# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
#    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
#    you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
#    You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#        http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
#    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
#    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
#    WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
#    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
#    limitations under the License.

require 'faraday'
require 'stringio'
require 'addressable/uri'
require 'signet'
require 'signet/errors'
require 'signet/oauth_2'
require 'jwt'
require 'date'

module Signet
  module OAuth2
    class Client

      OOB_MODES = %w(urn:ietf:wg:oauth:2.0:oob:auto urn:ietf:wg:oauth:2.0:oob oob)

      ##
      # Creates an OAuth 2.0 client.
      #
      # @param [Hash] options
      #   The configuration parameters for the client.
      #   - <code>:authorization_uri</code> -
      #     The authorization server's HTTP endpoint capable of
      #     authenticating the end-user and obtaining authorization.
      #   - <code>:token_credential_uri</code> -
      #     The authorization server's HTTP endpoint capable of issuing
      #     tokens and refreshing expired tokens.
      #   - <code>:client_id</code> -
      #     A unique identifier issued to the client to identify itself to the
      #     authorization server.
      #   - <code>:client_secret</code> -
      #     A shared symmetric secret issued by the authorization server,
      #     which is used to authenticate the client.
      #   - <code>:scope</code> -
      #     The scope of the access request, expressed either as an Array
      #     or as a space-delimited String.
      #   - <code>:state</code> -
      #     An arbitrary string designed to allow the client to maintain state.
      #   - <code>:code</code> -
      #     The authorization code received from the authorization server.
      #   - <code>:redirect_uri</code> -
      #     The redirection URI used in the initial request.
      #   - <code>:username</code> -
      #     The resource owner's username.
      #   - <code>:password</code> -
      #     The resource owner's password.
      #   - <code>:issuer</code> -
      #     Issuer ID when using assertion profile
      #   - <code>:person</code> -
      #     Target user for assertions
      #   - <code>:expiry</code> -
      #     Number of seconds assertions are valid for
      #   - <code>:signing_key</code> -
      #     Signing key when using assertion profile
      #   - <code>:refresh_token</code> -
      #     The refresh token associated with the access token
      #     to be refreshed.
      #   - <code>:access_token</code> -
      #     The current access token for this client.
      #   - <code>:id_token</code> -
      #     The current ID token for this client.
      #   - <code>:extension_parameters</code> -
      #     When using an extension grant type, this the set of parameters used
      #     by that extension.
      #
      # @example
      #   client = Signet::OAuth2::Client.new(
      #     :authorization_uri =>
      #       'https://example.server.com/authorization',
      #     :token_credential_uri =>
      #       'https://example.server.com/token',
      #     :client_id => 'anonymous',
      #     :client_secret => 'anonymous',
      #     :scope => 'example',
      #     :redirect_uri => 'https://example.client.com/oauth'
      #   )
      #
      # @see Signet::OAuth2::Client#update!
      def initialize options={}
        @authorization_uri    = nil
        @token_credential_uri = nil
        @client_id            = nil
        @client_secret        = nil
        @code                 = nil
        @expires_at           = nil
        @issued_at            = nil
        @issuer               = nil
        @password             = nil
        @principal            = nil
        @redirect_uri         = nil
        @scope                = nil
        @state                = nil
        @username             = nil
        @access_type          = nil
        self.update!(options)
      end

      ##
      # Updates an OAuth 2.0 client.
      #
      # @param [Hash] options
      #   The configuration parameters for the client.
      #   - <code>:authorization_uri</code> -
      #     The authorization server's HTTP endpoint capable of
      #     authenticating the end-user and obtaining authorization.
      #   - <code>:token_credential_uri</code> -
      #     The authorization server's HTTP endpoint capable of issuing
      #     tokens and refreshing expired tokens.
      #   - <code>:client_id</code> -
      #     A unique identifier issued to the client to identify itself to the
      #     authorization server.
      #   - <code>:client_secret</code> -
      #     A shared symmetric secret issued by the authorization server,
      #     which is used to authenticate the client.
      #   - <code>:scope</code> -
      #     The scope of the access request, expressed either as an Array
      #     or as a space-delimited String.
      #   - <code>:state</code> -
      #     An arbitrary string designed to allow the client to maintain state.
      #   - <code>:code</code> -
      #     The authorization code received from the authorization server.
      #   - <code>:redirect_uri</code> -
      #     The redirection URI used in the initial request.
      #   - <code>:username</code> -
      #     The resource owner's username.
      #   - <code>:password</code> -
      #     The resource owner's password.
      #   - <code>:issuer</code> -
      #     Issuer ID when using assertion profile
      #   - <code>:audience</code> -
      #     Target audience for assertions
      #   - <code>:person</code> -
      #     Target user for assertions
      #   - <code>:expiry</code> -
      #     Number of seconds assertions are valid for
      #   - <code>:signing_key</code> -
      #     Signing key when using assertion profile
      #   - <code>:refresh_token</code> -
      #     The refresh token associated with the access token
      #     to be refreshed.
      #   - <code>:access_token</code> -
      #     The current access token for this client.
      #   - <code>:access_type</code> -
      #     The current access type parameter for #authorization_uri.
      #   - <code>:id_token</code> -
      #     The current ID token for this client.
      #   - <code>:extension_parameters</code> -
      #     When using an extension grant type, this is the set of parameters used
      #     by that extension.
      #
      # @example
      #   client.update!(
      #     :code => 'i1WsRn1uB1',
      #     :access_token => 'FJQbwq9',
      #     :expires_in => 3600
      #   )
      #
      # @see Signet::OAuth2::Client#initialize
      # @see Signet::OAuth2::Client#update_token!
      def update!(options={})
        # Normalize all keys to symbols to allow indifferent access.
        options = deep_hash_normalize(options)

        self.authorization_uri = options[:authorization_uri] if options.has_key?(:authorization_uri)
        self.token_credential_uri = options[:token_credential_uri] if options.has_key?(:token_credential_uri)
        self.client_id = options[:client_id] if options.has_key?(:client_id)
        self.client_secret = options[:client_secret] if options.has_key?(:client_secret)
        self.scope = options[:scope] if options.has_key?(:scope)
        self.state = options[:state] if options.has_key?(:state)
        self.code = options[:code] if options.has_key?(:code)
        self.redirect_uri = options[:redirect_uri] if options.has_key?(:redirect_uri)
        self.username = options[:username] if options.has_key?(:username)
        self.password = options[:password] if options.has_key?(:password)
        self.issuer = options[:issuer] if options.has_key?(:issuer)
        self.person = options[:person] if options.has_key?(:person)
        self.sub = options[:sub] if options.has_key?(:sub)
        self.expiry = options[:expiry] || 60
        self.audience = options[:audience] if options.has_key?(:audience)
        self.signing_key = options[:signing_key] if options.has_key?(:signing_key)
        self.extension_parameters = options[:extension_parameters] || {}
        self.additional_parameters = options[:additional_parameters] || {}
        self.access_type = options.fetch(:access_type) { :offline }
        self.update_token!(options)
        return self
      end

      ##
      # Updates an OAuth 2.0 client.
      #
      # @param [Hash] options
      #   The configuration parameters related to the token.
      #   - <code>:refresh_token</code> -
      #     The refresh token associated with the access token
      #     to be refreshed.
      #   - <code>:access_token</code> -
      #     The current access token for this client.
      #   - <code>:id_token</code> -
      #     The current ID token for this client.
      #   - <code>:expires_in</code> -
      #     The time in seconds until access token expiration.
      #   - <code>:expires_at</code> -
      #     The time as an integer number of seconds since the Epoch
      #   - <code>:issued_at</code> -
      #     The timestamp that the token was issued at.
      #
      # @example
      #   client.update!(
      #     :refresh_token => 'n4E9O119d',
      #     :access_token => 'FJQbwq9',
      #     :expires_in => 3600
      #   )
      #
      # @see Signet::OAuth2::Client#initialize
      # @see Signet::OAuth2::Client#update!
      def update_token!(options={})
        # Normalize all keys to symbols to allow indifferent access internally
        options = deep_hash_normalize(options)

        self.expires_in = options[:expires] if options.has_key?(:expires)
        self.expires_in = options[:expires_in] if options.has_key?(:expires_in)
        self.expires_at = options[:expires_at] if options.has_key?(:expires_at)

        # By default, the token is issued at `Time.now` when `expires_in` is
        # set, but this can be used to supply a more precise time.
        self.issued_at = options[:issued_at] if options.has_key?(:issued_at)

        # Special case where we want expires_at to be relative to issued_at
        if options.has_key?(:issued_at) && options.has_key?(:expires_in)
          set_relative_expires_at options[:issued_at], options[:expires_in]
        end

        self.access_token = options[:access_token] if options.has_key?(:access_token)
        self.refresh_token = options[:refresh_token] if options.has_key?(:refresh_token)
        self.id_token = options[:id_token] if options.has_key?(:id_token)

        return self
      end

      ##
      # Returns the authorization URI that the user should be redirected to.
      #
      # @return [Addressable::URI] The authorization URI.
      #
      # @see Signet::OAuth2.generate_authorization_uri
      def authorization_uri(options={})
        # Normalize external input
        options = deep_hash_normalize(options)

        return nil if @authorization_uri == nil
        unless options[:response_type]
          options[:response_type] = :code
        end
        if !options[:access_type] && access_type
          options[:access_type] = access_type
        end
        options[:client_id] ||= self.client_id
        options[:redirect_uri] ||= self.redirect_uri
        if options[:prompt] && options[:approval_prompt]
          raise ArgumentError, "prompt and approval_prompt are mutually exclusive parameters"
        end
        if !options[:client_id]
          raise ArgumentError, "Missing required client identifier."
        end
        unless options[:redirect_uri]
          raise ArgumentError, "Missing required redirect URI."
        end
        if !options[:scope] && self.scope
          options[:scope] = self.scope.join(' ')
        end
        options[:state] = self.state unless options[:state]
        options.merge!(self.additional_parameters.merge(options[:additional_parameters] || {}))
        options.delete(:additional_parameters)
        options = Hash[options.map do |key, option|
          [key.to_s, option]
        end]
        uri = Addressable::URI.parse(
          ::Signet::OAuth2.generate_authorization_uri(
            @authorization_uri, options
          )
        )
        if uri.normalized_scheme != 'https'
          raise Signet::UnsafeOperationError,
            'Authorization endpoint must be protected by TLS.'
        end
        return uri
      end

      ##
      # Sets the authorization URI for this client.
      #
      # @param [Addressable::URI, Hash, String, #to_str] new_authorization_uri
      #   The authorization URI.
      def authorization_uri=(new_authorization_uri)
        @authorization_uri = coerce_uri(new_authorization_uri)
      end

      ##
      # Returns the token credential URI for this client.
      #
      # @return [Addressable::URI] The token credential URI.
      def token_credential_uri
        return @token_credential_uri
      end

      ##
      # Sets the token credential URI for this client.
      #
      # @param [Addressable::URI, Hash, String, #to_str] new_token_credential_uri
      #   The token credential URI.
      def token_credential_uri=(new_token_credential_uri)
        @token_credential_uri = coerce_uri(new_token_credential_uri)
      end

      # Addressable expects URIs formatted as hashes to come in with symbols as keys.
      # Returns nil implicitly for the nil case.
      def coerce_uri(incoming_uri)
        if incoming_uri.is_a? Hash
          Addressable::URI.new(deep_hash_normalize(incoming_uri))
        elsif incoming_uri
          Addressable::URI.parse(incoming_uri)
        end
      end

      ##
      # Returns the current access type parameter for #authorization_uri.
      #
      # @return [String, Symbol] The current access type.
      def access_type
        return @access_type
      end

      ##
      # Sets the current access type parameter for #authorization_uri.
      #
      # @param [String, Symbol] new_access_type
      #   The current access type.
      def access_type=(new_access_type)
        @access_type = new_access_type
      end

      ##
      # Returns the client identifier for this client.
      #
      # @return [String] The client identifier.
      def client_id
        return @client_id
      end

      ##
      # Sets the client identifier for this client.
      #
      # @param [String] new_client_id
      #   The client identifier.
      def client_id=(new_client_id)
        @client_id = new_client_id
      end

      ##
      # Returns the client secret for this client.
      #
      # @return [String] The client secret.
      def client_secret
        return @client_secret
      end

      ##
      # Sets the client secret for this client.
      #
      # @param [String] new_client_secret
      #   The client secret.
      def client_secret=(new_client_secret)
        @client_secret = new_client_secret
      end

      ##
      # Returns the scope for this client.  Scope is a list of access ranges
      # defined by the authorization server.
      #
      # @return [Array] The scope of access the client is requesting.
      def scope
        return @scope
      end

      ##
      # Sets the scope for this client.
      #
      # @param [Array, String] new_scope
      #   The scope of access the client is requesting.  This may be
      #   expressed as either an Array of String objects or as a
      #   space-delimited String.
      def scope=(new_scope)
        case new_scope
        when Array
          new_scope.each do |scope|
            if scope.include?(' ')
              raise ArgumentError,
                "Individual scopes cannot contain the space character."
            end
          end
          @scope = new_scope
        when String
          @scope = new_scope.split(' ')
        when nil
          @scope = nil
        else
          raise TypeError, "Expected Array or String, got #{new_scope.class}"
        end
      end

      ##
      # Returns the client's current state value.
      #
      # @return [String] The state value.
      def state
        return @state
      end

      ##
      # Sets the client's current state value.
      #
      # @param [String] new_state
      #   The state value.
      def state=(new_state)
        @state = new_state
      end

      ##
      # Returns the authorization code issued to this client.
      # Used only by the authorization code access grant type.
      #
      # @return [String] The authorization code.
      def code
        return @code
      end

      ##
      # Sets the authorization code issued to this client.
      # Used only by the authorization code access grant type.
      #
      # @param [String] new_code
      #   The authorization code.
      def code=(new_code)
        @code = new_code
      end

      ##
      # Returns the redirect URI for this client.
      #
      # @return [String] The redirect URI.
      def redirect_uri
        return @redirect_uri
      end

      ##
      # Sets the redirect URI for this client.
      #
      # @param [String] new_redirect_uri
      #   The redirect URI.
      def redirect_uri=(new_redirect_uri)
        new_redirect_uri = Addressable::URI.parse(new_redirect_uri)
        #TODO - Better solution to allow google postmessage flow. For now, make an exception to the spec.
        if new_redirect_uri == nil|| new_redirect_uri.absolute? || uri_is_postmessage?(new_redirect_uri) || uri_is_oob?(new_redirect_uri)
          @redirect_uri = new_redirect_uri
        else
          raise ArgumentError, "Redirect URI must be an absolute URI."
        end
      end

      ##
      # Returns the username associated with this client.
      # Used only by the resource owner password credential access grant type.
      #
      # @return [String] The username.
      def username
        return @username
      end

      ##
      # Sets the username associated with this client.
      # Used only by the resource owner password credential access grant type.
      #
      # @param [String] new_username
      #   The username.
      def username=(new_username)
        @username = new_username
      end

      ##
      # Returns the password associated with this client.
      # Used only by the resource owner password credential access grant type.
      #
      # @return [String] The password.
      def password
        return @password
      end

      ##
      # Sets the password associated with this client.
      # Used only by the resource owner password credential access grant type.
      #
      # @param [String] new_password
      #   The password.
      def password=(new_password)
        @password = new_password
      end

      ##
      # Returns the issuer ID associated with this client.
      # Used only by the assertion grant type.
      #
      # @return [String] Issuer id.
      def issuer
        return @issuer
      end

      ##
      # Sets the issuer ID associated with this client.
      # Used only by the assertion grant type.
      #
      # @param [String] new_issuer
      #   Issuer ID (typical in email adddress form).
      def issuer=(new_issuer)
        @issuer = new_issuer
      end

      ##
      # Returns the issuer ID associated with this client.
      # Used only by the assertion grant type.
      #
      # @return [String] Target audience ID.
      def audience
        return @audience
      end

      ##
      # Sets the target audience ID when issuing assertions.
      # Used only by the assertion grant type.
      #
      # @param [String] new_audience
      #   Target audience ID
      def audience=(new_audience)
        @audience = new_audience
      end

      ##
      # Returns the target resource owner for impersonation.
      # Used only by the assertion grant type.
      #
      # @return [String] Target user for impersonation.
      def principal
        return @principal
      end

      ##
      # Sets the target resource owner for impersonation.
      # Used only by the assertion grant type.
      #
      # @param [String] new_person
      #   Target user for impersonation
      def principal=(new_person)
        @principal = new_person
      end

      alias_method :person, :principal
      alias_method :person=, :principal=

      ##
      # The target "sub" when issuing assertions.
      # Used in some Admin SDK APIs.
      #
      attr_accessor :sub

      ##
      # Returns the number of seconds assertions are valid for
      # Used only by the assertion grant type.
      #
      # @return [Integer] Assertion expiry, in seconds
      def expiry
        return @expiry
      end

      ##
      # Sets the number of seconds assertions are valid for
      # Used only by the assertion grant type.
      #
      # @param [Integer, String] new_expiry
      #   Assertion expiry, in seconds
      def expiry=(new_expiry)
        @expiry = new_expiry ? new_expiry.to_i : nil
      end


      ##
      # Returns the signing key associated with this client.
      # Used only by the assertion grant type.
      #
      # @return [String,OpenSSL::PKey] Signing key
      def signing_key
        return @signing_key
      end

      ##
      # Sets the signing key when issuing assertions.
      # Used only by the assertion grant type.
      #
      # @param [String, OpenSSL::Pkey] new_key
      #   Signing key. Either private key for RSA or string for HMAC algorithm
      def signing_key=(new_key)
        @signing_key = new_key
      end

      ##
      # Algorithm used for signing JWTs
      # @return [String] Signing algorithm
      def signing_algorithm
        self.signing_key.is_a?(String) ? "HS256" : "RS256"
      end

      ##
      # Returns the set of extension parameters used by the client.
      # Used only by extension access grant types.
      #
      # @return [Hash] The extension parameters.
      def extension_parameters
        return @extension_parameters ||= {}
      end

      ##
      # Sets extension parameters used by the client.
      # Used only by extension access grant types.
      #
      # @param [Hash] new_extension_parameters
      #   The parameters.
      def extension_parameters=(new_extension_parameters)
        if new_extension_parameters.respond_to?(:to_hash)
          @extension_parameters = new_extension_parameters.to_hash
        else
          raise TypeError,
            "Expected Hash, got #{new_extension_parameters.class}."
        end
      end

      ##
      # Returns the set of additional (non standard) parameters to be used by the client.
      #
      # @return [Hash] The pass through parameters.
      def additional_parameters
        return @additional_parameters ||= {}
      end

      ##
      # Sets additional (non standard) parameters to be used by the client.
      #
      # @param [Hash] new_additional_parameters
      #   The parameters.
      def additional_parameters=(new_additional_parameters)
        if new_additional_parameters.respond_to?(:to_hash)
          @additional_parameters = new_additional_parameters.to_hash
        else
          raise TypeError,
                "Expected Hash, got #{new_additional_parameters.class}."
        end
      end

      ##
      # Returns the refresh token associated with this client.
      #
      # @return [String] The refresh token.
      def refresh_token
        return @refresh_token ||= nil
      end

      ##
      # Sets the refresh token associated with this client.
      #
      # @param [String] new_refresh_token
      #   The refresh token.
      def refresh_token=(new_refresh_token)
        @refresh_token = new_refresh_token
      end

      ##
      # Returns the access token associated with this client.
      #
      # @return [String] The access token.
      def access_token
        return @access_token ||= nil
      end

      ##
      # Sets the access token associated with this client.
      #
      # @param [String] new_access_token
      #   The access token.
      def access_token=(new_access_token)
        @access_token = new_access_token
      end

      ##
      # Returns the ID token associated with this client.
      #
      # @return [String] The ID token.
      def id_token
        return @id_token ||= nil
      end

      ##
      # Sets the ID token associated with this client.
      #
      # @param [String] new_id_token
      #   The ID token.
      def id_token=(new_id_token)
        @id_token = new_id_token
      end

      ##
      # Returns the decoded ID token associated with this client.
      #
      # @param [OpenSSL::PKey::RSA, Object] public_key
      #   The public key to use to verify the ID token. Skips verification if
      #   omitted.
      #
      # @return [String] The decoded ID token.
      def decoded_id_token public_key=nil, options = {}, &keyfinder
        options[:algorithm] ||= signing_algorithm
        verify = !!(public_key || keyfinder)
        payload, _header = JWT.decode(self.id_token, public_key, verify, options, &keyfinder)
        if !payload.has_key?('aud')
          raise Signet::UnsafeOperationError, 'No ID token audience declared.'
        elsif payload['aud'] != self.client_id
          raise Signet::UnsafeOperationError,
            'ID token audience did not match Client ID.'
        end
        return payload
      end

      ##
      # Returns the lifetime of the access token in seconds.
      # Returns nil if the token does not expire.
      #
      # @return [Integer, nil] The access token lifetime.
      def expires_in
        if @expires_at.nil? || @issued_at.nil?
          nil
        else
          (@expires_at - @issued_at).to_i
        end
      end

      ##
      # Sets the lifetime of the access token in seconds.  Resets the issued_at
      # timestamp. Nil values will be treated as though the token does
      # not expire.
      #
      # @param [String, Integer, nil] new_expires_in
      #   The access token lifetime.
      def expires_in= new_expires_in
        if !new_expires_in.nil?
          @issued_at = Time.now
          @expires_at = @issued_at + new_expires_in.to_i
        else
          @expires_at = nil
          @issued_at = nil
        end
      end

      ##
      # Returns the timestamp the access token was issued at.
      #
      # @return [Time, nil] The access token issuance time.
      def issued_at
        @issued_at
      end

      ##
      # Sets the timestamp the access token was issued at.
      #
      # @param [String,Integer,Time] new_issued_at
      #    The access token issuance time.
      def issued_at=(new_issued_at)
        @issued_at = normalize_timestamp(new_issued_at)
      end

      ##
      # Returns the timestamp the access token will expire at.
      # Returns nil if the token does not expire.
      #
      # @return [Time, nil] The access token lifetime.
      def expires_at
        @expires_at
      end

      ##
      # Limits the lifetime of the access token as number of seconds since
      # the Epoch. Nil values will be treated as though the token does
      # not expire.
      # @param [String,Integer,Time, nil] new_expires_at
      #    The access token expiration time.
      def expires_at=(new_expires_at)
        @expires_at = normalize_timestamp new_expires_at
      end

      ##
      # Returns true if the access token has expired.
      # Returns false if the token has not expired or has an nil @expires_at.
      #
      # @return [TrueClass, FalseClass]
      #   The expiration state of the access token.
      def expired?
        return self.expires_at != nil && Time.now >= self.expires_at
      end

      ##
      # Returns true if the access token has expired or expires within
      # the next n seconds. Returns false for tokens with a nil @expires_at.
      #
      # @param [Integer] sec
      #  Max number of seconds from now where a token is still considered
      #  expired.
      # @return [TrueClass, FalseClass]
      #   The expiration state of the access token.
      def expires_within?(sec)
        return self.expires_at != nil && Time.now >= (self.expires_at - sec)
      end

      ##
      # Removes all credentials from the client.
      def clear_credentials!
        @access_token = nil
        @refresh_token = nil
        @id_token = nil
        @username = nil
        @password = nil
        @code = nil
        @issued_at = nil
        @expires_at = nil
      end


      ##
      # Returns the inferred grant type, based on the current state of the
      # client object.  Returns `"none"` if the client has insufficient
      # information to make an in-band authorization request.
      #
      # @return [String]
      #   The inferred grant type.
      def grant_type
        @grant_type ||= nil
        if @grant_type
          return @grant_type
        else
          if self.code && self.redirect_uri
            'authorization_code'
          elsif self.refresh_token
            'refresh_token'
          elsif self.username && self.password
            'password'
          elsif self.issuer && self.signing_key
            'urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer'
          else
            # We don't have sufficient auth information, assume an out-of-band
            # authorization arrangement between the client and server, or an
            # extension grant type.
            nil
          end
        end
      end

      def grant_type=(new_grant_type)
        case new_grant_type
        when 'authorization_code', 'refresh_token',
            'password', 'client_credentials'
          @grant_type = new_grant_type
        else
          @grant_type = Addressable::URI.parse(new_grant_type)
        end
      end

      def to_jwt(options={})
        options = deep_hash_normalize(options)

        now = Time.new
        skew = options[:skew] || 60
        assertion = {
          "iss" => self.issuer,
          "aud" => self.audience,
          "exp" => (now + self.expiry).to_i,
          "iat" => (now - skew).to_i
        }
        assertion['scope'] = self.scope.join(' ') unless self.scope.nil?
        assertion['prn'] = self.person unless self.person.nil?
        assertion['sub'] = self.sub unless self.sub.nil?
        JWT.encode(assertion, self.signing_key, self.signing_algorithm)
      end

      ##
      # Serialize the client object to JSON.
      #
      # @note A serialized client contains sensitive information. Persist or transmit with care.
      #
      # @return [String] A serialized JSON representation of the client.
      def to_json(*)
        return MultiJson.dump({
          'authorization_uri' => self.authorization_uri ? self.authorization_uri.to_s : nil,
          'token_credential_uri' => self.token_credential_uri ? self.token_credential_uri.to_s : nil,
          'client_id' => self.client_id,
          'client_secret' => self.client_secret,
          'scope' => self.scope,
          'state' => self.state,
          'code' => self.code,
          'redirect_uri' => self.redirect_uri ? self.redirect_uri.to_s : nil,
          'username' => self.username,
          'password' => self.password,
          'issuer' => self.issuer,
          'audience' => self.audience,
          'person' => self.person,
          'expiry' => self.expiry,
          'expires_at' => self.expires_at ? self.expires_at.to_i : nil,
          'signing_key' => self.signing_key,
          'refresh_token' => self.refresh_token,
          'access_token' => self.access_token,
          'id_token' => self.id_token,
          'extension_parameters' => self.extension_parameters
        })
      end

      ##
      # Generates a request for token credentials.
      #
      # @param [Hash] options
      #   The configuration parameters for the request.
      #   - <code>:code</code> -
      #     The authorization code.
      #
      # @private
      # @return [Array] The request object.
      def generate_access_token_request(options={})
        options = deep_hash_normalize(options)

        parameters = {"grant_type" => self.grant_type}
        case self.grant_type
        when 'authorization_code'
          parameters['code'] = self.code
          parameters['redirect_uri'] = self.redirect_uri
        when 'password'
          parameters['username'] = self.username
          parameters['password'] = self.password
        when 'refresh_token'
          parameters['refresh_token'] = self.refresh_token
        when 'urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer'
          parameters['assertion'] = self.to_jwt(options)
        else
          if self.redirect_uri
            # Grant type was intended to be `authorization_code` because of
            # the presence of the redirect URI.
            raise ArgumentError, 'Missing authorization code.'
          end
          parameters.merge!(self.extension_parameters)
        end
        parameters['client_id'] = self.client_id unless self.client_id.nil?
        parameters['client_secret'] = self.client_secret unless self.client_secret.nil?
        if options[:scope]
          parameters['scope'] = options[:scope]
        elsif options[:use_configured_scope] && !self.scope.nil?
          parameters['scope'] = self.scope
        end
        additional = self.additional_parameters.merge(options[:additional_parameters] || {})
        additional.each { |k, v| parameters[k.to_s] = v }
        parameters
      end

      def fetch_access_token(options={})
        if self.token_credential_uri.nil?
          raise ArgumentError, 'Missing token endpoint URI.'
        end

        options = deep_hash_normalize(options)

        client = options[:connection] ||= Faraday.default_connection
        url = Addressable::URI.parse(self.token_credential_uri).normalize.to_s
        parameters = self.generate_access_token_request(options)
        if client.is_a?(Faraday::Connection)
          response = client.post url,
            Addressable::URI.form_encode(parameters),
            { 'Content-Type' => 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' }
          status = response.status.to_i
          body = response.body
          content_type = response.headers['Content-type']
        else
          # Hurley
          response = client.post url, parameters
          status = response.status_code.to_i
          body = response.body
          content_type = response.header[:content_type]
        end

        if status == 200
          return ::Signet::OAuth2.parse_credentials(body, content_type)
        elsif [400, 401, 403].include?(status)
          message = 'Authorization failed.'
          if body.to_s.strip.length > 0
            message += "  Server message:\n#{response.body.to_s.strip}"
          end
          raise ::Signet::AuthorizationError.new(
            message, :response => response
          )
        elsif status.to_s[0] == "5"
          message = 'Remote server error.'
          if body.to_s.strip.length > 0
            message += "  Server message:\n#{response.body.to_s.strip}"
          end
          raise ::Signet::RemoteServerError.new(message)
        else
          message = "Unexpected status code: #{response.status}."
          if body.to_s.strip.length > 0
            message += "  Server message:\n#{response.body.to_s.strip}"
          end
          raise ::Signet::UnexpectedStatusError.new(message)
        end
      end

      def fetch_access_token!(options={})
        token_hash = self.fetch_access_token(options)
        if token_hash
          # No-op for grant types other than `authorization_code`.
          # An authorization code is a one-time use token and is immediately
          # revoked after usage.
          self.code = nil
          self.issued_at = Time.now
          self.update_token!(token_hash)
        end
        return token_hash
      end

      ##
      # Refresh the access token, if possible
      def refresh!(options={})
        self.fetch_access_token!(options)
      end

      ##
      # Generates an authenticated request for protected resources.
      #
      # @param [Hash] options
      #   The configuration parameters for the request.
      #   - <code>:request</code> -
      #     A pre-constructed request.  An OAuth 2 Authorization header
      #     will be added to it, as well as an explicit Cache-Control
      #     `no-store` directive.
      #   - <code>:method</code> -
      #     The HTTP method for the request.  Defaults to 'GET'.
      #   - <code>:uri</code> -
      #     The URI for the request.
      #   - <code>:headers</code> -
      #     The HTTP headers for the request.
      #   - <code>:body</code> -
      #     The HTTP body for the request.
      #   - <code>:realm</code> -
      #     The Authorization realm.  See RFC 2617.
      # @return [Faraday::Request] The request object.
      def generate_authenticated_request(options={})
        options = deep_hash_normalize(options)

        if self.access_token == nil
          raise ArgumentError, 'Missing access token.'
        end
        options = {
          :realm => nil
        }.merge(options)

        if options[:request].kind_of?(Faraday::Request)
          request = options[:request]
        else
          if options[:request].kind_of?(Array)
            method, uri, headers, body = options[:request]
          else
            method = options[:method] || :get
            uri = options[:uri]
            headers = options[:headers] || []
            body = options[:body] || ''
          end
          headers = headers.to_a if headers.kind_of?(Hash)
          request_components = {
            :method => method,
            :uri => uri,
            :headers => headers,
            :body => body
          }
          # Verify that we have all pieces required to return an HTTP request
          request_components.each do |(key, value)|
            unless value
              raise ArgumentError, "Missing :#{key} parameter."
            end
          end
          method = method.to_s.downcase.to_sym
          request = options[:connection].build_request(method.to_s.downcase.to_sym) do |req|
            req.url(Addressable::URI.parse(uri).normalize.to_s)
            req.headers = Faraday::Utils::Headers.new(headers)
            req.body = body
          end
        end

        request['Authorization'] = ::Signet::OAuth2.generate_bearer_authorization_header(
          self.access_token,
          options[:realm] ? [['realm', options[:realm]]] : nil
        )
        request['Cache-Control'] = 'no-store'
        return request
      end

      ##
      # Transmits a request for a protected resource.
      #
      # @param [Hash] options
      #   The configuration parameters for the request.
      #   - <code>:request</code> -
      #     A pre-constructed request.  An OAuth 2 Authorization header
      #     will be added to it, as well as an explicit Cache-Control
      #     `no-store` directive.
      #   - <code>:method</code> -
      #     The HTTP method for the request.  Defaults to 'GET'.
      #   - <code>:uri</code> -
      #     The URI for the request.
      #   - <code>:headers</code> -
      #     The HTTP headers for the request.
      #   - <code>:body</code> -
      #     The HTTP body for the request.
      #   - <code>:realm</code> -
      #     The Authorization realm.  See RFC 2617.
      #   - <code>:connection</code> -
      #     The HTTP connection to use.
      #     Must be of type <code>Faraday::Connection</code>.
      #
      # @example
      #   # Using Net::HTTP
      #   response = client.fetch_protected_resource(
      #     :uri => 'http://www.example.com/protected/resource'
      #   )
      #
      # @return [Array] The response object.
      def fetch_protected_resource(options={})
        options = deep_hash_normalize(options)

        options[:connection] ||= Faraday.default_connection
        request = self.generate_authenticated_request(options)
        request_env = request.to_env(options[:connection])
        request_env[:request] ||= request
        response = options[:connection].app.call(request_env)
        if response.status.to_i == 401
          # When accessing a protected resource, we only want to raise an
          # error for 401 responses.
          message = 'Authorization failed.'
          if response.body.to_s.strip.length > 0
            message += "  Server message:\n#{response.body.to_s.strip}"
          end
          raise ::Signet::AuthorizationError.new(
            message, :request => request, :response => response
          )
        else
          return response
        end
      end

      private

      ##
      # Check if URI is Google's postmessage flow (not a valid redirect_uri by spec, but allowed)
      # @private
      def uri_is_postmessage?(uri)
        return uri.to_s.casecmp('postmessage') == 0
      end

      ##
      # Check if the URI is a out-of-band
      # @private
      def uri_is_oob?(uri)
        return OOB_MODES.include?(uri.to_s)
      end

      # Convert all keys in this hash (nested) to symbols for uniform retrieval
      def recursive_hash_normalize_keys(val)
        if val.is_a? Hash
          deep_hash_normalize(val)
        else
          val
        end
      end

      def deep_hash_normalize(old_hash)
        sym_hash = {}
        old_hash and old_hash.each {|k,v| sym_hash[k.to_sym] = recursive_hash_normalize_keys(v)}
        sym_hash
      end

      def normalize_timestamp(time)
        case time
        when NilClass
          nil
        when Time
          time
        when DateTime
          time.to_time
        when String
          Time.parse(time)
        when Integer
          Time.at(time)
        else
          fail "Invalid time value #{time}"
        end
      end

      def set_relative_expires_at(issued_at, expires_in)
        self.issued_at = issued_at
        # Using local expires_in because if self.expires_in is used, it returns
        # the time left before the token expires
        self.expires_at = self.issued_at + expires_in.to_i
      end
    end
  end
end
