Release: 2.1.0b1 | Release Date: not released yet

# SQLAlchemy 2.1 Documentation

# MySQL and MariaDB

Support for the MySQL / MariaDB database.

The following table summarizes current support levels for database release versions.

Supported MySQL / MariaDB versions
Support type | Versions
--- | ---
Supported version | 5.6+ / 10+
Best effort | 5.0.2+ / 5.0.2+

## DBAPI Support

The following dialect/DBAPI options are available. Please refer to individual DBAPI sections for connect information.

- mysqlclient (maintained fork of MySQL-Python)

- PyMySQL

- MariaDB Connector/Python

- MySQL Connector/Python

- asyncmy

- aiomysql

- CyMySQL

- PyODBC

## Supported Versions and Features

SQLAlchemy supports MySQL starting with version 5.0.2 through modern releases, as well as all modern versions of MariaDB. See the official MySQL documentation for detailed information about features supported in any given server release.

Changed in version 1.4: minimum MySQL version supported is now 5.0.2.

### MariaDB Support

The MariaDB variant of MySQL retains fundamental compatibility with MySQL’s protocols however the development of these two products continues to diverge. Within the realm of SQLAlchemy, the two databases have a small number of syntactical and behavioral differences that SQLAlchemy accommodates automatically. To connect to a MariaDB database, no changes to the database URL are required:

    engine = create_engine(
        "mysql+pymysql://user:pass@some_mariadb/dbname?charset=utf8mb4"
    )

Upon first connect, the SQLAlchemy dialect employs a server version detection scheme that determines if the backing database reports as MariaDB. Based on this flag, the dialect can make different choices in those of areas where its behavior must be different.

### MariaDB-Only Mode

The dialect also supports an optional “MariaDB-only” mode of connection, which may be useful for the case where an application makes use of MariaDB-specific features and is not compatible with a MySQL database. To use this mode of operation, replace the “mysql” token in the above URL with “mariadb”:

    engine = create_engine(
        "mariadb+pymysql://user:pass@some_mariadb/dbname?charset=utf8mb4"
    )

The above engine, upon first connect, will raise an error if the server version detection detects that the backing database is not MariaDB.

When using an engine with `"mariadb"` as the dialect name, all mysql-specific options that include the name “mysql” in them are now named with “mariadb”. This means options like `mysql_engine` should be named `mariadb_engine`, etc. Both “mysql” and “mariadb” options can be used simultaneously for applications that use URLs with both “mysql” and “mariadb” dialects:

    my_table = Table(
        "mytable",
        metadata,
        Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
        Column("textdata", String(50)),
        mariadb_engine="InnoDB",
        mysql_engine="InnoDB",
    )

    Index(
        "textdata_ix",
        my_table.c.textdata,
        mysql_prefix="FULLTEXT",
        mariadb_prefix="FULLTEXT",
    )

Similar behavior will occur when the above structures are reflected, i.e. the “mariadb” prefix will be present in the option names when the database URL is based on the “mariadb” name.

Added in version 1.4: Added “mariadb” dialect name supporting “MariaDB-only mode” for the MySQL dialect.

## Connection Timeouts and Disconnects

MySQL / MariaDB feature an automatic connection close behavior, for connections that have been idle for a fixed period of time, defaulting to eight hours. To circumvent having this issue, use the `create_engine.pool_recycle` option which ensures that a connection will be discarded and replaced with a new one if it has been present in the pool for a fixed number of seconds:

    engine = create_engine("mysql+mysqldb://...", pool_recycle=3600)

For more comprehensive disconnect detection of pooled connections, including accommodation of server restarts and network issues, a pre-ping approach may be employed. See Dealing with Disconnects for current approaches.

See also

Dealing with Disconnects - Background on several techniques for dealing with timed out connections as well as database restarts.

## CREATE TABLE arguments including Storage Engines

Both MySQL’s and MariaDB’s CREATE TABLE syntax includes a wide array of special options, including `ENGINE`, `CHARSET`, `MAX_ROWS`, `ROW_FORMAT`, `INSERT_METHOD`, and many more. To accommodate the rendering of these arguments, specify the form `mysql_argument_name="value"`. For example, to specify a table with `ENGINE` of `InnoDB`, `CHARSET` of `utf8mb4`, and `KEY_BLOCK_SIZE` of `1024`:

    Table(
        "mytable",
        metadata,
        Column("data", String(32)),
        mysql_engine="InnoDB",
        mysql_charset="utf8mb4",
        mysql_key_block_size="1024",
    )

When supporting MariaDB-Only Mode mode, similar keys against the “mariadb” prefix must be included as well. The values can of course vary independently so that different settings on MySQL vs. MariaDB may be maintained:

    # support both "mysql" and "mariadb-only" engine URLs

    Table(
        "mytable",
        metadata,
        Column("data", String(32)),
        mysql_engine="InnoDB",
        mariadb_engine="InnoDB",
        mysql_charset="utf8mb4",
        mariadb_charset="utf8",
        mysql_key_block_size="1024",
        mariadb_key_block_size="1024",
    )

The MySQL / MariaDB dialects will normally transfer any keyword specified as `mysql_keyword_name` to be rendered as `KEYWORD_NAME` in the `CREATE TABLE` statement. A handful of these names will render with a space instead of an underscore; to support this, the MySQL dialect has awareness of these particular names, which include `DATA DIRECTORY` (e.g. `mysql_data_directory`), `CHARACTER SET` (e.g. `mysql_character_set`) and `INDEX DIRECTORY` (e.g. `mysql_index_directory`).

The most common argument is `mysql_engine`, which refers to the storage engine for the table. Historically, MySQL server installations would default to `MyISAM` for this value, although newer versions may be defaulting to `InnoDB`. The `InnoDB` engine is typically preferred for its support of transactions and foreign keys.

A `Table` that is created in a MySQL / MariaDB database with a storage engine of `MyISAM` will be essentially non-transactional, meaning any INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE statement referring to this table will be invoked as autocommit. It also will have no support for foreign key constraints; while the `CREATE TABLE` statement accepts foreign key options, when using the `MyISAM` storage engine these arguments are discarded. Reflecting such a table will also produce no foreign key constraint information.

For fully atomic transactions as well as support for foreign key constraints, all participating `CREATE TABLE` statements must specify a transactional engine, which in the vast majority of cases is `InnoDB`.

Partitioning can similarly be specified using similar options. In the example below the create table will specify `PARTITION_BY`, `PARTITIONS`, `SUBPARTITIONS` and `SUBPARTITION_BY`:

    # can also use mariadb_* prefix
    Table(
        "testtable",
        MetaData(),
        Column("id", Integer(), primary_key=True, autoincrement=True),
        Column("other_id", Integer(), primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
        mysql_partitions="2",
        mysql_partition_by="KEY(other_id)",
        mysql_subpartition_by="HASH(some_expr)",
        mysql_subpartitions="2",
    )

This will render:

    CREATE TABLE testtable (
            id INTEGER NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
            other_id INTEGER NOT NULL,
            PRIMARY KEY (id, other_id)
    )PARTITION BY KEY(other_id) PARTITIONS 2 SUBPARTITION BY HASH(some_expr) SUBPARTITIONS 2

## Case Sensitivity and Table Reflection

Both MySQL and MariaDB have inconsistent support for case-sensitive identifier names, basing support on specific details of the underlying operating system. However, it has been observed that no matter what case sensitivity behavior is present, the names of tables in foreign key declarations are always received from the database as all-lower case, making it impossible to accurately reflect a schema where inter-related tables use mixed-case identifier names.

Therefore it is strongly advised that table names be declared as all lower case both within SQLAlchemy as well as on the MySQL / MariaDB database itself, especially if database reflection features are to be used.

## Transaction Isolation Level

All MySQL / MariaDB dialects support setting of transaction isolation level both via a dialect-specific parameter `create_engine.isolation_level` accepted by `create_engine()`, as well as the `Connection.execution_options.isolation_level` argument as passed to `Connection.execution_options()`. This feature works by issuing the command `SET SESSION TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL <level>` for each new connection. For the special AUTOCOMMIT isolation level, DBAPI-specific techniques are used.

To set isolation level using `create_engine()`:

    engine = create_engine(
        "mysql+mysqldb://scott:tiger@localhost/test",
        isolation_level="READ UNCOMMITTED",
    )

To set using per-connection execution options:

    connection = engine.connect()
    connection = connection.execution_options(isolation_level="READ COMMITTED")

Valid values for `isolation_level` include:

- `READ COMMITTED`

- `READ UNCOMMITTED`

- `REPEATABLE READ`

- `SERIALIZABLE`

- `AUTOCOMMIT`

The special `AUTOCOMMIT` value makes use of the various “autocommit” attributes provided by specific DBAPIs, and is currently supported by MySQLdb, MySQL-Client, MySQL-Connector Python, and PyMySQL. Using it, the database connection will return true for the value of `SELECT @@autocommit;`.

There are also more options for isolation level configurations, such as “sub-engine” objects linked to a main `Engine` which each apply different isolation level settings. See the discussion at Setting Transaction Isolation Levels including DBAPI Autocommit for background.

See also

Setting Transaction Isolation Levels including DBAPI Autocommit

## AUTO_INCREMENT Behavior

When creating tables, SQLAlchemy will automatically set `AUTO_INCREMENT` on the first `Integer` primary key column which is not marked as a foreign key:

    >>> t = Table(
    ...     "mytable", metadata, Column("mytable_id", Integer, primary_key=True)
    ... )
    >>> t.create()
    CREATE TABLE mytable (
            id INTEGER NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
            PRIMARY KEY (id)
    )

You can disable this behavior by passing `False` to the `Column.autoincrement` argument of `Column`. This flag can also be used to enable auto-increment on a secondary column in a multi-column key for some storage engines:

    Table(
        "mytable",
        metadata,
        Column("gid", Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
        Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
    )

## Server Side Cursors

Server-side cursor support is available for the mysqlclient, PyMySQL, mariadbconnector dialects and may also be available in others. This makes use of either the “buffered=True/False” flag if available or by using a class such as `MySQLdb.cursors.SSCursor` or `pymysql.cursors.SSCursor` internally.

Server side cursors are enabled on a per-statement basis by using the `Connection.execution_options.stream_results` connection execution option:

    with engine.connect() as conn:
        result = conn.execution_options(stream_results=True).execute(
            text("select * from table")
        )

Note that some kinds of SQL statements may not be supported with server side cursors; generally, only SQL statements that return rows should be used with this option.

Deprecated since version 1.4: The dialect-level server_side_cursors flag is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. Please use the `Connection.stream_results` execution option for unbuffered cursor support.

See also

Using Server Side Cursors (a.k.a. stream results)

## Unicode

### Charset Selection

Most MySQL / MariaDB DBAPIs offer the option to set the client character set for a connection. This is typically delivered using the `charset` parameter in the URL, such as:

    e = create_engine(
        "mysql+pymysql://scott:tiger@localhost/test?charset=utf8mb4"
    )

This charset is the client character set for the connection. Some MySQL DBAPIs will default this to a value such as `latin1`, and some will make use of the `default-character-set` setting in the `my.cnf` file as well. Documentation for the DBAPI in use should be consulted for specific behavior.

The encoding used for Unicode has traditionally been `'utf8'`. However, for MySQL versions 5.5.3 and MariaDB 5.5 on forward, a new MySQL-specific encoding `'utf8mb4'` has been introduced, and as of MySQL 8.0 a warning is emitted by the server if plain `utf8` is specified within any server-side directives, replaced with `utf8mb3`. The rationale for this new encoding is due to the fact that MySQL’s legacy utf-8 encoding only supports codepoints up to three bytes instead of four. Therefore, when communicating with a MySQL or MariaDB database that includes codepoints more than three bytes in size, this new charset is preferred, if supported by both the database as well as the client DBAPI, as in:

    e = create_engine(
        "mysql+pymysql://scott:tiger@localhost/test?charset=utf8mb4"
    )

All modern DBAPIs should support the `utf8mb4` charset.

In order to use `utf8mb4` encoding for a schema that was created with legacy `utf8`, changes to the MySQL/MariaDB schema and/or server configuration may be required.

See also

The utf8mb4 Character Set - in the MySQL documentation

### Dealing with Binary Data Warnings and Unicode

MySQL versions 5.6, 5.7 and later (not MariaDB at the time of this writing) now emit a warning when attempting to pass binary data to the database, while a character set encoding is also in place, when the binary data itself is not valid for that encoding:

    default.py:509: Warning: (1300, "Invalid utf8mb4 character string:
    'F9876A'")
      cursor.execute(statement, parameters)

This warning is due to the fact that the MySQL client library is attempting to interpret the binary string as a unicode object even if a datatype such as `LargeBinary` is in use. To resolve this, the SQL statement requires a binary “character set introducer” be present before any non-NULL value that renders like this:

    INSERT INTO table (data) VALUES (_binary %s)

These character set introducers are provided by the DBAPI driver, assuming the use of mysqlclient or PyMySQL (both of which are recommended). Add the query string parameter `binary_prefix=true` to the URL to repair this warning:

    # mysqlclient
    engine = create_engine(
        "mysql+mysqldb://scott:tiger@localhost/test?charset=utf8mb4&binary_prefix=true"
    )

    # PyMySQL
    engine = create_engine(
        "mysql+pymysql://scott:tiger@localhost/test?charset=utf8mb4&binary_prefix=true"
    )

The `binary_prefix` flag may or may not be supported by other MySQL drivers.

SQLAlchemy itself cannot render this `_binary` prefix reliably, as it does not work with the NULL value, which is valid to be sent as a bound parameter. As the MySQL driver renders parameters directly into the SQL string, it’s the most efficient place for this additional keyword to be passed.

See also

Character set introducers - on the MySQL website

## ANSI Quoting Style

MySQL / MariaDB feature two varieties of identifier “quoting style”, one using backticks and the other using quotes, e.g. ``some_identifier`` vs. `"some_identifier"`. All MySQL dialects detect which version is in use by checking the value of sql_mode when a connection is first established with a particular `Engine`. This quoting style comes into play when rendering table and column names as well as when reflecting existing database structures. The detection is entirely automatic and no special configuration is needed to use either quoting style.

## Changing the sql_mode

MySQL supports operating in multiple Server SQL Modes for both Servers and Clients. To change the `sql_mode` for a given application, a developer can leverage SQLAlchemy’s Events system.

In the following example, the event system is used to set the `sql_mode` on the `first_connect` and `connect` events:

    from sqlalchemy import create_engine, event

    eng = create_engine(
        "mysql+mysqldb://scott:tiger@localhost/test", echo="debug"
    )

    # `insert=True` will ensure this is the very first listener to run
    @event.listens_for(eng, "connect", insert=True)
    def connect(dbapi_connection, connection_record):
        cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
        cursor.execute("SET sql_mode = 'STRICT_ALL_TABLES'")

    conn = eng.connect()

In the example illustrated above, the “connect” event will invoke the “SET” statement on the connection at the moment a particular DBAPI connection is first created for a given Pool, before the connection is made available to the connection pool. Additionally, because the function was registered with `insert=True`, it will be prepended to the internal list of registered functions.

## MySQL / MariaDB SQL Extensions

Many of the MySQL / MariaDB SQL extensions are handled through SQLAlchemy’s generic function and operator support:

    table.select(table.c.password == func.md5("plaintext"))
    table.select(table.c.username.op("regexp")("^[a-d]"))

And of course any valid SQL statement can be executed as a string as well.

Some limited direct support for MySQL / MariaDB extensions to SQL is currently available.

- INSERT..ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE: See INSERT…ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE (Upsert)

- SELECT pragma, use `Select.prefix_with()` and `Query.prefix_with()`:

      select(...).prefix_with(["HIGH_PRIORITY", "SQL_SMALL_RESULT"])

- UPDATE with LIMIT:

      from sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql import limit

      update(...).ext(limit(10))

  Changed in version 2.1: the `limit()` extension supersedes the previous use of `mysql_limit`

- DELETE with LIMIT:

      from sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql import limit

      delete(...).ext(limit(10))

  Changed in version 2.1: the `limit()` extension supersedes the previous use of `mysql_limit`

- optimizer hints, use `Select.prefix_with()` and `Query.prefix_with()`:

      select(...).prefix_with("/*+ NO_RANGE_OPTIMIZATION(t4 PRIMARY) */")

- index hints, use `Select.with_hint()` and `Query.with_hint()`:

      select(...).with_hint(some_table, "USE INDEX xyz")

- MATCH operator support:

      from sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql import match

      select(...).where(match(col1, col2, against="some expr").in_boolean_mode())

  See also

  `match`

## INSERT/DELETE…RETURNING

The MariaDB dialect supports 10.5+’s `INSERT..RETURNING` and `DELETE..RETURNING` (10.0+) syntaxes. `INSERT..RETURNING` may be used automatically in some cases in order to fetch newly generated identifiers in place of the traditional approach of using `cursor.lastrowid`, however `cursor.lastrowid` is currently still preferred for simple single-statement cases for its better performance.

To specify an explicit `RETURNING` clause, use the `_UpdateBase.returning()` method on a per-statement basis:

    # INSERT..RETURNING
    result = connection.execute(
        table.insert().values(name="foo").returning(table.c.col1, table.c.col2)
    )
    print(result.all())

    # DELETE..RETURNING
    result = connection.execute(
        table.delete()
        .where(table.c.name == "foo")
        .returning(table.c.col1, table.c.col2)
    )
    print(result.all())

Added in version 2.0: Added support for MariaDB RETURNING

## INSERT…ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE (Upsert)

MySQL / MariaDB allow “upserts” (update or insert) of rows into a table via the `ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE` clause of the `INSERT` statement. A candidate row will only be inserted if that row does not match an existing primary or unique key in the table; otherwise, an UPDATE will be performed. The statement allows for separate specification of the values to INSERT versus the values for UPDATE.

SQLAlchemy provides `ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE` support via the MySQL-specific `insert()` function, which provides the generative method `Insert.on_duplicate_key_update()`:

    >>> from sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql import insert

    >>> insert_stmt = insert(my_table).values(
    ...     id="some_existing_id", data="inserted value"
    ... )

    >>> on_duplicate_key_stmt = insert_stmt.on_duplicate_key_update(
    ...     data=insert_stmt.inserted.data, status="U"
    ... )
    >>> print(on_duplicate_key_stmt)
    INSERT INTO my_table (id, data) VALUES (%s, %s)
    ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE data = VALUES(data), status = %s

Unlike PostgreSQL’s “ON CONFLICT” phrase, the “ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE” phrase will always match on any primary key or unique key, and will always perform an UPDATE if there’s a match; there are no options for it to raise an error or to skip performing an UPDATE.

`ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE` is used to perform an update of the already existing row, using any combination of new values as well as values from the proposed insertion. These values are normally specified using keyword arguments passed to the `Insert.on_duplicate_key_update()` given column key values (usually the name of the column, unless it specifies `Column.key` ) as keys and literal or SQL expressions as values:

    >>> insert_stmt = insert(my_table).values(
    ...     id="some_existing_id", data="inserted value"
    ... )

    >>> on_duplicate_key_stmt = insert_stmt.on_duplicate_key_update(
    ...     data="some data",
    ...     updated_at=func.current_timestamp(),
    ... )

    >>> print(on_duplicate_key_stmt)
    INSERT INTO my_table (id, data) VALUES (%s, %s)
    ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE data = %s, updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP

In a manner similar to that of `UpdateBase.values()`, other parameter forms are accepted, including a single dictionary:

    >>> on_duplicate_key_stmt = insert_stmt.on_duplicate_key_update(
    ...     {"data": "some data", "updated_at": func.current_timestamp()},
    ... )

as well as a list of 2-tuples, which will automatically provide a parameter-ordered UPDATE statement in a manner similar to that described at Parameter Ordered Updates. Unlike the `Update` object, no special flag is needed to specify the intent since the argument form is this context is unambiguous:

    >>> on_duplicate_key_stmt = insert_stmt.on_duplicate_key_update(
    ...     [
    ...         ("data", "some data"),
    ...         ("updated_at", func.current_timestamp()),
    ...     ]
    ... )

    >>> print(on_duplicate_key_stmt)
    INSERT INTO my_table (id, data) VALUES (%s, %s)
    ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE data = %s, updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP

Warning

The `Insert.on_duplicate_key_update()` method does not take into account Python-side default UPDATE values or generation functions, e.g. e.g. those specified using `Column.onupdate`. These values will not be exercised for an ON DUPLICATE KEY style of UPDATE, unless they are manually specified explicitly in the parameters.

In order to refer to the proposed insertion row, the special alias `Insert.inserted` is available as an attribute on the `Insert` object; this object is a `ColumnCollection` which contains all columns of the target table:

    >>> stmt = insert(my_table).values(
    ...     id="some_id", data="inserted value", author="jlh"
    ... )

    >>> do_update_stmt = stmt.on_duplicate_key_update(
    ...     data="updated value", author=stmt.inserted.author
    ... )

    >>> print(do_update_stmt)
    INSERT INTO my_table (id, data, author) VALUES (%s, %s, %s)
    ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE data = %s, author = VALUES(author)

When rendered, the “inserted” namespace will produce the expression `VALUES(<columnname>)`.

## rowcount Support

SQLAlchemy standardizes the DBAPI `cursor.rowcount` attribute to be the usual definition of “number of rows matched by an UPDATE or DELETE” statement. This is in contradiction to the default setting on most MySQL DBAPI drivers, which is “number of rows actually modified/deleted”. For this reason, the SQLAlchemy MySQL dialects always add the `constants.CLIENT.FOUND_ROWS` flag, or whatever is equivalent for the target dialect, upon connection. This setting is currently hardcoded.

See also

`CursorResult.rowcount`

## MySQL / MariaDB- Specific Index Options

MySQL and MariaDB-specific extensions to the `Index` construct are available.

### Index Length

MySQL and MariaDB both provide an option to create index entries with a certain length, where “length” refers to the number of characters or bytes in each value which will become part of the index. SQLAlchemy provides this feature via the `mysql_length` and/or `mariadb_length` parameters:

    Index("my_index", my_table.c.data, mysql_length=10, mariadb_length=10)

    Index("a_b_idx", my_table.c.a, my_table.c.b, mysql_length={"a": 4, "b": 9})

    Index(
        "a_b_idx", my_table.c.a, my_table.c.b, mariadb_length={"a": 4, "b": 9}
    )

Prefix lengths are given in characters for nonbinary string types and in bytes for binary string types. The value passed to the keyword argument must be either an integer (and, thus, specify the same prefix length value for all columns of the index) or a dict in which keys are column names and values are prefix length values for corresponding columns. MySQL and MariaDB only allow a length for a column of an index if it is for a CHAR, VARCHAR, TEXT, BINARY, VARBINARY and BLOB.

### Index Prefixes

MySQL storage engines permit you to specify an index prefix when creating an index. SQLAlchemy provides this feature via the `mysql_prefix` parameter on `Index`:

    Index("my_index", my_table.c.data, mysql_prefix="FULLTEXT")

The value passed to the keyword argument will be simply passed through to the underlying CREATE INDEX, so it must be a valid index prefix for your MySQL storage engine.

See also

CREATE INDEX - MySQL documentation

### Index Types

Some MySQL storage engines permit you to specify an index type when creating an index or primary key constraint. SQLAlchemy provides this feature via the `mysql_using` parameter on `Index`:

    Index(
        "my_index", my_table.c.data, mysql_using="hash", mariadb_using="hash"
    )

As well as the `mysql_using` parameter on `PrimaryKeyConstraint`:

    PrimaryKeyConstraint("data", mysql_using="hash", mariadb_using="hash")

The value passed to the keyword argument will be simply passed through to the underlying CREATE INDEX or PRIMARY KEY clause, so it must be a valid index type for your MySQL storage engine.

More information can be found at:

https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/create-index.html

https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/create-table.html

### Index Parsers

CREATE FULLTEXT INDEX in MySQL also supports a “WITH PARSER” option. This is available using the keyword argument `mysql_with_parser`:

    Index(
        "my_index",
        my_table.c.data,
        mysql_prefix="FULLTEXT",
        mysql_with_parser="ngram",
        mariadb_prefix="FULLTEXT",
        mariadb_with_parser="ngram",
    )

## MySQL / MariaDB Foreign Keys

MySQL and MariaDB’s behavior regarding foreign keys has some important caveats.

### Foreign Key Arguments to Avoid

Neither MySQL nor MariaDB support the foreign key arguments “DEFERRABLE”, “INITIALLY”, or “MATCH”. Using the `deferrable` or `initially` keyword argument with `ForeignKeyConstraint` or `ForeignKey` will have the effect of these keywords being rendered in a DDL expression, which will then raise an error on MySQL or MariaDB. In order to use these keywords on a foreign key while having them ignored on a MySQL / MariaDB backend, use a custom compile rule:

    from sqlalchemy.ext.compiler import compiles
    from sqlalchemy.schema import ForeignKeyConstraint

    @compiles(ForeignKeyConstraint, "mysql", "mariadb")
    def process(element, compiler, **kw):
        element.deferrable = element.initially = None
        return compiler.visit_foreign_key_constraint(element, **kw)

The “MATCH” keyword is in fact more insidious, and is explicitly disallowed by SQLAlchemy in conjunction with the MySQL or MariaDB backends. This argument is silently ignored by MySQL / MariaDB, but in addition has the effect of ON UPDATE and ON DELETE options also being ignored by the backend. Therefore MATCH should never be used with the MySQL / MariaDB backends; as is the case with DEFERRABLE and INITIALLY, custom compilation rules can be used to correct a ForeignKeyConstraint at DDL definition time.

### Reflection of Foreign Key Constraints

Not all MySQL / MariaDB storage engines support foreign keys. When using the very common `MyISAM` MySQL storage engine, the information loaded by table reflection will not include foreign keys. For these tables, you may supply a `ForeignKeyConstraint` at reflection time:

    Table(
        "mytable",
        metadata,
        ForeignKeyConstraint(["other_id"], ["othertable.other_id"]),
        autoload_with=engine,
    )

See also

CREATE TABLE arguments including Storage Engines

## MySQL / MariaDB Unique Constraints and Reflection

SQLAlchemy supports both the `Index` construct with the flag `unique=True`, indicating a UNIQUE index, as well as the `UniqueConstraint` construct, representing a UNIQUE constraint. Both objects/syntaxes are supported by MySQL / MariaDB when emitting DDL to create these constraints. However, MySQL / MariaDB does not have a unique constraint construct that is separate from a unique index; that is, the “UNIQUE” constraint on MySQL / MariaDB is equivalent to creating a “UNIQUE INDEX”.

When reflecting these constructs, the `Inspector.get_indexes()` and the `Inspector.get_unique_constraints()` methods will both return an entry for a UNIQUE index in MySQL / MariaDB. However, when performing full table reflection using `Table(..., autoload_with=engine)`, the `UniqueConstraint` construct is not part of the fully reflected `Table` construct under any circumstances; this construct is always represented by a `Index` with the `unique=True` setting present in the `Table.indexes` collection.

## TIMESTAMP / DATETIME issues

### Rendering ON UPDATE CURRENT TIMESTAMP for MySQL / MariaDB’s explicit_defaults_for_timestamp

MySQL / MariaDB have historically expanded the DDL for the `TIMESTAMP` datatype into the phrase “TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP”, which includes non-standard SQL that automatically updates the column with the current timestamp when an UPDATE occurs, eliminating the usual need to use a trigger in such a case where server-side update changes are desired.

MySQL 5.6 introduced a new flag explicit_defaults_for_timestamp which disables the above behavior, and in MySQL 8 this flag defaults to true, meaning in order to get a MySQL “on update timestamp” without changing this flag, the above DDL must be rendered explicitly. Additionally, the same DDL is valid for use of the `DATETIME` datatype as well.

SQLAlchemy’s MySQL dialect does not yet have an option to generate MySQL’s “ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP” clause, noting that this is not a general purpose “ON UPDATE” as there is no such syntax in standard SQL. SQLAlchemy’s `Column.server_onupdate` parameter is currently not related to this special MySQL behavior.

To generate this DDL, make use of the `Column.server_default` parameter and pass a textual clause that also includes the ON UPDATE clause:

    from sqlalchemy import Table, MetaData, Column, Integer, String, TIMESTAMP
    from sqlalchemy import text

    metadata = MetaData()

    mytable = Table(
        "mytable",
        metadata,
        Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
        Column("data", String(50)),
        Column(
            "last_updated",
            TIMESTAMP,
            server_default=text(
                "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"
            ),
        ),
    )

The same instructions apply to use of the `DateTime` and `DATETIME` datatypes:

    from sqlalchemy import DateTime

    mytable = Table(
        "mytable",
        metadata,
        Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
        Column("data", String(50)),
        Column(
            "last_updated",
            DateTime,
            server_default=text(
                "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"
            ),
        ),
    )

Even though the `Column.server_onupdate` feature does not generate this DDL, it still may be desirable to signal to the ORM that this updated value should be fetched. This syntax looks like the following:

    from sqlalchemy.schema import FetchedValue

    class MyClass(Base):
        __tablename__ = "mytable"

        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        data = Column(String(50))
        last_updated = Column(
            TIMESTAMP,
            server_default=text(
                "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"
            ),
            server_onupdate=FetchedValue(),
        )

### TIMESTAMP Columns and NULL

MySQL historically enforces that a column which specifies the TIMESTAMP datatype implicitly includes a default value of CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, even though this is not stated, and additionally sets the column as NOT NULL, the opposite behavior vs. that of all other datatypes:

    mysql> CREATE TABLE ts_test (
        -> a INTEGER,
        -> b INTEGER NOT NULL,
        -> c TIMESTAMP,
        -> d TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
        -> e TIMESTAMP NULL);
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)

    mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE ts_test;
    +---------+-----------------------------------------------------
    | Table   | Create Table
    +---------+-----------------------------------------------------
    | ts_test | CREATE TABLE `ts_test` (
      `a` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
      `b` int(11) NOT NULL,
      `c` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
      `d` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
      `e` timestamp NULL DEFAULT NULL
    ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1

Above, we see that an INTEGER column defaults to NULL, unless it is specified with NOT NULL. But when the column is of type TIMESTAMP, an implicit default of CURRENT_TIMESTAMP is generated which also coerces the column to be a NOT NULL, even though we did not specify it as such.

This behavior of MySQL can be changed on the MySQL side using the explicit_defaults_for_timestamp configuration flag introduced in MySQL 5.6. With this server setting enabled, TIMESTAMP columns behave like any other datatype on the MySQL side with regards to defaults and nullability.

However, to accommodate the vast majority of MySQL databases that do not specify this new flag, SQLAlchemy emits the “NULL” specifier explicitly with any TIMESTAMP column that does not specify `nullable=False`. In order to accommodate newer databases that specify `explicit_defaults_for_timestamp`, SQLAlchemy also emits NOT NULL for TIMESTAMP columns that do specify `nullable=False`. The following example illustrates:

    from sqlalchemy import MetaData, Integer, Table, Column, text
    from sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql import TIMESTAMP

    m = MetaData()
    t = Table(
        "ts_test",
        m,
        Column("a", Integer),
        Column("b", Integer, nullable=False),
        Column("c", TIMESTAMP),
        Column("d", TIMESTAMP, nullable=False),
    )

    from sqlalchemy import create_engine

    e = create_engine("mysql+mysqldb://scott:tiger@localhost/test", echo=True)
    m.create_all(e)

output:

    CREATE TABLE ts_test (
        a INTEGER,
        b INTEGER NOT NULL,
        c TIMESTAMP NULL,
        d TIMESTAMP NOT NULL
    )

## MySQL SQL Constructs

Object Name | Description
--- | ---
match | Produce a `MATCH (X, Y) AGAINST ('TEXT')` clause.

class sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.match

  inherits from `sqlalchemy.sql.expression.Generative`, `sqlalchemy.sql.expression.BinaryExpression`

  Produce a `MATCH (X, Y) AGAINST ('TEXT')` clause.

  E.g.:

      from sqlalchemy import desc
      from sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql import match

      match_expr = match(
          users_table.c.firstname,
          users_table.c.lastname,
          against="Firstname Lastname",
      )

      stmt = (
          select(users_table)
          .where(match_expr.in_boolean_mode())
          .order_by(desc(match_expr))
      )

  Would produce SQL resembling:

      SELECT id, firstname, lastname
      FROM user
      WHERE MATCH(firstname, lastname) AGAINST (:param_1 IN BOOLEAN MODE)
      ORDER BY MATCH(firstname, lastname) AGAINST (:param_2) DESC

  The `match()` function is a standalone version of the `ColumnElement.match()` method available on all SQL expressions, as when `ColumnElement.match()` is used, but allows to pass multiple columns

  Parameters:

    - cols – column expressions to match against

    - against – expression to be compared towards

    - in_boolean_mode – boolean, set “boolean mode” to true

    - in_natural_language_mode – boolean , set “natural language” to true

    - with_query_expansion – boolean, set “query expansion” to true

  Added in version 1.4.19.

  See also

  `ColumnElement.match()`

  Member Name | Description
  --- | ---
  in_boolean_mode() | Apply the “IN BOOLEAN MODE” modifier to the MATCH expression.
  in_natural_language_mode() | Apply the “IN NATURAL LANGUAGE MODE” modifier to the MATCH expression.
  inherit_cache | Indicate if this `HasCacheKey` instance should make use of the cache key generation scheme used by its immediate superclass.
  with_query_expansion() | Apply the “WITH QUERY EXPANSION” modifier to the MATCH expression.

  method `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.match.`in_boolean_mode() → Self

    Apply the “IN BOOLEAN MODE” modifier to the MATCH expression.

    Returns:

      a new `match` instance with modifications applied.

  method `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.match.`in_natural_language_mode() → Self

    Apply the “IN NATURAL LANGUAGE MODE” modifier to the MATCH expression.

    Returns:

      a new `match` instance with modifications applied.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.match.`inherit_cache = True

    Indicate if this `HasCacheKey` instance should make use of the cache key generation scheme used by its immediate superclass.

    The attribute defaults to `None`, which indicates that a construct has not yet taken into account whether or not its appropriate for it to participate in caching; this is functionally equivalent to setting the value to `False`, except that a warning is also emitted.

    This flag can be set to `True` on a particular class, if the SQL that corresponds to the object does not change based on attributes which are local to this class, and not its superclass.

    See also

    Enabling Caching Support for Custom Constructs - General guideslines for setting the `HasCacheKey.inherit_cache` attribute for third-party or user defined SQL constructs.

  method `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.match.`with_query_expansion() → Self

    Apply the “WITH QUERY EXPANSION” modifier to the MATCH expression.

    Returns:

      a new `match` instance with modifications applied.

## MySQL Data Types

As with all SQLAlchemy dialects, all UPPERCASE types that are known to be valid with MySQL are importable from the top level dialect:

    from sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql import (
        BIGINT,
        BINARY,
        BIT,
        BLOB,
        BOOLEAN,
        CHAR,
        DATE,
        DATETIME,
        DECIMAL,
        DECIMAL,
        DOUBLE,
        ENUM,
        FLOAT,
        INTEGER,
        LONGBLOB,
        LONGTEXT,
        MEDIUMBLOB,
        MEDIUMINT,
        MEDIUMTEXT,
        NCHAR,
        NUMERIC,
        NVARCHAR,
        REAL,
        SET,
        SMALLINT,
        TEXT,
        TIME,
        TIMESTAMP,
        TINYBLOB,
        TINYINT,
        TINYTEXT,
        VARBINARY,
        VARCHAR,
        YEAR,
    )

In addition to the above types, MariaDB also supports the following:

    from sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql import (
        INET4,
        INET6,
    )

Types which are specific to MySQL or MariaDB, or have specific construction arguments, are as follows:

Object Name | Description
--- | ---
BIGINT | MySQL BIGINTEGER type.
BIT | MySQL BIT type.
CHAR | MySQL CHAR type, for fixed-length character data.
DATETIME | MySQL DATETIME type.
DECIMAL | MySQL DECIMAL type.
ENUM | MySQL ENUM type.
FLOAT | MySQL FLOAT type.
INET4 | INET4 column type for MariaDB
INET6 | INET6 column type for MariaDB
INTEGER | MySQL INTEGER type.
JSON | MySQL JSON type.
LONGBLOB | MySQL LONGBLOB type, for binary data up to 2^32 bytes.
LONGTEXT | MySQL LONGTEXT type, for character storage encoded up to 2^32 bytes.
MEDIUMBLOB | MySQL MEDIUMBLOB type, for binary data up to 2^24 bytes.
MEDIUMINT | MySQL MEDIUMINTEGER type.
MEDIUMTEXT | MySQL MEDIUMTEXT type, for character storage encoded up to 2^24 bytes.
NCHAR | MySQL NCHAR type.
NUMERIC | MySQL NUMERIC type.
NVARCHAR | MySQL NVARCHAR type.
REAL | MySQL REAL type.
SET | MySQL SET type.
SMALLINT | MySQL SMALLINTEGER type.
TIME | MySQL TIME type.
TIMESTAMP | MySQL TIMESTAMP type.
TINYBLOB | MySQL TINYBLOB type, for binary data up to 2^8 bytes.
TINYINT | MySQL TINYINT type.
TINYTEXT | MySQL TINYTEXT type, for character storage encoded up to 2^8 bytes.
VARCHAR | MySQL VARCHAR type, for variable-length character data.
YEAR | MySQL YEAR type, for single byte storage of years 1901-2155.

class sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.BIGINT

  inherits from `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.types._IntegerType`, `sqlalchemy.types.BIGINT`

  MySQL BIGINTEGER type.

  Member Name | Description
  --- | ---
  __init__() | Construct a BIGINTEGER.

  method `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.BIGINT.`__init__(display_width: int | None = None, **kw: Any)

    Construct a BIGINTEGER.

    Parameters:

      - display_width – Optional, maximum display width for this number.

      - unsigned – a boolean, optional.

      - zerofill – Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be numeric.

class sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.BINARY

  inherits from `sqlalchemy.types._Binary`

  The SQL BINARY type.

class sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.BIT

  inherits from `sqlalchemy.types.TypeEngine`

  MySQL BIT type.

  This type is for MySQL 5.0.3 or greater for MyISAM, and 5.0.5 or greater for MyISAM, MEMORY, InnoDB and BDB. For older versions, use a MSTinyInteger() type.

  Member Name | Description
  --- | ---
  __init__() | Construct a BIT.

  method `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.BIT.`__init__(length: int | None = None)

    Construct a BIT.

    Parameters:

      length – Optional, number of bits.

class sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.BLOB

  inherits from `sqlalchemy.types.LargeBinary`

  The SQL BLOB type.

  method `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.BLOB.`__init__(length: int | None = None)

    inherited from the `sqlalchemy.types.LargeBinary.__init__` method of `LargeBinary`

    Construct a LargeBinary type.

    Parameters:

      length – optional, a length for the column for use in DDL statements, for those binary types that accept a length, such as the MySQL BLOB type.

class sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.BOOLEAN

  inherits from `sqlalchemy.types.Boolean`

  The SQL BOOLEAN type.

  method `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.BOOLEAN.`__init__(create_constraint: bool = False, name: str | None = None, _create_events: bool = True, _adapted_from: SchemaType | None = None)

    inherited from the `sqlalchemy.types.Boolean.__init__` method of `Boolean`

    Construct a Boolean.

    Parameters:

      - create_constraint –

        defaults to False. If the boolean is generated as an int/smallint, also create a CHECK constraint on the table that ensures 1 or 0 as a value.

        Note

        it is strongly recommended that the CHECK constraint have an explicit name in order to support schema-management concerns. This can be established either by setting the `Boolean.name` parameter or by setting up an appropriate naming convention; see Configuring Constraint Naming Conventions for background.

        Changed in version 1.4: - this flag now defaults to False, meaning no CHECK constraint is generated for a non-native enumerated type.

      - name – if a CHECK constraint is generated, specify the name of the constraint.

class sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.CHAR

  inherits from `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.types._StringType`, `sqlalchemy.types.CHAR`

  MySQL CHAR type, for fixed-length character data.

  Member Name | Description
  --- | ---
  __init__() | Construct a CHAR.

  method `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.CHAR.`__init__(length: int | None = None, **kwargs: Any)

    Construct a CHAR.

    Parameters:

      - length – Maximum data length, in characters.

      - binary – Optional, use the default binary collation for the national character set. This does not affect the type of data stored, use a BINARY type for binary data.

      - collation – Optional, request a particular collation. Must be compatible with the national character set.

class sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.DATE

  inherits from `sqlalchemy.types.Date`

  The SQL DATE type.

class sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.DATETIME

  inherits from `sqlalchemy.types.DATETIME`

  MySQL DATETIME type.

  Member Name | Description
  --- | ---
  __init__() | Construct a MySQL DATETIME type.

  method `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.DATETIME.`__init__(timezone: bool = False, fsp: int | None = None)

    Construct a MySQL DATETIME type.

    Parameters:

      - timezone – not used by the MySQL dialect.

      - fsp –

        fractional seconds precision value. MySQL 5.6.4 supports storage of fractional seconds; this parameter will be used when emitting DDL for the DATETIME type.

        Note

        DBAPI driver support for fractional seconds may be limited; current support includes MySQL Connector/Python.

class sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.DECIMAL

  inherits from `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.types._NumericType`, `sqlalchemy.types.DECIMAL`

  MySQL DECIMAL type.

  Member Name | Description
  --- | ---
  __init__() | Construct a DECIMAL.

  method `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.DECIMAL.`__init__(precision: int | None = None, scale: int | None = None, asdecimal: bool = True, **kw: Any)

    Construct a DECIMAL.

    Parameters:

      - precision – Total digits in this number. If scale and precision are both None, values are stored to limits allowed by the server.

      - scale – The number of digits after the decimal point.

      - unsigned – a boolean, optional.

      - zerofill – Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be numeric.

class sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.DOUBLE

  inherits from `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.types._FloatType`, `sqlalchemy.types.DOUBLE`

  MySQL DOUBLE type.

  method `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.DOUBLE.`__init__(precision: int | None = None, scale: int | None = None, asdecimal: bool = True, **kw: Any)

    Construct a DOUBLE.

    Note

    The `DOUBLE` type by default converts from float to Decimal, using a truncation that defaults to 10 digits. Specify either `scale=n` or `decimal_return_scale=n` in order to change this scale, or `asdecimal=False` to return values directly as Python floating points.

    Parameters:

      - precision – Total digits in this number. If scale and precision are both None, values are stored to limits allowed by the server.

      - scale – The number of digits after the decimal point.

      - unsigned – a boolean, optional.

      - zerofill – Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be numeric.

class sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.ENUM

  inherits from `sqlalchemy.types.NativeForEmulated`, `sqlalchemy.types.Enum`, `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.types._StringType`

  MySQL ENUM type.

  Member Name | Description
  --- | ---
  __init__() | Construct an ENUM.

  method `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.ENUM.`__init__(*enums: str | Type[Enum], **kw: Any) → None

    Construct an ENUM.

    E.g.:

        Column("myenum", ENUM("foo", "bar", "baz"))

    Parameters:

      - enums – The range of valid values for this ENUM. Values in enums are not quoted, they will be escaped and surrounded by single quotes when generating the schema. This object may also be a PEP-435-compliant enumerated type.

      - strict –

        This flag has no effect.

        Changed in version The: MySQL ENUM type as well as the base Enum type now validates all Python data values.

      - charset – Optional, a column-level character set for this string value. Takes precedence to ‘ascii’ or ‘unicode’ short-hand.

      - collation – Optional, a column-level collation for this string value. Takes precedence to ‘binary’ short-hand.

      - ascii – Defaults to False: short-hand for the `latin1` character set, generates ASCII in schema.

      - unicode – Defaults to False: short-hand for the `ucs2` character set, generates UNICODE in schema.

      - binary – Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary collation type that matches the column’s character set. Generates BINARY in schema. This does not affect the type of data stored, only the collation of character data.

class sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.FLOAT

  inherits from `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.types._FloatType`, `sqlalchemy.types.FLOAT`

  MySQL FLOAT type.

  Member Name | Description
  --- | ---
  __init__() | Construct a FLOAT.

  method `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.FLOAT.`__init__(precision: int | None = None, scale: int | None = None, asdecimal: bool = False, **kw: Any)

    Construct a FLOAT.

    Parameters:

      - precision – Total digits in this number. If scale and precision are both None, values are stored to limits allowed by the server.

      - scale – The number of digits after the decimal point.

      - unsigned – a boolean, optional.

      - zerofill – Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be numeric.

class sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.INET4

  inherits from `sqlalchemy.types.TypeEngine`

  INET4 column type for MariaDB

  Added in version 2.0.37.

class sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.INET6

  inherits from `sqlalchemy.types.TypeEngine`

  INET6 column type for MariaDB

  Added in version 2.0.37.

class sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.INTEGER

  inherits from `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.types._IntegerType`, `sqlalchemy.types.INTEGER`

  MySQL INTEGER type.

  Member Name | Description
  --- | ---
  __init__() | Construct an INTEGER.

  method `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.INTEGER.`__init__(display_width: int | None = None, **kw: Any)

    Construct an INTEGER.

    Parameters:

      - display_width – Optional, maximum display width for this number.

      - unsigned – a boolean, optional.

      - zerofill – Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be numeric.

class sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.JSON

  inherits from `sqlalchemy.types.JSON`

  MySQL JSON type.

  MySQL supports JSON as of version 5.7. MariaDB supports JSON (as an alias for LONGTEXT) as of version 10.2.

  `JSON` is used automatically whenever the base `JSON` datatype is used against a MySQL or MariaDB backend.

  See also

  `JSON` - main documentation for the generic cross-platform JSON datatype.

  The `JSON` type supports persistence of JSON values as well as the core index operations provided by `JSON` datatype, by adapting the operations to render the `JSON_EXTRACT` function at the database level.

class sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.LONGBLOB

  inherits from `sqlalchemy.types._Binary`

  MySQL LONGBLOB type, for binary data up to 2^32 bytes.

class sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.LONGTEXT

  inherits from `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.types._StringType`

  MySQL LONGTEXT type, for character storage encoded up to 2^32 bytes.

  Member Name | Description
  --- | ---
  __init__() | Construct a LONGTEXT.

  method `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.LONGTEXT.`__init__(**kwargs: Any)

    Construct a LONGTEXT.

    Parameters:

      - charset – Optional, a column-level character set for this string value. Takes precedence to ‘ascii’ or ‘unicode’ short-hand.

      - collation – Optional, a column-level collation for this string value. Takes precedence to ‘binary’ short-hand.

      - ascii – Defaults to False: short-hand for the `latin1` character set, generates ASCII in schema.

      - unicode – Defaults to False: short-hand for the `ucs2` character set, generates UNICODE in schema.

      - national – Optional. If true, use the server’s configured national character set.

      - binary – Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary collation type that matches the column’s character set. Generates BINARY in schema. This does not affect the type of data stored, only the collation of character data.

class sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.MEDIUMBLOB

  inherits from `sqlalchemy.types._Binary`

  MySQL MEDIUMBLOB type, for binary data up to 2^24 bytes.

class sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.MEDIUMINT

  inherits from `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.types._IntegerType`

  MySQL MEDIUMINTEGER type.

  Member Name | Description
  --- | ---
  __init__() | Construct a MEDIUMINTEGER

  method `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.MEDIUMINT.`__init__(display_width: int | None = None, **kw: Any)

    Construct a MEDIUMINTEGER

    Parameters:

      - display_width – Optional, maximum display width for this number.

      - unsigned – a boolean, optional.

      - zerofill – Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be numeric.

class sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.MEDIUMTEXT

  inherits from `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.types._StringType`

  MySQL MEDIUMTEXT type, for character storage encoded up to 2^24 bytes.

  Member Name | Description
  --- | ---
  __init__() | Construct a MEDIUMTEXT.

  method `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.MEDIUMTEXT.`__init__(**kwargs: Any)

    Construct a MEDIUMTEXT.

    Parameters:

      - charset – Optional, a column-level character set for this string value. Takes precedence to ‘ascii’ or ‘unicode’ short-hand.

      - collation – Optional, a column-level collation for this string value. Takes precedence to ‘binary’ short-hand.

      - ascii – Defaults to False: short-hand for the `latin1` character set, generates ASCII in schema.

      - unicode – Defaults to False: short-hand for the `ucs2` character set, generates UNICODE in schema.

      - national – Optional. If true, use the server’s configured national character set.

      - binary – Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary collation type that matches the column’s character set. Generates BINARY in schema. This does not affect the type of data stored, only the collation of character data.

class sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.NCHAR

  inherits from `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.types._StringType`, `sqlalchemy.types.NCHAR`

  MySQL NCHAR type.

  For fixed-length character data in the server’s configured national character set.

  Member Name | Description
  --- | ---
  __init__() | Construct an NCHAR.

  method `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.NCHAR.`__init__(length: int | None = None, **kwargs: Any)

    Construct an NCHAR.

    Parameters:

      - length – Maximum data length, in characters.

      - binary – Optional, use the default binary collation for the national character set. This does not affect the type of data stored, use a BINARY type for binary data.

      - collation – Optional, request a particular collation. Must be compatible with the national character set.

class sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.NUMERIC

  inherits from `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.types._NumericType`, `sqlalchemy.types.NUMERIC`

  MySQL NUMERIC type.

  Member Name | Description
  --- | ---
  __init__() | Construct a NUMERIC.

  method `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.NUMERIC.`__init__(precision: int | None = None, scale: int | None = None, asdecimal: bool = True, **kw: Any)

    Construct a NUMERIC.

    Parameters:

      - precision – Total digits in this number. If scale and precision are both None, values are stored to limits allowed by the server.

      - scale – The number of digits after the decimal point.

      - unsigned – a boolean, optional.

      - zerofill – Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be numeric.

class sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.NVARCHAR

  inherits from `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.types._StringType`, `sqlalchemy.types.NVARCHAR`

  MySQL NVARCHAR type.

  For variable-length character data in the server’s configured national character set.

  Member Name | Description
  --- | ---
  __init__() | Construct an NVARCHAR.

  method `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.NVARCHAR.`__init__(length: int | None = None, **kwargs: Any)

    Construct an NVARCHAR.

    Parameters:

      - length – Maximum data length, in characters.

      - binary – Optional, use the default binary collation for the national character set. This does not affect the type of data stored, use a BINARY type for binary data.

      - collation – Optional, request a particular collation. Must be compatible with the national character set.

class sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.REAL

  inherits from `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.types._FloatType`, `sqlalchemy.types.REAL`

  MySQL REAL type.

  Member Name | Description
  --- | ---
  __init__() | Construct a REAL.

  method `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.REAL.`__init__(precision: int | None = None, scale: int | None = None, asdecimal: bool = True, **kw: Any)

    Construct a REAL.

    Note

    The `REAL` type by default converts from float to Decimal, using a truncation that defaults to 10 digits. Specify either `scale=n` or `decimal_return_scale=n` in order to change this scale, or `asdecimal=False` to return values directly as Python floating points.

    Parameters:

      - precision – Total digits in this number. If scale and precision are both None, values are stored to limits allowed by the server.

      - scale – The number of digits after the decimal point.

      - unsigned – a boolean, optional.

      - zerofill – Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be numeric.

class sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.SET

  inherits from `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.types._StringType`

  MySQL SET type.

  Member Name | Description
  --- | ---
  __init__() | Construct a SET.

  method `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.SET.`__init__(*values: str, **kw: Any)

    Construct a SET.

    E.g.:

        Column("myset", SET("foo", "bar", "baz"))

    The list of potential values is required in the case that this set will be used to generate DDL for a table, or if the `SET.retrieve_as_bitwise` flag is set to True.

    Parameters:

      - values – The range of valid values for this SET. The values are not quoted, they will be escaped and surrounded by single quotes when generating the schema.

      - convert_unicode – Same flag as that of `String.convert_unicode`.

      - collation – same as that of `String.collation`

      - charset – same as that of `VARCHAR.charset`.

      - ascii – same as that of `VARCHAR.ascii`.

      - unicode – same as that of `VARCHAR.unicode`.

      - binary – same as that of `VARCHAR.binary`.

      - retrieve_as_bitwise –

        if True, the data for the set type will be persisted and selected using an integer value, where a set is coerced into a bitwise mask for persistence. MySQL allows this mode which has the advantage of being able to store values unambiguously, such as the blank string `''`. The datatype will appear as the expression `col + 0` in a SELECT statement, so that the value is coerced into an integer value in result sets. This flag is required if one wishes to persist a set that can store the blank string `''` as a value.

        Warning

        When using `SET.retrieve_as_bitwise`, it is essential that the list of set values is expressed in the exact same order as exists on the MySQL database.

class sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.SMALLINT

  inherits from `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.types._IntegerType`, `sqlalchemy.types.SMALLINT`

  MySQL SMALLINTEGER type.

  Member Name | Description
  --- | ---
  __init__() | Construct a SMALLINTEGER.

  method `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.SMALLINT.`__init__(display_width: int | None = None, **kw: Any)

    Construct a SMALLINTEGER.

    Parameters:

      - display_width – Optional, maximum display width for this number.

      - unsigned – a boolean, optional.

      - zerofill – Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be numeric.

class sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.TEXT

  inherits from `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.types._StringType`, `sqlalchemy.types.TEXT`

  MySQL TEXT type, for character storage encoded up to 2^16 bytes.

  method `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.TEXT.`__init__(length: int | None = None, **kw: Any)

    Construct a TEXT.

    Parameters:

      - length – Optional, if provided the server may optimize storage by substituting the smallest TEXT type sufficient to store `length` bytes of characters.

      - charset – Optional, a column-level character set for this string value. Takes precedence to ‘ascii’ or ‘unicode’ short-hand.

      - collation – Optional, a column-level collation for this string value. Takes precedence to ‘binary’ short-hand.

      - ascii – Defaults to False: short-hand for the `latin1` character set, generates ASCII in schema.

      - unicode – Defaults to False: short-hand for the `ucs2` character set, generates UNICODE in schema.

      - national – Optional. If true, use the server’s configured national character set.

      - binary – Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary collation type that matches the column’s character set. Generates BINARY in schema. This does not affect the type of data stored, only the collation of character data.

class sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.TIME

  inherits from `sqlalchemy.types.TIME`

  MySQL TIME type.

  Member Name | Description
  --- | ---
  __init__() | Construct a MySQL TIME type.

  method `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.TIME.`__init__(timezone: bool = False, fsp: int | None = None)

    Construct a MySQL TIME type.

    Parameters:

      - timezone – not used by the MySQL dialect.

      - fsp –

        fractional seconds precision value. MySQL 5.6 supports storage of fractional seconds; this parameter will be used when emitting DDL for the TIME type.

        Note

        DBAPI driver support for fractional seconds may be limited; current support includes MySQL Connector/Python.

class sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.TIMESTAMP

  inherits from `sqlalchemy.types.TIMESTAMP`

  MySQL TIMESTAMP type.

  Member Name | Description
  --- | ---
  __init__() | Construct a MySQL TIMESTAMP type.

  method `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.TIMESTAMP.`__init__(timezone: bool = False, fsp: int | None = None)

    Construct a MySQL TIMESTAMP type.

    Parameters:

      - timezone – not used by the MySQL dialect.

      - fsp –

        fractional seconds precision value. MySQL 5.6.4 supports storage of fractional seconds; this parameter will be used when emitting DDL for the TIMESTAMP type.

        Note

        DBAPI driver support for fractional seconds may be limited; current support includes MySQL Connector/Python.

class sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.TINYBLOB

  inherits from `sqlalchemy.types._Binary`

  MySQL TINYBLOB type, for binary data up to 2^8 bytes.

class sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.TINYINT

  inherits from `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.types._IntegerType`

  MySQL TINYINT type.

  Member Name | Description
  --- | ---
  __init__() | Construct a TINYINT.

  method `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.TINYINT.`__init__(display_width: int | None = None, **kw: Any)

    Construct a TINYINT.

    Parameters:

      - display_width – Optional, maximum display width for this number.

      - unsigned – a boolean, optional.

      - zerofill – Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be numeric.

class sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.TINYTEXT

  inherits from `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.types._StringType`

  MySQL TINYTEXT type, for character storage encoded up to 2^8 bytes.

  Member Name | Description
  --- | ---
  __init__() | Construct a TINYTEXT.

  method `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.TINYTEXT.`__init__(**kwargs: Any)

    Construct a TINYTEXT.

    Parameters:

      - charset – Optional, a column-level character set for this string value. Takes precedence to ‘ascii’ or ‘unicode’ short-hand.

      - collation – Optional, a column-level collation for this string value. Takes precedence to ‘binary’ short-hand.

      - ascii – Defaults to False: short-hand for the `latin1` character set, generates ASCII in schema.

      - unicode – Defaults to False: short-hand for the `ucs2` character set, generates UNICODE in schema.

      - national – Optional. If true, use the server’s configured national character set.

      - binary – Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary collation type that matches the column’s character set. Generates BINARY in schema. This does not affect the type of data stored, only the collation of character data.

class sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.VARBINARY

  inherits from `sqlalchemy.types._Binary`

  The SQL VARBINARY type.

class sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.VARCHAR

  inherits from `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.types._StringType`, `sqlalchemy.types.VARCHAR`

  MySQL VARCHAR type, for variable-length character data.

  Member Name | Description
  --- | ---
  __init__() | Construct a VARCHAR.

  method `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.VARCHAR.`__init__(length: int | None = None, **kwargs: Any) → None

    Construct a VARCHAR.

    Parameters:

      - charset – Optional, a column-level character set for this string value. Takes precedence to ‘ascii’ or ‘unicode’ short-hand.

      - collation – Optional, a column-level collation for this string value. Takes precedence to ‘binary’ short-hand.

      - ascii – Defaults to False: short-hand for the `latin1` character set, generates ASCII in schema.

      - unicode – Defaults to False: short-hand for the `ucs2` character set, generates UNICODE in schema.

      - national – Optional. If true, use the server’s configured national character set.

      - binary – Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary collation type that matches the column’s character set. Generates BINARY in schema. This does not affect the type of data stored, only the collation of character data.

class sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.YEAR

  inherits from `sqlalchemy.types.TypeEngine`

  MySQL YEAR type, for single byte storage of years 1901-2155.

## MySQL DML Constructs

Object Name | Description
--- | ---
insert(table) | Construct a MySQL/MariaDB-specific variant `Insert` construct.
Insert | MySQL-specific implementation of INSERT.
limit(limit) | apply a LIMIT to an UPDATE or DELETE statement

function sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.insert(table: _DMLTableArgument) → Insert

  Construct a MySQL/MariaDB-specific variant `Insert` construct.

  The `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.insert()` function creates a `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.Insert`. This class is based on the dialect-agnostic `Insert` construct which may be constructed using the `insert()` function in SQLAlchemy Core.

  The `Insert` construct includes additional methods `Insert.on_duplicate_key_update()`.

class sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.Insert

  inherits from `sqlalchemy.sql.expression.Insert`

  MySQL-specific implementation of INSERT.

  Adds methods for MySQL-specific syntaxes such as ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE.

  The `Insert` object is created using the `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.insert()` function.

  Member Name | Description
  --- | ---
  inherit_cache | Indicate if this `HasCacheKey` instance should make use of the cache key generation scheme used by its immediate superclass.
  on_duplicate_key_update() | Specifies the ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE clause.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.Insert.`inherit_cache = True

    Indicate if this `HasCacheKey` instance should make use of the cache key generation scheme used by its immediate superclass.

    The attribute defaults to `None`, which indicates that a construct has not yet taken into account whether or not its appropriate for it to participate in caching; this is functionally equivalent to setting the value to `False`, except that a warning is also emitted.

    This flag can be set to `True` on a particular class, if the SQL that corresponds to the object does not change based on attributes which are local to this class, and not its superclass.

    See also

    Enabling Caching Support for Custom Constructs - General guideslines for setting the `HasCacheKey.inherit_cache` attribute for third-party or user defined SQL constructs.

  property inserted: ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]]

    Provide the “inserted” namespace for an ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE statement

    MySQL’s ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE clause allows reference to the row that would be inserted, via a special function called `VALUES()`. This attribute provides all columns in this row to be referenceable such that they will render within a `VALUES()` function inside the ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE clause. The attribute is named `.inserted` so as not to conflict with the existing `Insert.values()` method.

    Tip

    The `Insert.inserted` attribute is an instance of `ColumnCollection`, which provides an interface the same as that of the `Table.c` collection described at Accessing Tables and Columns. With this collection, ordinary names are accessible like attributes (e.g. `stmt.inserted.some_column`), but special names and dictionary method names should be accessed using indexed access, such as `stmt.inserted["column name"]` or `stmt.inserted["values"]`. See the docstring for `ColumnCollection` for further examples.

    See also

    INSERT…ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE (Upsert) - example of how to use `Insert.inserted`

  method `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.Insert.`on_duplicate_key_update(*args: Mapping[Any, Any] | List[Tuple[str, Any]] | ColumnCollection[Any, Any], **kw: Any) → Self

    Specifies the ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE clause.

    Parameters:

      **kw – Column keys linked to UPDATE values. The values may be any SQL expression or supported literal Python values.

    Warning

    This dictionary does not take into account Python-specified default UPDATE values or generation functions, e.g. those specified using `Column.onupdate`. These values will not be exercised for an ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE style of UPDATE, unless values are manually specified here.

    Parameters:

      *args –

      As an alternative to passing key/value parameters, a dictionary or list of 2-tuples can be passed as a single positional argument.

      Passing a single dictionary is equivalent to the keyword argument form:

          insert().on_duplicate_key_update({"name": "some name"})

      Passing a list of 2-tuples indicates that the parameter assignments in the UPDATE clause should be ordered as sent, in a manner similar to that described for the `Update` construct overall in Parameter Ordered Updates:

          insert().on_duplicate_key_update(
              [
                  ("name", "some name"),
                  ("value", "some value"),
              ]
          )

    See also

    INSERT…ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE (Upsert)

function sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.limit(limit: _LimitOffsetType) → DMLLimitClause

  apply a LIMIT to an UPDATE or DELETE statement

  e.g.:

      stmt = t.update().values(q="hi").ext(limit(5))

  this supersedes the previous approach of using `mysql_limit` for update/delete statements.

  Added in version 2.1.

## mysqlclient (fork of MySQL-Python)

Support for the MySQL / MariaDB database via the mysqlclient (maintained fork of MySQL-Python) driver.

### DBAPI

Documentation and download information (if applicable) for mysqlclient (maintained fork of MySQL-Python) is available at: https://pypi.org/project/mysqlclient/

### Connecting

Connect String:

    mysql+mysqldb://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>

### Driver Status

The mysqlclient DBAPI is a maintained fork of the MySQL-Python DBAPI that is no longer maintained. mysqlclient supports Python 2 and Python 3 and is very stable.

### Unicode

Please see Unicode for current recommendations on unicode handling.

### SSL Connections

The mysqlclient and PyMySQL DBAPIs accept an additional dictionary under the key “ssl”, which may be specified using the `create_engine.connect_args` dictionary:

    engine = create_engine(
        "mysql+mysqldb://scott:tiger@192.168.0.134/test",
        connect_args={
            "ssl": {
                "ca": "/home/gord/client-ssl/ca.pem",
                "cert": "/home/gord/client-ssl/client-cert.pem",
                "key": "/home/gord/client-ssl/client-key.pem",
            }
        },
    )

For convenience, the following keys may also be specified inline within the URL where they will be interpreted into the “ssl” dictionary automatically: “ssl_ca”, “ssl_cert”, “ssl_key”, “ssl_capath”, “ssl_cipher”, “ssl_check_hostname”. An example is as follows:

    connection_uri = (
        "mysql+mysqldb://scott:tiger@192.168.0.134/test"
        "?ssl_ca=/home/gord/client-ssl/ca.pem"
        "&ssl_cert=/home/gord/client-ssl/client-cert.pem"
        "&ssl_key=/home/gord/client-ssl/client-key.pem"
    )

See also

SSL Connections in the PyMySQL dialect

### Using MySQLdb with Google Cloud SQL

Google Cloud SQL now recommends use of the MySQLdb dialect. Connect using a URL like the following:

    mysql+mysqldb://root@/<dbname>?unix_socket=/cloudsql/<projectid>:<instancename>

### Server Side Cursors

The mysqldb dialect supports server-side cursors. See Server Side Cursors.

## PyMySQL

Support for the MySQL / MariaDB database via the PyMySQL driver.

### DBAPI

Documentation and download information (if applicable) for PyMySQL is available at: https://pymysql.readthedocs.io/

### Connecting

Connect String:

    mysql+pymysql://<username>:<password>@<host>/<dbname>[?<options>]

### Unicode

Please see Unicode for current recommendations on unicode handling.

### SSL Connections

The PyMySQL DBAPI accepts the same SSL arguments as that of MySQLdb, described at SSL Connections. See that section for additional examples.

If the server uses an automatically-generated certificate that is self-signed or does not match the host name (as seen from the client), it may also be necessary to indicate `ssl_check_hostname=false` in PyMySQL:

    connection_uri = (
        "mysql+pymysql://scott:tiger@192.168.0.134/test"
        "?ssl_ca=/home/gord/client-ssl/ca.pem"
        "&ssl_cert=/home/gord/client-ssl/client-cert.pem"
        "&ssl_key=/home/gord/client-ssl/client-key.pem"
        "&ssl_check_hostname=false"
    )

### MySQL-Python Compatibility

The pymysql DBAPI is a pure Python port of the MySQL-python (MySQLdb) driver, and targets 100% compatibility. Most behavioral notes for MySQL-python apply to the pymysql driver as well.

## MariaDB-Connector

Support for the MySQL / MariaDB database via the MariaDB Connector/Python driver.

### DBAPI

Documentation and download information (if applicable) for MariaDB Connector/Python is available at: https://pypi.org/project/mariadb/

### Connecting

Connect String:

    mariadb+mariadbconnector://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>

### Driver Status

MariaDB Connector/Python enables Python programs to access MariaDB and MySQL databases using an API which is compliant with the Python DB API 2.0 (PEP-249). It is written in C and uses MariaDB Connector/C client library for client server communication.

Note that the default driver for a `mariadb://` connection URI continues to be `mysqldb`. `mariadb+mariadbconnector://` is required to use this driver.

## MySQL-Connector

Support for the MySQL / MariaDB database via the MySQL Connector/Python driver.

### DBAPI

Documentation and download information (if applicable) for MySQL Connector/Python is available at: https://pypi.org/project/mysql-connector-python/

### Connecting

Connect String:

    mysql+mysqlconnector://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>

### Driver Status

MySQL Connector/Python is supported as of SQLAlchemy 2.0.39 to the degree which the driver is functional. There are still ongoing issues with features such as server side cursors which remain disabled until upstream issues are repaired.

Warning

The MySQL Connector/Python driver published by Oracle is subject to frequent, major regressions of essential functionality such as being able to correctly persist simple binary strings which indicate it is not well tested. The SQLAlchemy project is not able to maintain this dialect fully as regressions in the driver prevent it from being included in continuous integration.

Changed in version 2.0.39: The MySQL Connector/Python dialect has been updated to support the latest version of this DBAPI. Previously, MySQL Connector/Python was not fully supported. However, support remains limited due to ongoing regressions introduced in this driver.

### Connecting to MariaDB with MySQL Connector/Python

MySQL Connector/Python may attempt to pass an incompatible collation to the database when connecting to MariaDB. Experimentation has shown that using `?charset=utf8mb4&collation=utfmb4_general_ci` or similar MariaDB-compatible charset/collation will allow connectivity.

## asyncmy

Support for the MySQL / MariaDB database via the asyncmy driver.

### DBAPI

Documentation and download information (if applicable) for asyncmy is available at: https://github.com/long2ice/asyncmy

### Connecting

Connect String:

    mysql+asyncmy://user:password@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]

Using a special asyncio mediation layer, the asyncmy dialect is usable as the backend for the SQLAlchemy asyncio extension package.

This dialect should normally be used only with the `create_async_engine()` engine creation function:

    from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine

    engine = create_async_engine(
        "mysql+asyncmy://user:pass@hostname/dbname?charset=utf8mb4"
    )

## aiomysql

Support for the MySQL / MariaDB database via the aiomysql driver.

### DBAPI

Documentation and download information (if applicable) for aiomysql is available at: https://github.com/aio-libs/aiomysql

### Connecting

Connect String:

    mysql+aiomysql://user:password@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]

The aiomysql dialect is SQLAlchemy’s second Python asyncio dialect.

Using a special asyncio mediation layer, the aiomysql dialect is usable as the backend for the SQLAlchemy asyncio extension package.

This dialect should normally be used only with the `create_async_engine()` engine creation function:

    from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine

    engine = create_async_engine(
        "mysql+aiomysql://user:pass@hostname/dbname?charset=utf8mb4"
    )

## cymysql

Support for the MySQL / MariaDB database via the CyMySQL driver.

### DBAPI

Documentation and download information (if applicable) for CyMySQL is available at: https://github.com/nakagami/CyMySQL

### Connecting

Connect String:

    mysql+cymysql://<username>:<password>@<host>/<dbname>[?<options>]

Note

The CyMySQL dialect is not tested as part of SQLAlchemy’s continuous integration and may have unresolved issues. The recommended MySQL dialects are mysqlclient and PyMySQL.

## pyodbc

Support for the MySQL / MariaDB database via the PyODBC driver.

### DBAPI

Documentation and download information (if applicable) for PyODBC is available at: https://pypi.org/project/pyodbc/

### Connecting

Connect String:

    mysql+pyodbc://<username>:<password>@<dsnname>

Note

The PyODBC for MySQL dialect is not tested as part of SQLAlchemy’s continuous integration. The recommended MySQL dialects are mysqlclient and PyMySQL. However, if you want to use the mysql+pyodbc dialect and require full support for `utf8mb4` characters (including supplementary characters like emoji) be sure to use a current release of MySQL Connector/ODBC and specify the “ANSI” (not “Unicode”) version of the driver in your DSN or connection string.

Pass through exact pyodbc connection string:

    import urllib

    connection_string = (
        "DRIVER=MySQL ODBC 8.0 ANSI Driver;"
        "SERVER=localhost;"
        "PORT=3307;"
        "DATABASE=mydb;"
        "UID=root;"
        "PWD=(whatever);"
        "charset=utf8mb4;"
    )
    params = urllib.parse.quote_plus(connection_string)
    connection_uri = "mysql+pyodbc:///?odbc_connect=%s" % params