I always have an operating goal in sight to motivate me to get on the air. On the HF bands, I followed the typical progression of getting Worked All States (WAS), Worked All Continents (WAC), and DX Century Club (DXCC). It seems that DXCC receives all the glory and attention, with many DXers pursuing the goals of working all countries, I mean entities.
Worked All Zones
The Worked All Zones (WAZ) award is another well-known HF DX award, organized by geography. WAZ recognizes operators for establishing confirmed two-way radio contacts with stations in all 40 geographic zones defined by CQ’s official zone map. These zones divide the world into areas based on continents, regions, and specific entities (see the map below). See the WAZ rules here.
This zone-based structure emphasizes propagation challenges and global coverage, often making certain zones (e.g., remote Asian or polar areas) particularly difficult depending on the operator’s location. If the goal is to recognize “working the world,” this approach seems much more logical to me than the DXCC award. For DXCC, the initial award is for 100 countries/entities, which may or may not be spread worldwide. DXCC recognizes political boundaries, which result in many different entities clustered in small geographic areas. For example, the Caribbean is filled with many small countries that are easy to work from the US. Europe is also dense with countries. The WAZ award requires you to work stations all over the world.
My Journey
I had not paid too much attention to working all zones until recently. I began tracking them and making a point to chase the ones I needed. Of course, working DX already produced contacts with many zones around the world. I have a mixture of SSB, CW, and digital (FT8) contacts, so I was focused on the Mixed award. My HF station is modest, running 100 watts to an end-fed wire antenna. Towards the end, I was missing two zones: Zone 22 – Southern Zone of Asia (India, Bangladesh, etc.) and Zone 34 – Northeastern Zone of Africa (Sudan, South Sudan, Egypt, etc.).
One tool that really helped me was HamAlert, configured to notify me when a particular zone was spotted in my state or in immediately surrounding states. This gave me an indication that propagation was favorable to my general area. I had the HamAlert app notify me on my smartphone, then I’d see if I could hear the DX at my station. Sometimes I could, sometimes not.
I used FT8 to work these last two zones, working VU3RGB (Zone 22) in August. Then I finally worked Z81D (Zone 34) on 30m yesterday. I was pleased to get him in the log, and I quickly submitted the contact to Logbook of The World. The confirmation came through the same day. Very nice! Similarly, I submitted the confirmed contacts via LoTW to the WAZ awards manager (Jose/N4BAA), and the certificate arrived via email almost immediately. (I paid $8 to LoTW to transfer the confirmations and $12 to WAZ to process the award.)
This leads to the question of “what’s next?” in terms of operating goals.
Thanks to Bob/W0BV for his coaching and advice on working these DX stations!
Thanks to Jose/N4BAA for keeping the WAZ Award active after CQ Magazine ceased publication.
Closing out 2025, here are the top five blog posts at k0nr.com during the year. Some people may see this as a lazy way to create one more blog post this year without much effort, and they would be right. These posts are the top five most viewed this year, but may have been written earlier.
Top Five Blog Posts
Leading the list is this blog post…a perennial favorite that seems to make the top five each year. This particular article is tuned for Colorado, but also provides a link to an article covering the topic for the USA.
In the third spot, we have another older article about 2m SSB that just keeps on getting views. I recently updated this article, which was written a long time ago.
Just for good measure, I am including one more notable post. This explains why I strongly favor using VHF and UHF frequencies for SOTA activations. It is all about Height Above Average Terrain.
A view of W0C/SP-096, also known as “Bow Tie Mountain”
On December 1, most SOTA summits in Colorado gain an additional 3 points due to the Seasonal (Winter) Bonus. Joyce/K0JJW and I were looking for a summit not too far away that was still accessible for us to activate. This time of year, many US Forest Service roads are gated shut. Other roads remain open but are not maintained, which means they become impassable as the snow accumulates.
Recently, Ray/KD8EQA reminded me of W0C/SP-096, an unnamed summit unofficially known as Bow Tie Mountain. Ray writes:
Once upon a time… many years ago… in a land of many mountains and many activators named Steve… two of the Steves, K7PX and WG0AT, became good friends and would often hike and activate together. … in the spirit of being silly and having fun… that one or both Steves could be seen wearing a tie during their activations. Soon, the unofficial challenge was underway to see who could show up with the coolest, “make a statement” tie. And this quickly led to the ultimate tie statement… a bow tie! So, guess which summit is credited with being the one where the most memorable, outlandish, bow tie antics took place… the one the Steves refer to as Bow Tie Mountain? Yup, it’s peak 10214, SOTA reference W0C/SP-096.
The complete Bow Tie Mountain story is here, along with an invitation to come play along. Other SOTA folks have activated SP-096 during the winter months, so it seemed likely to be accessible in early December. There was a couple of inches of new snow on the ground, but it was easy-peasy to drive the Jeep there.
Driving directions to SP-096, starting from Highway 9, south of Hartsel.
To get to SP-096, head south out of Hartsel on Highway 9. Then turn east/northeast on CR 116. You will drive right past Threemile Mountain (SP-107), a popular summit with year-round access. These two summits can be done together in the same day but we opted just to do SP-096.
It is an easy hike to the summit, following the closed two-track road.
The parking spot for the trailhead is 38.86462, -10556085. There is an old 4WD road, now closed, that leads up to the saddle just west of the summit. It is an easy hike on the road, then off-trail to the summit. My GPS app clocked it as 0.5 miles one-way and 500 feet vertical. This is about as easy as it gets for a SOTA hike.
Joyce/K0JJW hiking on the abandoned road to the saddle.
Weather
The weather forecast for Dec 1 called for 27 degrees F at the summit, which turned out to be about right. I expected there would be enough wind to drive us off the summit quickly. “Hey, let’s get our four contacts and get the heck out of here.” Instead, the wind was mostly calm, the sun was out, and it was very pleasant.
With the incredible blue sky, the views were stunning in all directions. The fresh snow was just enough to add texture and definition to the various mountains and surrounding slopes.
Following established custom, we took this photo wearing bow ties on the summit. That is Pikes Peak in the background.
The 2m band was pretty quiet, but we did manage to work five stations on 2m FM. The best DX for the day was Matt/KF0RIG in Colorado Springs, about 45 miles away. This is not a very long distance for 2m FM, except that Pikes Peak is blocking the way. Matt had a Yagi at his house pointed at Pikes, and we did the same on our end. Somehow the signal got through, perhaps via knife-edge diffraction. I was impressed that we completed the contact.
Try It
This summit seems to be underappreciated, with only 29 activations. About one-third of these were done by one of the Steves (K7PX or WG0AT). This seems to happen with smaller, unnamed summits. But now it’s got a name and the Bow Tie tradition, so you are invited to give it a try.
Here’s an update on the most activated SOTA summits in Colorado. See my previous report here. Mount Herman (W0C/FR-063) still leads the pack by a wide margin, with many activations by Steve/WG0AT.
A view of Pikes Peak from Mt Herman.
Genesee Mountain has passed up Pikes Peak to take second place in the running. Genessee is in a park just outside of greater Denver and is easy to access. I notice many out-of-town SOTA enthusiasts going up there to get on the air and make some contacts. Pikes Peak is a 14er but has a road to the top, and most of those activations are probably aided by a vehicle. Chief Mountain is a popular hike not too far from Denver, coming in at fourth place. Mount Blue Sky (formerly Mount Evans) is also a 14er with a road to the top. However, it dropped off the list due to the reduced access caused by recent road construction in the area.
Thorodin Mountain ranks fifth and seems to be gaining in popularity, with Carey/KX0R as a frequent activator.
The summit formerly known as Squaw Mountain, now Mestaa’ehehe Mountain (W0C/PR-082), comes in at sixth place. There is a gated road to the top, so most activators hike that road.
Most of these summits are in the Front Range section of W0C, close to major cities, which aids their popularity. The other two are listed in the Sawatch and Park Ranges, but they are also not far from the large urban areas.
First in North America
In North America, Mount Herman is second only to Mount Davidson (W6/NC-423), which currently has 846 activations, many of them by Ellliot/K6EL. Davidson is a small 1-point summit in the middle of San Francisco, so it is easily accessible to a large population. This video by W6DFM provides a tour of that summit. Another notable summit is Vollmer Peak (W6/NC-298), an easy-to-access peak with 551 activations.
So that’s your update on SOTA activations in Colorado.
When I get asked why I only use VHF/UHF frequencies for my Summits On The Air (SOTA) activations, I usually reply with:
Height Above Average Terrain
More specifically, I mean that using VHF for SOTA is fun because Height Above Average Terrain (HAAT) has a dramatic effect on the propagation of my radio signal.
HAAT has a specific definition, found in the FCC regulations. HAAT basically describes the height of a transmitter relative to the surrounding terrain in all directions at distances of 3 to 16 km. This HAAT calculator tool provides the HAAT of a site based on its latitude and longitude. Note that the FCC definition of HAAT compares against the terrain relatively close to the transmitter, 16 km (10 miles). For SOTA purposes, we are more concerned with distances further away.
In a recent presentation on mountaintop VHF operating (Hamcon Colorado), I provided these two contrasting examples to drive home the importance of HAAT.
Punkin Center
Punkin Center is a small town located on the eastern plains of Colorado. The elevation is 5364 feet, and its HAAT is roughly zero feet. That is, the terrain is flat. Punkin Center is a fine place to be, but it is not a very good VHF location. The radio range using a 5-watt VHF handheld radio is about 4 miles.
Pikes Peak
Compare this to America’s Mountain, Pikes Peak, which has an elevation of 14,115 feet and a HAAT of 4,445 feet. That is, it rises more than 4,000 feet above the surrounding terrain. (The height advantage is even more pronounced when looking further east towards Kansas, where the highest elevation is ~4,000 feet.) Based on my experience operating from Pikes, the VHF handheld range is over 100 miles.
The improved HAAT of Pikes Peak provides a VHF radio range that is 25 times better than Punkin Center. Again, nothing wrong with Punkin Center, but if I want to make VHF contacts, I’ll choose Pikes Peak.
Let’s compare this to using the High Frequency (HF) bands. The normal propagation mode on HF is skywave propagation via the F layer, which supports radio propagation across North America and around the world (depending on frequency, time of day, solar conditions, blah blah blah). The radio signal refracts off the ionosphere and can go very long distances. From Pikes Peak, I can work the world. From Punkin Center, I can work the world. Not much difference, except the views from Pikes are generally better, and the oxygen is less plentiful.
So when I hike up a mountain, I am excited to get out the VHF gear and see what contacts I can make due to the improved HAAT. I don’t get as excited about working HF, because I can do that from home…or Punkin Center, or other places, with similar results.
Other SOTA activators see it differently, and that is just fine. (VHF contacts represent only ~20% of all SOTA contacts.) There are many ways to enjoy SOTA and ham radio. Just make sure you have fun messing around with radios.
A few days ago, someone told me that a rumor is circulating that I don’t own any gear capable of operating on the high-frequency (HF) bands. I laughed out loud, wondering where this came from.
The K0NR ham shack (ACOM 1000, IC-9700, IC-7610).
Actually, I know where this comes from: most of my postings here at k0nr.com are oriented towards VHF operating, often from the top of a summit. I fully admit that VHF/UHF has always been my favorite part of the amateur radio spectrum.
And I do operate on the HF bands.
Home Station
The photo above shows my ham shack set up at home. The primary transceiver is an ICOM IC-7610, which covers the HF bands and 6 meters. To the left is an ICOM IC-9700 that I use for 2m, 70cm, and 23cm. An ACOM 1000 linear amplifier sits at the far left. It is usually configured for 6m, just waiting for the band to open.
The two ICOM transceivers: IC-9700 and IC-7610.
Here is a closer look at the two transceivers. Hey, look at that, the IC-7610 is listening to 20m CW. Yes, I even operate CW.
My antenna farm includes two towers but they are used for VHF/UHF antennas. For the HF bands, I use wire antennas. This article describes the end-fed wire antenna I have been using for the past 5 years. It covers 40m through 6m with one antenna.
Operating Results
I run hot and cold on chasing DX, but over time, I have made many DX contacts and worked quite a few countries. I favor the DX potential of the higher bands: 20m, 17m, 15m, 12m, and 10m. Recently, I discovered that the 30m band can be a lot of fun, too. My current stats are: 205 DXCC Entities and 39 (out of 40) CQ Zones. Still looking to work Zone 34, Northeastern Africa. I’ve also been working on Worked All States (WAS) for each band, having completed 40m, 30m, 20m, 17m, and 6m.
Update – 21 Dec 2025: I just worked and confirmed Z81D in Zone 34, completing mixed WAZ.
Going Portable with HF
The Yaesu FT-991 all-band radio works well for POTA.
Joyce/K0JJW and I are often operate portable on the HF bands, almost always a Parks On The Air (POTA) activation. Our favorite radio for POTA is a Yaesu FT-991, which covers the HF bands along with VHF/UHF. Almost all of the POTA work is on HF, but sometimes we do make a few VHF contacts.
We also have an ICOM IC-705, covering all bands, that is especially useful for backpack portability. We favor VHF/UHF for SOTA, but sometimes we will use the IC-705 to make some HF SOTA contacts. We have a variety of wire antennas, all different types of end-fed designs. The IC-705 does not have a built-in antenna tuner, so we take along a small manual tuner.
The IC-705 radio is handy for backpack portable operating, covering HF/VHF/UHF bands.
Wrap Up
So there you have it, I do have some HF gear and I do use it!
Remember, the universal purpose of amateur radio is to have fun messing around with radios…using whatever amateur band and mode you choose.
Here are three affordable accessories that can help round out your VHF/UHF handheld transceiver (HT) kit. These items can significantly improve the performance of your radio and make it more useful.
1. A Halfwave Antenna for 2m
I’ve already written about the RH660 antenna, which is a huge improvement over a typical rubber duck antenna. Make sure you get the version with the proper connector for your HT.
Another handy antenna is a small magnetic-mount antenna for the 2m and 70cm bands. The primary usage of this antenna is on the roof of a vehicle, connected to your HT inside your vehicle. This puts the antenna on the roof, outside of the vehicle, working in concert with the effective ground plane of the metal roof. Note that for the magnet to hold, the roof needs to be made of a ferrous metal, not aluminum, fiberglass, fabric, etc.
This antenna can also function as a portable/temporary antenna by placing it on a steel object such as the top of a refrigerator, a cookie sheet, metal door frame, filing cabinet, metal folding chair, etc. The antenna is about 19 inches in length, so it packs well for travel. There are many models available, including this one on Amazon.
3. A Few RF Adapters
It seems that we often encounter incompatible RF connectors, so it is good to have a few adapters available to make the connection.
SMA Male/Female Adapters
These days, handheld transceivers have SMA antenna connectors, but some models provide a male connector, while other radios have a female connector. Having a few SMA adapters can deal with this issue.
SMA to PL-259 Adapters
The PL-259 and its companion SO-239 are the most popular RF connectors for ham radio use, so you may encounter one of these. (I try not to call them UHF connectors: see About That UHF Connector.) They are not used on HTs, but you may find an antenna cable with one of these attached. Again, an adapter or two can help you make the connection to an SMA connector.
These are some handy devices to have along with your HT.
Any other suggestions?
73 Bob K0NR
P.S. If you are having trouble identifying the connector on your HT, take a look at this article: What’s That Connector On My HT?
The TWAYRDIO RH 660S antenna mounted on a vertical pole (BNC connector).
I came across this new antenna, the TWAYRDIO RH 660S, mentioned in this Ham Radio Crash Course video. I have previously been recommending the TWAYRDIO TH770 antenna via this post. The RH 660S is a newer dual-band 2m/70cm telescoping antenna from the same company.
For Summits On The Air (SOTA), I generally take along such an antenna. The performance of any half-wave antenna on a handheld radio is always much better than the standard rubber duck. Although a 3-element Yagi antenna provides even better performance, it has to be pointed in the right direction. Sometimes, we will set up the RH 660 or TH 770 on a small vertical pole (actually a camera monopod with a homebrew BNC attachment). This allows us to monitor and work the band with an omnidirectional antenna without having to hold or point the Yagi. Much more convenient while sitting on a summit eating lunch.
A key advantage to an omnidirectional antenna is that it is always pointed in the right direction.
The RH660 is available with the three standard connectors: BNC, SMA Male and SMA female. Make sure you pick the right one that matches your radio.
The RH660 collapses down to a small size.
On our most recent SOTA activation, I did a quick comparison between the old TH 770 and the new RH 660 on 2 meters. The RH 660 seemed to perform ever so slightly better, but that was probably within the measurement error of the test. It certainly was not worse than the TH 770. I only did the comparison test on 2 meters, as that is the GO TO band for VHF SOTA. However, the antenna seemed to work OK on 70cm as well.
The packaging on the antenna indicates 3.0 dBi gain on 144 MHz and 5.0 dBi gain on 430 MHz. Do I believe those numbers? Not really, but they are probably close. (An ideal halfwave radiator has a gain of 2.2 dBi.) Note that the newer antenna does not have the magic tuning lump in the middle of the radiating element, which simplifies the mechanical design. This is the main advantage of the new antenna: no lump in the middle, resulting in a slimmer and sturdier design.
The label on the RH660 package indicates these specifications.
Summary
I am pleased with this new design, and I now recommend it as a good compact antenna for portable use. As with all telescoping 2m half-wave antennas, it is long and should be handled with care. Otherwise, you can poke someone’s eye out, break it in two, or snap the connector off your HT.
The RH660 antenna is available at Amazon for ~$17. At this price, why wouldn’t you have one in your backpack or Go Bag?
You’ve probably seen the messages about the ARRL push for relief from antenna restrictions by Home Owners Associations (HOAs). If not, take a look here. It is clear that excessively tight HOA restrictions are a significant barrier to getting started in ham radio.
ARRL has launched a nationwide grassroots campaign aimed at securing the passage of federal legislation that would grant Amateur Radio Operators the same rights to install antennas on their property as those enjoyed by users of TV antennas, wireless internet, and flagpoles.
The campaign, announced in an ARRL Member Bulletin on September 17, 2025, follows the reintroduction of the Amateur Radio Emergency Preparedness Act in February 2025 (see ARRL News 02/07/2025). The bipartisan bills — H.R.1094 in the House and S.459 in the Senate — are designed to prevent restrictive homeowners’ association (HOA) rules that currently prohibit or severely limit the installation of amateur radio antennas, even when such antennas are hidden in trees, placed in attics, mounted on vehicles, or look like flagpoles.
But here’s my summary. The bill requires that specific amateur radio antennas not require approval from HOAs or similar organizations:
Antennas that are 1 meter or less in diameter
Flagpole antennas, not to exceed 43 feet in height
Wire antennas – minimally obtrusive wire antennas
Vertical antennas – not to exceed 43 feet in height
Note that this does not mean you will have the right to put up a 60-foot tower with multiple large antennas on it. Some folks are probably disappointed in the limited nature of this bill. My view is that it is a reasonable accommodation to basic ham radio operation, very reasonable for urban and suburban environments. If you want to build the ultimate contest station, you’ll need to buy some rural property. This ARRL page provides some background on why this bill makes sense.
I am somewhat surprised by the 43-foot height limit for vertical antennas. This is apparently a carryover from previous ARRL legislative attempts. I would settle for something shorter than this…but what the heck. For reference, a quarter-wave vertical for the 40m band is about 33 feet high.
I think the ARRL has lined up the legislation, the lobbyists, and some Congresspeople to push this through. Can we get this passed? I don’t know, but I suggest we all get behind this by making our voices heard in Congress. The ARRL has made this VERY EASY to do. Just go here: https://send-a-letter.org/hoa/
Joyce/K0JJW and I did a SOTA activation with Mike/KE0PWR on Aspen Ridge (W0C/SP-084). It turns out that Mike’s wife, Laurel, has a YouTube channel, so she shot some video of our adventure. Keep in mind that her channel is not focused on ham radio, but has a more general audience.
Some time later, Mike did a SOTA activation on his own with Laurel capturing the story via video. This was on Wander Ridge (W0C/SP-042), one of my favorite summits near the Continental Divide Trail. Yes, it was windy on top. I made a cameo appearance via 2m FM. There is a short Buena Viking plug at the end (one of my favorite local restaurants).
And finally, here is another activation with Mike on South Peak (W0C/SR-111), near Weston Pass. In this episode, Mike demonstrates how the signal disappears if you lay the Yagi antenna on the rocks. I make another guest appearance via 2m FM.
Laurel plugs the PBJ Bobo’s, which are now my favorite hiking snack. (I am not addicted to these things. I can stop eating them anytime I want.)
On August 18, I activated Mount Peck (W0C/ SP-053) with Steve/K5SJC, which put me over the top of 2000 activation points for SOTA. This is commonly known as 2x Mountain Goat or Double Mountain Goat. (Joyce/K0JJW was out of town, leaving me unsupervised for a few weeks.)
K0NR operating VHF from the summit of Mount Peck (W0C/SP-053). (Photo: Steve/K5SJC)
Steve, thanks for doing Mt Peck with me, it was fun! Joyce and I had great fun activating it back in 2017, and it was good to return to it. The summit is near the Continental Divide Trail, accessed from Monarch Pass, so it is an excellent hike on top of the world. The coolest thing about this summit is the nice rock that served as a gear table (see Steve’s photo above.) No bending down to pick up my backpack or equipment.
I tend to see the Mountain Goat Award (1000 points) as the primary SOTA award, establishing the SOTA activator as serious about the program. Anything beyond that is just more points. But still, 2000 points is a milestone worth recognizing, and it caused me to examine my SOTA log in retrospect.
Here are my stats for SOTA activations:Thanks to all of the chasers who made these activations possible. Here are my top chasers:
The top chasers for K0NR activations.
Here are some fun facts I have from reviewing my log. Currently, I have 2005 activation points. If you ask the SOTAdatabase for my 2m log, it also shows 2005 activation points. This is not quite right in my view, because it counts all activations with points that have at least one 2m contact included. That is, not all activations had four 2m or VHF contacts. In reality, I have 9 activations (corresponding to 41 points) that used HF to get the required four QSOs (for points). This means I need 36 more 2m-only points to get a pure 2x VHF Mountain Goat, untainted by HF QSOs. 🙂
People wonder how often Joyce/K0JJW and I get skunked on a summit using only VHF. Out of 346 activations, I’ve had 20 times falling short of getting the minimum four QSOs (5.7% of the total). I basically never fail to activate a summit because Joyce is usually along, and we work each other (outside the activation zone) to qualify for the activation, but not the points. Sometimes we anticipate that a VHF-only strategy is going to be a problem, so we take along HF gear to make up the difference. This usually happens in a rural area with low population density or in some other remote location such as American Samoa (KH8). Sometimes, we’ve made an extra effort to arrange for capable VHF stations to chase us. Good examples of this are Mount Ojibway and Capulin Mountain. Finally, sometimes we just accept the likelihood that we will come up short on VHF, but do the VHF-only activation anyway.
I’ve written a lot about how to optimize your VHF SOTA activations on my blog. In particular, see The Truth About VHF SOTA. SOTA is a fantastic and versatile program that can be adapted to your particular interests. Keep having fun with your kind of SOTA, whatever that is!
Special thanks to my spouse, hiking partner, SOTA enthusiast, and favorite radio amateur, Joyce/K0JJW, for joining me on these many SOTA activations.
I’ve been having fun with mountaintop VHF ham radio for decades, way before Summits On The Air (SOTA) was a thing. It is an activity that I enjoy very much during VHF contests, Parks On The Air (POTA) activations, SOTA activations, and just goofing around in the mountains. Most of this activity has been on the 2-meter band, but any frequency above 50 MHz can be fun.
My philosophy with ham radio is to have fun doing ham radio things and tell people about it. If they think VHF SOTA looks like fun, other hams may try it. At the same time, I want to be open about the challenges that may be encountered. Doing SOTA activations using just VHF can be difficult, even frustrating. (This is one of the reasons I like doing it.) So this post is a cautionary tale, focused on three essential principles.
Genesee Mountain overlooks the greater Denver area.
1. VHF SOTA is easy to do, except when it’s not
A VHF SOTA activation can be as simple as taking a $30 handheld radio on a hike up a summit and making a few contacts on 146.52 MHz or another simplex frequency. The radio is compact, lightweight, and completely self-contained, ready to go! This is arguably the easiest way to do a SOTA activation if the summit is near a populated area. For example, Genesee Mountain (W0C/FR-194) at 8284 feet overlooks the greater Denver area, so hike to that summit and you should have plenty of stations to work on 2m FM.
Now, try that same approach in a more rural part of the state and you may run into trouble. This is when VHF SOTA is challenging and potentially frustrating.
Which leads us to the second important principle…
2. You need to have chasers within range to contact
This is obvious, but you do need stations that are within range to work. This becomes more difficult in areas that have low population density. There may not be many radio hams within range of your chosen summit; they may not have 2m FM gear, they may not be listening to your frequency, and they may not even have the radio turned on.
Aspen Ridge (W0C/SP-084) is an example of a nice summit that is not near a large population of radio amateurs.
Before activating a summit, consider the likely range and how many chasers might be around for you to contact. Take, for example, Aspen Ridge (W0C/SP-084) on the west side of South Park. The hike up is easy, and the elevation is substantial at 10,740 feet. The map shown above has a circle with a radius of ~25 miles, which is a conservative rule of thumb to get us started. Making radio contacts within this radius should be a slam dunk from this elevation, but it does depend on the actual terrain.
From the map, we can see that we should be able to work stations in Buena Vista and Salida, which are small mountain towns with a corresponding small ham radio population. Some of these folks make it a habit to monitor 146.52 MHz to see what activity occurs on the calling frequency, which helps. But it helps to get the word out to the target audience that you will be on the air. The basic idea is to “send invitations” for your planned activation. The local radio club (Chaffee Lake Amateur Radio Association) has a groups.io list, so you could drop an email message there. If you know some of the hams in the area, you can always reach out and ask them to be listening for you. It is always good to post an ALERT and then a SPOT on SOTAwatch because some chasers may see that. Also, keep an eye on SOTAwatch for other SOTA activators that are on other summits. Another trick is to get on a local repeater and see if anyone is around that can move over to simplex for a SOTA contact. During the summer months, it is common to encounter tourists, campers, hikers, or off-road enthusiasts on 2m simplex.
Looking at my Aspen Ridge logs, I see that I’ve worked K0MGL at his home station near Florrisant, at about 60 miles, with some mountains in the way. So the 25-mile radius shown on the map is quite conservative. (Much longer distances are possible.) Now, I probably would not be able to work K0MGL with just a handheld radio and a rubber duck antenna.
Which leads us to our third and final principle…
3. Every decibel of signal strength matters
VHF radio often gets described as being limited to “line of sight,” which is a helpful model but one that is incomplete. (See The Myth of VHF Line of Sight.) I often make VHF contacts beyond line of sight, bouncing signals around the mountains without knowing the actual radio path. These VHF SOTA contacts happen at the fringes of radio coverage. That is, there is just enough signal to complete a contact, but small changes in signal strength can make the difference between success and failure. So you should optimize your station as best you can.
First up is ditch the rubber duck antenna and get an antenna that is a half-wave in length on the 2-meter band. See A Better Antenna for Dualband Handhelds. Make sure it is a half-wave and not just one of those extended rubber duck antennas that are a quarter-wave. Those work a little better than the typical rubber duck, but the half-wave is far superior.
Another half-wave option is the roll-up J-pole antenna, such as the N9TAX Slim Jim antenna. (There is a slight difference in construction between a J-pole and a Slim Jim antenna but they are so similar, I consider them the same.) You can purchase this type of antenna already assembled, but it also makes for a fun project to build one from scratch. (Just search on the web for “2 meter j-pole antenna plan.”) You’ll need some way to support this antenna, such as a non-conductive pole or a rope strung from a tree.
The next step up in antenna performance is to add additional gain and directivity. I use the Arrow II 2m Yagi antenna, which provides about 6 dB of gain over a half-wave radiator. I normally just hold this antenna in my hand, but you can also set up a mast to support it.
Another option is to increase your power level. The typical HT puts out about 5 watts but a mobile radio can go up to 50 watts, a 10-dB improvement. While antenna improvements help on both transmit and receive, increased transmitter power only makes your transmitted signal stronger. However, if the other station is also running 50 watts in a vehicle or at home, more power from the summit tends to balance things out.
The key point here is that even a few decibels of improvement can yield more radio contacts.
Wrap It Up
So there we have it, three important principles to keep in mind when pursuing SOTA activations using VHF. I have had a ton of fun doing this, but I also know it can be frustrating. The most fun occurs when I make a long-distance contact that I did not expect. (My best DX from a SOTA summit using 2m FM is 245 miles.) Keeping these principles in mind helps to set expectations while providing some ideas for improving your odds of success.
The Tri-Lakes Monument Radio Association in Monument, Colorado, is offering another ham radio license class. This time, we are doing it for Amateur Extra, which involves a lot more material and higher technical content. We are using a hybrid approach that blends live training sessions with online learning using the Ham Radio School online course.
We have used this approach with our Technician and General classes, but this will be the first time we’ve applied it to the Extra license class. The basic strategy is to provide the students with access to the online videos and ebook from Ham Radio School, supplemented with an in-person kick-off session and weekly review sessions via Zoom. This provides a high degree of flexibility for the students because they can view the excellent instruction videos on their own schedule. But they still have personal interaction with the instructor team to fill in any gaps. One of the key elements of our approach is to assign an experienced Elmer (mentor) to each student, to check in with them, provide encouragement, and answer any questions that come up.
The in-person kick-off session is in Monument on Oct 4th, and the class ends with the exam session on Nov 15th.
The Extra License is the top FCC amateur radio license, providing full access to all Amateur Radio Service band allocations.
• Upgrade from General to Extra Class radio privileges
• Pass your FCC Extra Class amateur license exam
• Expand your HF ops on 15-, 20-, 40-, & 80-meter bands
• Gain a deeper understanding of radio electronics and theory
• Take the next step with antennas, amplifiers, digital modes
Course Overview:
A ~30-hour, paced course of study preparing you to pass the Extra exam.
Online lessons on demand, with personal Elmer support from WØTLM.
Video lessons, ebook, depth media, quizzes & practice exams, all provided.
Weekly live class reviews via remote meeting (Zoom).
Registration fee: $65 (Proceeds support the Tri-Lakes Monument Radio Association)
Students will receive a subscription to the online course: Ham Radio School Extra License Course A current FCC General License is required for registration.
The Extra Class exam is much more difficult than the Technician and General exams. It is important to start with a good understanding of the Tech & General material as a foundation for the Extra material. You may want to spend some time reviewing the Tech and General topics before attending the Extra license class.
The Summits On The Air (SOTA) program offers a good set of tools for chasing and activating summits. Outside of the SOTA program, many different outdoor and hiking apps are also useful for planning and doing activations.
The tools I use have changed over time, so here’s an inventory of what I am currently using. This is not an exhaustive list, but my own personal, commonly-used list of tools. Recall that I typically chase and activate summits only on frequencies above 50 MHz, which affects how I use these apps.
SOTAwatch is the main website for viewing and posting Alerts and Spots.
Chasing
SOTAwatch is the main website for setting and monitoring Alerts and Spots, always useful.
The GoTo SOTA app on my iPhone is SOTA Goat, which can set and display alerts, spots, and other information. This app is very handy and useable.
I recently wrote about HamAlert, which I normally have set to let me know of any SOTA spot in the state of Colorado (W0C Association). I am looking for summits that I can work on VHF, so I monitor for only in-state activations.
Planning
For planning, the SOTA Atlas (Sotl.as) is an excellent mapping website. It offers some good filtering tools to view such things as unactivated summits, frequently-activated summits, summits that you have not activated this year, etc.
SOTA Atlas is an excellent mapping tool for evaluating potential SOTA summits.
SOTA Atlas does more than just mapping. It includes pages that show other SOTA information.
SOTA Atlas shows the key statistics for a particular SOTA participant, in addition to its powerful mapping features.
Of course, the repository for all things SOTA is the SOTA Database. One handy feature for planning purposes is the Resources section associated with each summit. Here, your fellow SOTA enthusiasts may provide links or tips concerning activating a particular summit.
For more detailed mapping around a particular summit, I use GaiaGPS. I pay for the premium service that provides access to a wide variety of maps, which can be essential for finding the best access and approach to a summit. I use their iOS app, which I load with waypoints for summits in areas that I expect to activate.
Lately, I’ve been using AllTrails to gather route information for a particular hike or summit. There are many hiking apps out there, and you probably have your favorite.
Alerting & Spotting
To set an Alert or Spot, I use either SOTAwatch or SOTA Goat, already mentioned above. An Alert provides advance notice of an activation, while a Spot indicates that an activator is on the summit and on the air.
I have also found it helpful to maintain an email list of potential VHF chasers in my area, and I will drop them a quick email indicating that I’ll be on a summit at a particular time and frequency. These folks may or may not pay attention to SOTAwatch, so pinging them via email lets them know a local activation is coming.
One app and website that I only use occasionally is SOTAmat (“SOTA Mate”). This is a very clever app that supports SOTA (and POTA) spotting when normal internet connectivity is not available. I have not used this app very often, but when I did, it was super helpful.
Logging
My hiking partner Joyce/K0JJW and I usually log on paper during an activation. When we get home, I transfer the paper log into an electronic format using the G0LGS SOTA Editor. This is the best, simple SOTA logging program I have found. Sorry, it only runs on Windows. It stores the log in CSV format, but it can also export the info into ADIF.
Sometimes I need to edit and manipulate the log file, especially when I do a combined SOTA + POTA activation. ADIF Master is an excellent tool for editing ADIF files. (Sorry, Windows only.)
Summary
This is an overview of the main tools I use for SOTA. It is quite awesome that we have these apps and websites available for free or at a very low cost.
Many of you already know about this wonderful alert tool: HamAlert. From the HamAlert website:
HamAlert is a system that allows you to get notifications when a desired station appears on the DX cluster, the Reverse Beacon Network, SOTAwatch, POTA, WWFF Spotline, or PSK Reporter. No need to keep checking these resources manually if you’re looking for a certain callsign, DXCC, CQ zone, IOTA island, SOTA summit or WWFF/POTA reference.
HamAlert is quite versatile, allowing you to tune its alerts to meet your needs. You do this by defining triggers that, well, trigger an alert. I won’t cover all of the possibilities here, but I will show you how I have my triggers set:
Most of these are just ham friends and family that I want to keep track of, see when they are on the air: K0JJW, KF9EY, KB9DPF, & W0BV. W0BV is a special case because he is an active DXer not too far from me, so it is helpful to see what he’s doing on 6 meters and HF. W0CLA and KV0CO are the callsigns of clubs I belong to. For these callsigns, the trigger is set for any activity on any band.
K0GU is a noted 6m enthusiast in Colorado that I follow because if something is happening on 6m, he is usually in the mix. (A major part of the challenge of 6 meters is knowing when the band opens.)
Probably the most important trigger for me is the Summit Association W0C, which alerts me whenever a SOTA activation is spotted in Colorado (W0C). I am only interested in working Activators on VHF/UHF, but I set the trigger for any band. Many times, activators are spotted only on HF, but they may still operate VHF/UHF. Similar to this is the POTA trigger for parks in Colorado. I just want to be alerted to park activations happening only in my state.
I have my callsign K0NR on the list because it is helpful to know where I am getting spotted. This can be very helpful when trying to work DX or activating a SOTA summit. If I am looking for a particular DX callsign, entity (country) or zone, I can add that to this list as well. When we travel, I may adjust these for local activity, depending on the situation.
I generally set up the triggers via the web interface and then receive the Alerts on my iPhone, via the HamAlert app, as shown below.
Anyway, take a look at this handy app and let me know how you use it.
The CQ WW VHF contest also prohibited the use of 146.52 MHz, and up until now stuck with it. During the reconfiguration of this contest into two separate contests: analog contest (CW/SSB/FM) and digital contest (FT8, FT4, etc.), the 146.52 rule was dropped. The rules now say:
Use of commonly recognized repeater frequencies is prohibited. Recognized FM simplex frequencies such as 146.49, .52, .55, and .58, and local-option simplex channels may be used for contest purposes.
Of course, this change is only relevant to the analog contest, as FM is not allowed in the digital contest.
This is a relatively minor change, not earth-shattering at all, but it cleans up an outdated rule in the CW WW VHF contest. This eliminates the need for me to explain to new VHF contesters that you can’t use the calling frequency.
This weekend is the ARRL Field Day, a great opportunity for individual hams, small groups, and radio clubs to get on the ham bands and have some fun. But what is Field Day all about? The ARRL says this:
Field Day is ham radio’s open house. Every June, more than 31,000 hams throughout North America set up temporary transmitting stations in public places to demonstrate ham radio’s science, skill and service to our communities and our nation. It combines public service, emergency preparedness, community outreach, and technical skills all in a single event. Field Day has been an annual event since 1933, and remains the most popular event in ham radio.
I have always thought that one of the great things about Field Day is that it can be tuned to whatever interests you or your club. It can be a Radio Contest, an Emergency Communications Exercise, a Radio Campout, a Food Fest, a Beer-Drinking Party, a Social Event, a SOTA or POTA activation, a Public Relations event, an Educational Event, a Mentoring or Training event, or (very likely) some combination of these ideas. Or insert your idea here. In other words, “season to taste” and make it your own.
Ofu Island is not easily accessible, so it was a key decision on whether to include it as part of the trip. The more I read about American Samoa, the more I noticed that many of the best photos were from Ofu Island. It has a huge beach that stretches along the south side of the island, located within the national park. Not only that, Ofu has an attractive SOTA summit with an excellent view. So, yeah, we needed to go there.
Ofu Beach with Sunuitao Peak and Piumafua Mountain in the background.
Getting There
Flights from Pago Pago to Ofu are scheduled for Tuesday and Thursday mornings on Samoa Airways. We wanted more than two days on Ofu, so we arrived on a Thursday with a return flight on the following Tuesday. These are small planes with strict weight limits on baggage: 5 kg (11 lbs) for one carry-on bag and 15 kg (33 lbs) for one checked bag. The airline weighs everything and everybody going onto the flight. You can pay for extra luggage, but you risk having it left behind for a later flight if your flight happens to be overweight.
We opted to take only the essentials to Ofu, repacking our gear to fit into just a few bags. Only the lightweight SOTA station went with us, along with snorkel gear and minimal clothing. Everything else was stored at the Tradewinds Hotel.
This is the aircraft that flies between Pago Pago and Ofu.
Lodging
There are limited lodging options on Ofu. We chose to stay at the Vaoto Lodge, right next to the airstrip. The rooms at the lodge are very basic but do have air conditioners. There are no restaurants on the island. The lodge offers a shared kitchen for its guests to prepare their own meals, as well as a limited but adequate selection of groceries for purchase. This may not work for everyone, but Joyce was able to come up with some excellent meals for us.
Four people were staying at the lodge when we were there, including us. One person was there to work on a government-sponsored project. The other was a tourist from New Zealand. So there were probably only three tourists on Ofu at that time.
The best information I found concerning Ofu is: The Ultimate Guide to Ofu Island, American Samoa. This was very helpful, but also double-check the details concerning lodging and airline flights, as things do change with time. Based on the advice of the locals, we concluded that Tumu Mountain was our only SOTA option on Ofu. Sunuitao Peak and Piumafua Mountain (on Olosega Island, connected to Ofu by a bridge) are not considered hikeable.
Tumu Mountain (KH8/MI-003) The trail to the summit is 3 miles one-way, with 1500 feet of elevation gain. This trail used to be a road, starts out wide and narrows as the elevation increases. It is overgrown in spots, and there is a rope assist in one difficult spot. This video provides a good overview of the climb. This trail is not in the national park.
This map shows the hiking route up Tumu. Note that many trails are displayed on the map, but most of them don’t exist.
Our host at Vaoto Lodge dropped us off at the trailhead and picked us up afterward. The hike begins in some 18-inch-high brush that includes some plants with stickers. I wore shorts and accumulated quite a few scratches on my legs. If I do this hike again, I would start with long pants or gaiters and switch to shorts at the first trail marker, about one-half mile up the trail. This trail marker indicates a left turn that starts the climb up the side of the mountain. As the map shows, there is a big switchback that keeps the slope of the trail reasonable.
Near the summit, we noted a sign indicating a trail to the left for the viewpoint, but we continued to the summit. The actual summit is covered by dense vegetation, so we stopped where the trail faded out, labeled “Operating Location” on the map, within the activation zone. There is a small radio installation here. To get to the actual summit would require a serious bushwhack through the tropical forest.
We set up the SOTA station using our smaller antenna mast (fishing pole) and fired up the IC-705 on 17m FT8. Conditions were not great, but we both worked four stations on HF plus each other on VHF/UHF. We were running behind schedule for our pickup time, so we did not operate any longer than necessary.
The best view from anywhere in American Samoa, from the summit of Tumu.
On our descent, we took the side trail over to the viewpoint, which was fantastic. This is the best photo we took in American Samoa. We are accustomed to hiking in the Rocky Mountains, where reaching a high summit always provides a great view. Tropical forests are a lot different…the vegetation may not allow you to see anything of interest on a summit. Finding a good viewpoint can be challenging.
We found a nice spot on Ofu Beach (-14.17776, -169.65428), about a one-mile walk from Vaoto Lodge that is a great place to snorkel and operate ham radio. There is a little shelter there that provides some protection from rain. We did seven POTA activations from this location using the smaller SOTA station with 10 watts. These QSOs were mainly on 15m and 17m, using digital transmissions (FT8 via the iPhone app and the IC-705).
Our favorite snorkel and POTA operating spot on Ofu Beach, with a small shelter.POTA station at Ofu Beach, antenna tuner, IC-705, and battery.
We were supposed to leave Ofu on Tuesday morning, but our flight was delayed until the afternoon. We were aware that flights to/from Ofu can be delayed or cancelled, and we planned some flexibility into our schedule to mitigate this risk. We still made it to Pago Pago that day, returning to the Tradewinds Hotel. After our wonderful stay on Ofu, this felt like a welcome return to civilization.
We were delighted to have visited Ofu Island and highly recommend it. However, it did add six days to the trip, so it may not work for travelers with a more limited schedule.
Wrap Up On the Whole Trip
This concludes our KH8 trip report. Joyce and I had a fantastic time in American Samoa and enjoyed the ham radio aspect of the trip. The only stations we worked on VHF/UHF were each other, which was not a big surprise, but still disappointing. Oh, well, I guess that’s why we have access to the HF spectrum.
We arrived at Pago Pago (pronounced “pango pango”) around 9 pm and were met by the shuttle van from Tradewinds Hotel. We stayed there for three nights, then took our 5-day side trip to Ofu Island, returning to Pago and the Tradewinds for another 6 nights.
The next morning, we rented a small SUV from the Tradewinds Hotel, which worked out great. Our first stop was the National Park of American Samoa Visitor Center, a 30-minute drive from the hotel. We received some good information about hiking trails and potential summits. The visitor center is located outside the park, so we made a point to drive a bit further to actually set foot in the park. We were thinking that if our trip got cut short unexpectedly, we wanted to make sure we checked the box on being in the park.
The next stop was Olotele Mountain. My research on this summit was not conclusive. To start with, I found that some maps showing its location incorrectly, something we worked out when creating the KH8 Association Reference Manual (ARM). Some websites suggest that the summit could be hiked, but they did not provide any details. By studying a variety of maps and satellite photos, I concluded there was probably a road to the top, to support a developed radio site. This summit is not in the national park.
A single-lane road leads to the summit of Olotele Mountain, accessible from Route 2 en route to Aasu.
We headed toward Aasu on Route 2 and turned off at (-14.31473, -170.76616) to follow the road leading south to the summit. The road is not well-marked, but easy to spot once you know it’s there. This road passes through a residential area with plenty of barking dogs (they seem to be everywhere in KH8). At the top is a well-developed radio site.
The radio site on Olotele Mountain.
We planned to set up the HF SOTA station and make some contacts from the summit, but the clouds moved in, producing heavy rain. At this point, we opted for a quick VHF activation, just working each other with handheld radios, checking the box on activating the first KH8 summit, but without points. Again, the thought was to get the first KH8 activation in the log, just in case. We also figured we would come back another day and do a more proper activation, earning the 4 points for this summit. And we did return to this summit after our visit to Ofu. We both worked quite a few stations on 10m and 15m using FT8.
Both times we activated Olotele, crews were working at the radio installation. We just chatted with them about what we were doing, and they were fine with that. One guy asked me what frequency we would be on and I said 21 MHz. He replied, “no problem.” We also saw a tour guide bring a group of tourists to the summit, which surprised us because the view is mostly blocked by high vegetation.
The evening view of Mount Alava from the Goat Island Cafe.
The next day, we activated Mount Alava. This is a well-known summit and hiking trail, promoted by the national park. The trailhead is relatively well-marked, starting at Fagosa Pass. The trail to this summit is 3.9 miles one-way, with 1,300 vertical feet of elevation gain, located inside the national park. This trail used to be a road, generally wide but overgrown in spots, narrowing as the elevation increases.
The trail for Mount Alava starts at Fagosa Pass.
While planning the trip, I noticed that the National Park Service had posted an alert on its website that said the trail to Alava was closed. Later, information was posted stating the trail is open, but the summit is off-limits. During our visit to the visitor center, the NPS staff told me that the main trail from Fagasa Pass is usable, with no problems. The specific thing that is not allowed is ascending the broken-down stairs that go up about 30 feet to an old structure, which provides an excellent view of the area. Often, this structure is referred to as “the summit,” and folks will simply say that “the summit is closed.” Trail conditions do change frequently in the tropical climate, so it is best to inquire locally for the latest information.
The summit of Alava Mountain has a broad activation zone.
We activated Alava from near the bottom of these stairs, inside the activation zone. We saw some local folks climb over the locked gate and go up the stairs to get a better view, but we opted not to do the same. I am sure it provides a better view, but we were mostly after radio contacts.
As shown on the maps above, Alava sits on a long ridgeline that the trail follows, making the activation zone quite broad. We stopped about 500 feet west of the actual summit location indicated by the SOTA ARM. The trail seemed to end at this point, at the bottom of the stairs mentioned above. There should be a path that continues to the east, but I was unable to find it. No worries, we were within the activation zone, so we set up and made radio contacts.
K0NR on the Mt Alava trail.
This was a challenging hike due to the muddy conditions and the overgrowth of vegetation on the trail.
When we arrived in Pago Pago, I expected to find many suitable locations for POTA activations. It turned out to be not quite that simple. Many of the roads skirt the national park instead of going through it. After studying the map a bit more, we settled on the Pola Island Viewpoint on the northeast side of the island. This is a convenient turnout on Route 6, heading to Vatia, also known as the Lower Sauma Ridge Trailhead.
This is where we did our POTA activations on Tutuila Island.
We did seven activations here as KH8/K0NR and KH8/K0JJW. Most of the activity was on 15m and 17m, using FT8, FT4, and SSB. We tried 20m, but the propagation wasn’t all that great and we would get covered by stateside QRM. Bob/W0BV was usually listening and gave us valuable feedback on band conditions and whether our frequency was clear in the US. This was extremely helpful when operating from a remote location. We worked plenty of stateside stations, VK, ZL, JA, HL, B, South America, and the Caribbean.
W0BV recorded some audio of me working POTA on 15m SSB, quite a bit of fading at the time.
Typical POTA setup, operating out of the back of our SUV.
The POTA radio setup had the FT-991 in the back of the SUV, connected to my notebook computer for logging and digital operating. We just stood at the back of the vehicle under the hatch, which provided rain cover during the occasional storm. This was not super convenient, but we managed.
This power analyzer monitored the 12 VDC voltage level and battery condition.
We used the power analyzer shown above to monitor the battery voltage, so we didn’t run down the battery. The end-fed antenna was supported by the SOTAbeams pole and connected to the radio using 50 feet of RG-8X coaxial cable. We kept the antenna as far away from the radio as possible and inserted a common-mode filter in line with the coax. This avoided the EMI issues we experienced in Hawaii, so we were able to use the notebook computer running WSJT-X.
The number of POTA contacts (including Ofu Island, described in Part 3) were:
KH8/K0NR: Phone 39, Data 213, Total= 252
KH8/K0JJW: Phone 18, Data 21, Total= 39
For decades, Joyce/K0JJW and I have working towards visiting all 63 of the US national parks. We are nearing the end of the list, with just a few parks left. One of the most challenging places to visit is the National Park of American Samoa, located in the only US territory south of the equator. That would be number 61 for us, with only Crater Lake NP and Lassen Volcanic NP left to visit.
Obviously, if we are going to travel to a distant island, we should consider doing a Slacker DXpedition™. American Samoa is a US territory, so FCC radio licenses are valid there. It is also a separate entity for DXCC, with the prefix KH8. KH8 is listed at #87 (out of 340) on the Most Wanted list at Clublog, so it is a bit rare in terms of DXCC. Parks On The Air (POTA) has already been set up for KH8 and the national park there has been activated a number of times. I checked into the Summits On The Air (SOTA) situation and discovered there were summits that qualified for the program, but that a KH8 Association did not exist. The next thing you know, I am the KH8 Association Manager working with the SOTA Management Team to establish the KH8 association.
Bob/K0NR and Joyce/K0JJW with national park sign.
Travel
We usually try to pack light when traveling. On a typical airplane trip, we can generally get by with each of us having one carry-on bag. But once you add snorkel gear, camera gear, binoculars, hiking boots, radio gear, and a few other items, it becomes necessary to check a bag — or two. Still, we focused on keeping the amount of luggage to a minimum so we could navigate the airports without assistance.
To get to KH8, we connected through Hawaii, to catch the main flight to Pago Pago on Hawaiian Airlines. This flight only goes two or three times a week and is the only option coming from the 48 states. We decided to enjoy four days on the island of Kauai, which turned out to be an excellent idea.
Radio Gear
We normally only use frequencies above 50 MHz for SOTA, but given the lack of VHF activity in KH8, we compromised and took along HF gear. Our Icom IC-705 is a good choice for that as it also has the VHF/UHF bands included. We also packed a pair of handheld radios, which were useful for basic communications on and off the trail.
We had two main radio setups: a backpackable station for SOTA and a higher power station for POTA. Scoping out our likely SOTA summits, we definitely needed a compact station that could be carried up some summits that would involve a challenging hike. For this station, we used the IC-705 (10 watts output) driving an end-fed multiband wire antenna from PackTenna, supported by a carbon fiber fishing pole. The IC-705 does not have a built-in antenna tuner, so a small, manual external tuner did that job. A Bioenno 4.5 Ah battery supplied the power to the radio.
Icom IC-705 transceiver with small tuner and battery.
The antenna system travels in a small pouch and consists of the Z-match tuner, RG-174 coaxial cable, and the end-fed wire antenna. The antenna can cover 30m up through 10m, using a tuner, so it was an efficient way to cover the bands we planned to use.
The HF antenna kit: RG-174 coax, PackTenna end-fed wire antenna and Z-match tuner.
With the remote location and QRP power levels, we concluded that SSB might be a limitation. Our solution was to utilize digital modes (FT8 and FT4) to enhance our weak-signal performance. I sometimes operate CW, but I don’t think I can handle the pileups we expected at KH8. Joyce doesn’t do CW at all. Our plan was to use my Windows laptop, running WSJT-X, for digital processing. I would have taken this computer along on the trip anyway, so it made sense to have it do double duty, even though it’s a bit large to carry up the summit—more on that below.
POTA Station
We could have used the SOTA station for POTA as well, and we did in a few situations. However, we opted to take along a Yaesu FT-991, with 100 watts output, thinking that would help us when running SSB and if band conditions are poor. This is our normal POTA radio, powered by a 20 Ah Bioenno battery that can supply 30 amps continuously, providing a decent margin for the FT-991 (max current spec is 23 amps). However, FAA regulations don’t allow large batteries to be taken on an aircraft. I am used to carrying smaller batteries while flying, so this was all new to me. The short story is that you can carry on two lithium batteries, each limited to 160 watt-hours. (Read the regulations carefully yourself to understand the fine points.) For a 12-volt battery, 160 watt-hours corresponds to 13 amp-hours. So maybe I could carry two 13-amp-hour batteries and get by with that. Well, the Bioenno battery, which is the closest in size (12 amp-hour) has a maximum continuous discharge of 20 amps, which is a little light for the FT-991 keyed down at full power. I was also worried about the battery capacity and how long we would be able to operate. (In retrospect, this approach might have worked and deserves further consideration in the future.)
Another option was to take an AC power supply along, which might have been useful, but AC power was not likely to be available at a typical POTA spot. Ultimately, our solution consisted of a power cable with battery clips that connect to the battery in our rental car. We already had our radio gear set up with powerpole connectors, so crafting a cable with battery clips and powerpoles on it did the job. From experience, I know that it is possible to get excited about making radio contacts and overlook the fact that your car battery is now depleted. To avoid this, I inserted a 12-volt power analyzer inline with the DC cable, allowing us to monitor the battery voltage. I was vigilant in monitoring the voltage and running the car engine regularly.
Rounding out the POTA station were two 25-foot lengths of RG-8X coax and an end-fed long wire antenna from MyAntennas. This antenna was needed to handle the higher power level of the FT-991. For antenna support, we used a SOTABeams 32-foot Travel Mast.
The National Park of American Samoa is POTA AS-0001. This park had already been activated 33 times, primarily by KB2FMH and KH8RRC. There are two other POTA parks in KH8 (both unactivated), but we did not operate from them.
Alerts and Spots
Our operating schedule was fluid, so we used the SOTA and POTA websites to post our activations once we decided to go out, and to spot ourselves once we were on the air. Some of this could be done from our hotel room using an internet connection but at the operating location, we typically did not have a network connection.
We did have a Garmin Inreach satellite communicator that works anywhere on the planet, so we sent messages via the SOTAmat system. This requires some preplanning to set up access and learn the system but it performed well. The only disadvantage to this method is that Inreach messages can take 5 or 10 minutes to send, depending on when the satellite passes over.
There are 11 SOTA summits in KH8. Many of these are not accessible due to rugged terrain and dense tropical vegetation. The most accessible summits are listed below. See the SOTA database for more information and specific activation tips. In all cases, assume the trail condition can change and inquire locally for the latest information.
Tutuila Island
Olotele Mountain (KH8/TI-004) – Drive Up Summit.
Olotele Mountain is a developed radio site with multiple towers on it. There is a single-lane paved road to the top, making this a drive-up summit. This is the easiest summit in American Samoa. It is NOT in the national park.
Mount Alava(KH8/TI-003) – 3.9 miles one-way, 1300 vertical feet, in the national park.
This is a well-known summit and hiking trail, promoted by the national park. The trailhead is relatively well-marked, starting at Fagosa Pass. This trail used to be a road, generally wide but overgrown in spots.
Matafao Peak (KH8/TI-001) Steep trail, 1500 vertical, 1.5 miles one way
The highest summit on Tutuila. There are widely varying reports on whether the trail to the summit is hikeable or not. Trailhead is at Fagosa Pass. We did not attempt this summit.
Ofu Island
Tumu Mountain (KH8/MI-003) 3.0 miles one-way to the summit with 1500 feet of elevation gain. This trail used to be a road, generally wide but overgrown in spots, rope assist in one spot.
Let’s Go!
So that was the basic plan. Fly to Hawaii, hang out there for a few days, then continue on to American Samoa. Activate a few summits on Tutuila and then travel to Ofu Island to activate one more. Interspersed would be POTA activations, lots of snorkeling, and sightseeing.
We were not focused on SOTA in Kauai, but I looked up what summits were available and discovered the answer to be quite straightforward. Out of the 11 SOTA summits on the island, only one has been activated: Nounou Mountain (KH6/KU-011). The rest are very difficult to access.
So Joyce and I decided to do the summit. As advertised, the trail turned out to be muddy and had some difficult sections requiring some minor rock scrambling. The weather was hot and humid, making this a good warm-up for KH8. In particular, I discovered that my SOTA station had serious EMI problems. I thought I had worked this out back home, but my notebook PC was producing a high level of noise that was interfering with the receiver, and the RF from the transmitter was disrupting the USB data connection. This messed up the activation of Nounou, but it caused me to work on the problem before arriving in KH8.
The workaround I came up with was to use my iPhone with the SDR-Control Mobile app, connecting to the IC-705 via Wi-Fi. This eliminated the need for the USB cable, which was acting as an EMI radiator. The iPhone display is relatively small for running FT8, and the app has a few anomalies, but it did the job. On the plus side, the iPhone is a lot less to carry up a summit.
The Worked All Zones (WAZ) award is another well-known HF DX award, organized by geography. WAZ recognizes operators for establishing confirmed two-way radio contacts with stations in all 40 geographic zones defined by CQ’s official zone map. These zones divide the world into areas based on continents, regions, and specific entities (see the map below). See the WAZ rules here.
This zone-based structure emphasizes propagation challenges and global coverage, often making certain zones (e.g., remote Asian or polar areas) particularly difficult depending on the operator’s location. If the goal is to recognize “working the world,” this approach seems much more logical to me than the DXCC award. For DXCC, the initial award is for 100 countries/entities, which may or may not be spread worldwide. DXCC recognizes political boundaries, which result in many different entities clustered in small geographic areas. For example, the Caribbean is filled with many small countries that are easy to work from the US. Europe is also dense with countries. The WAZ award requires you to work stations all over the world.
You’ve probably seen the messages about the ARRL push for relief from antenna restrictions by Home Owners Associations (HOAs). If not, take a look 
