What is Database Normal Form?

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When you’re designing a database, you need some way to organize your data that makes sense. You could just throw everything into one massive table, but that leads to problems pretty quickly. Duplicate data everywhere, weird update issues, and a general mess that’s hard to maintain.

Normal forms give you a framework for organizing data in a way that avoids these problems. They’re a series of rules or guidelines that help you structure your database tables properly.

This process of organizing data according to normal forms is called normalization, and it’s one of the fundamental concepts in relational database design.

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Understanding SQL Server’s Query Plan Cache

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The query plan cache (also called the plan cache or procedure cache) is an area of SQL Server’s memory that stores compiled execution plans for queries and stored procedures. When you execute a query, SQL Server compiles it into an execution plan (basically, a set of instructions for retrieving and processing data). Now, instead of recompiling that plan every time the same query runs, SQL Server stores it in the plan cache for reuse.

This caching mechanism significantly improves performance. Compiling a query plan requires CPU time and resources. The optimizer must analyze statistics, evaluate indexes, consider join orders, and make numerous decisions about the most efficient execution strategy. By caching plans, SQL Server avoids repeating this work for queries that execute repeatedly.

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How to Add a Column in SQL Server: A Complete Guide

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The basic syntax for adding a column in SQL Server is just two lines. But there are enough edge cases to really throw you off guard if you’re not careful. Your actual code will depend on things like, how you define the column, whether the table already has data, what constraints you need, etc. In the real world, there’s quite a bit more to know than just two lines.

This guide walks through all the common scenarios so you have a solid reference regardless of what you’re trying to do.

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Building a Product Performance Matrix in SQL

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When you’re managing multiple products across different sales channels or regions, raw data tables don’t usually cut it. You need to see everything at once. For example, which products are crushing it online but underperforming in retail, or which regions are driving growth while others stagnate. A product performance matrix gives you that bird’s-eye view, turning rows of transaction data into a grid that shows patterns instantly.

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Fix Error 2744 “Multiple identity columns specified for table” in SQL Server

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If you’re getting SQL Server error 2744 that reads “Multiple identity columns specified for table…“, it looks like you’re trying to define a table to have more than one identity column.

SQL Server restricts identity columns to just one per table. If you try to add another one, you’ll get the above error.

The easiest way to address this issue is to leave the table with one identity table and be done with it. But that might not always be practical. Maybe you need a column that increments a different value than the identity column. Fortunately, there are ways of doing that.

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Pivoting JSON Data in SQL Server

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JSON has become a common format for data exchange, and SQL Server’s built-in JSON support makes it straightforward to work with JSON data directly in your queries. But what happens when you need to pivot JSON data – transforming nested structures or array elements into a columnar format for reporting or analysis?

SQL Server provides functions like OPENJSON(), JSON_VALUE(), and JSON_QUERY() that let you extract and manipulate JSON data. Combined with standard pivoting techniques, you can reshape JSON data into whatever format you need. This can be particularly useful when you’re receiving JSON from APIs, storing semi-structured data, or working with configuration data that doesn’t fit neatly into traditional tables.

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Complete Guide to SQL Server Data Types

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SQL Server provides a solid set of system data types that handle everything from storing tiny integers to massive text blobs. Understanding these types is an important part of designing efficient databases, mainly because picking the right data type can save storage space and improve query performance.

This article breaks down all the data types available in SQL Server (as of SQL Server 2025), organized by category. Each type includes its max length, precision, scale, and whether it can be nullable.

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Fix Error 4901 “ALTER TABLE only allows columns to be added that can contain nulls… etc” in SQL Server

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If you’re getting an error in SQL Server that reads something like “ALTER TABLE only allows columns to be added that can contain nulls, or have a DEFAULT definition specified, or the column being added is an identity or timestamp column, or… etc etc“, it’s probably because you’re trying to add a NOT NULL column to a table that already contains data.

This error occurs due to the fact that the NOT NULL constraint will be violated for every row in the table. Think about it for a second. When you first add the column, there’s no data. It’s not until you run a subsequent INSERT statement (or some other process that populates the table) that you will get data. In the meantime, all values in your new column will be NULL. And that, of course, violates the NOT NULL constraint.

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