videos)

1. Isabell Darcy Lecture: cohomology

2. 同调代数 Homological Algebra

References: (Books)

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4. “From Calculus to co-homology” (eBook download)

NJ Wildberger Lecture Series : Simplicial Complex (单纯 复形)

Modern Math 1 Comment

Simplex : 单纯 (plural Simplices)
0-dim (Point) \triangle_0
1-dim (Line) \triangle_1
2-dim (Triangle) \triangle_2
3-dim (Tetrahedron) \triangle_3

Simplicial Complex: 单纯復形 built by various Simplices under some rules.

Definitions of Simplex : S (v_0, v_1, ..., v_n)
Face
Orientation
Boundary (\delta )
\displaystyle \boxed { \delta(S) = \sum_{i=0}^{n} (-1)^i (v_0 ...\hat v_i ...v_n)}

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Theorem: \boxed { \delta ^2 (S) = 0} SO SIMPLE !!!

Follow the entire Algebraic Topology from University of New South Wales (3rd / 4th Year Math) :

Algebraic Topology: a beginner’s course – N J Wildberger:

Homology (同调 ) in Geometry & Topology

Chinese, Modern Math 1 Comment

幾何與拓樸簡介

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同調論


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“同胚” homomEophism (eg. Donnut 和茶壶), 可以扭捏泥土从前者变后者。

“同态” (同样形态homomOrphism), 就是Same-Shape-ism. eg. (相似) Similar Triangle.

如果是congruent (全等), 就是 Isomorphism (“同构“, 同样结构)。

所有新加坡人自己人批评自己人kiasu, 其实大家都kiasu, 因为是”自同态” (自己同样态度kiasu), 自=”Endo”
=> Endomorphism.

如果猪八戒照镜子, 看到镜子里面的丑八怪, 还是他猪八戒,
=> Automorphism “自同构” (镜里的影子和自己同样结构)

这些构造(structure)在WW1后被当时Structurism哲学思想影响, Bourbaki 法国师范大学一批学生 (犹太人 André Weil是领袖)把全部人类的数学重写, 以structures (Set, Group, Ring, Module, Field, Vector Space, Topology. .. )为基础 就是新(抽象)数学, 影响到今。
WW2 后, 美国人Sanders MacLane 更上一层楼, 把Set/Group/Ring…等structures 再归类成Category (范畴), 研究其共通的性质 (Morphism 动态), 能够 举一反十。应用在IT 里, 其 Category 就是Functional programming, Types…