Here’s a table I compiled using a simple CSV file hosted on GitHub Gists.

This table is to be expanded as I add new function mappings.

• messages: acting as a catch-all file (Facility: * all)
• auth.log: sshd, sudo, proftpd (Facility: auth and authpriv)
  Called authlog and secure in OpenBSD, respectively.
• maillog: postfix, sqlgrey (Facility: mail)
• cron: cron (facility cron)
  Called log and put into /var/cron in OpenBSD.
• debug.log: kernel, dovecot, rex (with -d option) (Facility: debug)
• daemon.log: snmp_exporter, pdns, pdns_recursor(Facility: daemon)
  Calleddaemon in OpenBSD.
  Logging to this file was added with FreeBSD 13.0.
• xferlog: ftpd, proftpd (Facility: ftp)

There are also FreeBSD log files not managed by the syslogd daemon and written into by programs.

• userlog: pw (for groupadd, groupdel, groupmod,useradd, userdel usermod subcommands), adduser, rmuser
  adduser and rmuser are pw front-end shell scripts
• utx.log (binary): last
  see also the /var/run/utx.active database used by w and who commands

The directory these files are put into is /var/loglocated within the system’s/var partition.

As seen already OpenBSD’s syslogd and it’s configuration differ slightly.

mysql80-client package provides these tools to administer mysql80-server on FreeBSD operating system, and namely the mysqld(8) daemon located at /usr/local/libexec directory by default.

• mysql: Execute SQL commands on databases
• mysqladmin: CREATE new or DROP existing databases hosted on the server
• mysqlshow: Show databases, tables, and columns (wildcard)
• mysqldump: Export table structure and data as SQL
• mysql_config_editor: Set “login pathes” (host, port, user, and password)
• my_print_defaults: Show default options for client programs (as defined in option groups)
• perror: Convert MySQL error codes to error messages

There are also included server programs to administer the MySQL daemon:

• mysqld: the server, located in/usr/local/libexec/mysqld
  Source: mysqld.cc
• mysqld_safe: server starter with auto-restart and logging (safety features)
  Source: mysqld_safe.sh
• mysql.server: start/stop mysqld_safe
  Source: mysql.server.sh
• mysqld_multi: manage multiple servers
  Source: mysqld_multi.pl.in
• mysql_upgrade: run after upgrading the server, part of the server package
  Calls mysql_check in the background
  Source: program.cc
  Deprecated since MySQL 8

Configuration Files

MySQL configuration files are used to keep default options for client and server programs.

• my.cnf: system’s MySQL defaults
  located within /usr/local/etc/mysql (on FreeBSD)
• .my.cnf: user’s MySQL defaults
  located within ~ (user’s home directory)
• .mysql_history: mysql statements history
  located within ~ (user’s home directory)
• .mylogin.cnf (binary): login paths as created by mysql_config_editor
  located within ~ (user’s home directory)
• hostname.err: MySQL log file
  located within the database directory

This is similar to Docker in the Linux world.

System Commands

• jail(8): create (-c), remove (-r), modify (-m), and exhibit (-e) jails
• jls(8): list (exhibit) jails in human-friendly formats
• jexec(8): execute commands within jails

System Commands Supporting Jails

• sysrc(8): with-j option
• freebsd-update(8): with -j option
• pkg(8): with -j option
• sockstat(8): with -j option
• ps(1): with -J option
• zfs(8): with jail command
• bsdinstall(8): with jail command
• ifconfig(8): with vnet command

The list is quiet extensive and includes FreeBSD commands such a pgrep, pkill, killall and so on.

Configuration Files

• jail.conf(5): configuration parameters for the jail(8) command
• jail: RC jail service startup script
  - jail_status: calls jls -N
  - jail_console: calls jexec login -f root
  - jail_config: show jail's configuration file
• rc.conf(5): RC jail service configuration variables

eg. service jail MyJail console

System Calls

Controlling jails from C programming languages including the sys/jail.h header file.

• jail(2): deprecated now in favor of jail_set(2)
• jail_set(2): behind jail -c and jail -m
• jail_get(2): implementing jail -e
• jail_attach(2): attach to an existing jail
• jail_remove(2): implementing jail -r

Library

There’s also libjail, an included C library for jail management calling the system calls above.

• jail(3): front-end interface library to jail system calls

Source Code

In the package jail

• jail.c (Makefile)
• jls.c (Makefile)
• jexec.c (Makefile)
• kern_jail.c: kernel code implementing the jail syscall
• jail.c (Makefile) from libjail: C library for jail management

Knowing these frees us from relying on the third-party software such as such as eazyjail and iocage to manage jails on a FreeBSD system conveniently.

FreeBSD Jails are documented in the Chapter 15 of the FreeBSD Handbook.

We’re using the pkg command of Rex provided by the Rex::Commands::Pkg module to do package management on FreeBSD servers.

Here we’re installing tmux, ccze, and friends on a group of four servers.

1. connect
2. prepare
3. bind_param
4. execute
5. fetch

connect returns DBI::db object.

prepare returns DBI::st object to be bound, executed, and fetched later.

bind_param, execute, fetch act on the statement object.