Radon
 Radon | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
chemical element (en)  da gas (en) | |||||
 | |||||
| Bayanai | |||||
| Bangare na |
period 6 (en) da noble gases (en) | ||||
| Suna saboda |
radium (en) | ||||
| Mai ganowa ko mai ƙirƙira |
Friedrich Ernst Dorn (mul) , Ernest Rutherford (mul) da Robert Bowie Owens (mul) | ||||
| Time of discovery or invention (en) | 1899 | ||||
| Element symbol (en) | Rn | ||||
| Sinadaran dabara | Rn | ||||
| Canonical SMILES (en) | [Rn] | ||||
| Electron configuration (en) | 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p⁶ 5s² 4d¹⁰ 5p⁶ 6s² 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6p⁶ da [Xe] 6s² 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6p⁶ | ||||
| Produced by (en) |
granite (en) | ||||
| Has characteristic (en) |
radioactivity (en) , colorlessness (en) da odorlessness (en) | ||||
| Subject has role (en) |
radioactive air pollutants (en) da environmental carcinogens (en) | ||||
| Wuri | |||||
| |||||
Radon wani sinadarin sinadarai ne; yana da alamar Rn da lambar atom 86. Gas ne mai daraja mai amfani da rediyo kuma ba shi da launi kuma ba shi na wari. Daga cikin isotopes na radon guda uku da ke faruwa, kawai 222" yana da isasshen rabin rayuwa (3.825 days) don a saki shi daga ƙasa da dutse inda aka samar da shi. Radon isotopes sune samfurori masu lalacewa na radium isotopes. Rashin kwanciyar hankali na 222, isotope mafi tsayayya, ya sa radon daya daga cikin abubuwa masu wuya. Radon zai kasance a Duniya har tsawon shekaru biliyan da yawa duk da gajeren rabin rayuwarsa, saboda ana samar da shi akai-akai a matsayin mataki a cikin sarkar lalacewa na 238 da 232, dukansu biyu suna da wadataccen ƙwayoyin rediyo tare da rabin rayuwar akalla shekaru biliyan. Rushewar radon yana samar da wasu ƙananan nuclelides, waɗanda aka sani da "ya'ya mata na radon", suna ƙare a isotopes na gubar.[1] 222Rn yana faruwa a cikin adadi mai yawa a matsayin mataki a cikin sarkar lalacewar rediyo na al'ada na 238U, wanda aka fi sani da Jerin uranium, wanda sannu a hankali ya lalace cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan rediyo kuma a ƙarshe ya lalace zuwa yana faruwa a cikin minti daya a matsayin matsakaici a cikin sarkar lalacewa na 232Th, wanda aka fi sani da jerin thorium, wanda a ƙarshe ya lalace zuwa .
Ernest Rutherford da Robert B. Owens ne suka gano Radon a 1899 a Jami'ar McGill da ke Montreal, kuma ita ce ta biyar da za a gano. Da farko an san shi da "emanation", an gano iskar rediyo a lokacin gwaje-gwaje tare da radium, Thorium oxide, da actinium ta hanyar Friedrich Ernst Dorn, Rutherford da Owens, da André-Louis Debierne, bi da bi, kuma an dauki kowane kashi a matsayin wani abu daban: radon, thoron, da actinon. Sir William Ramsay da Robert Whytlaw-Gray sun yi la'akari da cewa fitowar rediyo na iya ƙunsar sabon bangare na dangin gas mai daraja, da kuma ware " fitowar radium" a cikin 1909 don ƙayyade kaddarorinta. A cikin 1911, an karɓi kashi Ramsay da Whytlaw-Gray da aka ware ta Hukumar Kasa da Kasa don Ma'aunin Atomic, kuma a cikin 1923, Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na Chemical Elements da Ƙungiyar Kasa da Kasa ta Pure da Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) sun zaɓi radon a matsayin sunan da aka karɓa don isotope mafi tsayayyen kashi, 222; thoron da actinon suma an gane su ta IUPAC a matsayin isotopes daban-daban na kashi.[2]
A karkashin daidaitattun yanayi, radon yana da iskar gas kuma ana iya numfasawa cikin sauƙi, yana haifar da haɗarin lafiya. Koyaya, haɗarin farko ba ya fitowa daga radon kanta, amma daga samfuran lalacewa, waɗanda aka sani da 'ya'yan radon. Wadannan kayayyakin lalacewa, sau da yawa suna samuwa a matsayin atoms guda ɗaya ko ions, na iya haɗa kansu da ƙurar ƙura mai iska. Kodayake radon iskar gas ce mai daraja kuma ba ta manne wa kwayar huhu (ma'ana sau da yawa ana numfashi kafin ta lalace), 'ya'yan radon da aka haɗe da ƙura suna iya mannewa ga huhu. Wannan yana ƙara haɗarin lahani, kamar yadda 'ya'ya mata na radon zasu iya haifar da lalacewa ga kwayar huhu.[3] Radon da 'ya'yansa mata, an ɗauke su tare, sau da yawa mafi girman mai ba da gudummawa ga radiation na mutum, amma saboda bambance-bambance na gida a cikin ilimin ƙasa, matakin fallasa ga iskar radon ya bambanta da wuri. Tushen radon na muhalli shine ma'adanai masu dauke da uranium a cikin ƙasa; saboda haka yana tarawa a wuraren da ke karkashin kasa kamar su ginshiki. Radon kuma na iya faruwa a cikin ruwan kasa, kamar ruwan bazara da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa.[4] Radon da aka kama a cikin permafrost za a iya sake shi ta hanyar Canjin yanayi wanda ya haifar da narkewar permafrosts, kuma za a iya saki radon cikin ruwa da yanayi bayan abubuwan da suka faru na girgizar ƙasa, wanda ya haifar le binciken sa a fagen hasashen girgizar kasa.[5][6] Yana yiwuwa a gwada radon a cikin gine-gine, da kuma amfani da dabaru kamar su sub-slab depressurization don ragewa.[7][8]
Nazarin Yaduwar cututtuka sun nuna kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin numfashi mai yawa na radon da kuma abin da ya faru na Ciwon daji na huhu. Radon mai gurɓataccen abu ne wanda ke shafar ingancin iska na cikin gida a duk duniya. A cewar Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA), radon shine na biyu mafi yawan dalilin ciwon daji na huhu, bayan shan sigari, wanda ke haifar da mutuwar ciwon huhu 21,000 a kowace shekara a Amurka. Kimanin 2,900 daga cikin wadannan mutuwar suna faruwa ne tsakanin mutanen da ba su taba shan sigari ba. Duk da yake radon shine na biyu mafi yawan dalilin ciwon daji na huhu, shine dalilin farko tsakanin wadanda ba masu shan sigari ba, bisa ga ƙididdigar manufofin EPA.[9] Akwai mahimman rashin tabbas game da tasirin kiwon lafiya na ƙarancin ƙwayoyin cuta.[10]
Halaye
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Abubuwan jiki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Radon ba shi da launi, ba shi da ƙanshi, kuma ba shi da ɗanɗano [11] gas sabili da haka ba za'a iya gano shi ta hanyar hankula na mutum kadai ba. A daidaitattun zafin jiki da matsin lamba, yana samar da iskar gas tare da yawan 9.73 kg / m3, kusan sau 8 na yawan Yanayin duniya a matakin teku, 1.217 kg / m3.[12] Yana daya daga cikin iskar gas mafi yawa a zafin jiki na ɗaki (wasu sun fi yawa) kuma shine mafi yawan iskar gas mai kyau. Kodayake ba shi da launi a daidaitattun zafin jiki da matsin lamba, lokacin da aka sanyaya a ƙasa da Yanayin daskarewa na 202 K (−71 °C; −96 °F) ° C; -96 ° F), yana fitar da haske mai haske wanda ke juyawa daga rawaya zuwa orange-ja yayin da zafin jiki ya ragu.[13] Bayan kwantar da hankali, yana haskakawa saboda tsananin radiation da yake samarwa. Yana narkewa sosai a cikin ruwa, amma ya mai narkewa fiye da iskar gas mai sauƙi. Yana da sauƙin narkewa a cikin ruwa fiye da ruwa. Matsayinta na solubility kamar haka:
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Toxicological profile for radon" (PDF). Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. U.S. Public Health Service, In collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. December 1990. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-15.
- ↑ Thornton, Brett F.; Burdette, Shawn C. (22 August 2013). "Recalling radon's recognition". Nature Chemistry. 5 (9): 804. Bibcode:2013NatCh...5..804T. doi:10.1038/nchem.1731. PMID 23965684.
- ↑ "Public Health Fact Sheet on Radon — Health and Human Services". Mass.Gov. Archived from the original on 2011-11-21. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
- ↑ "Facts about Radon". Facts about. Archived from the original on 2005-02-22. Retrieved 2008-09-07.
- ↑ Lamberink, Liny (16 February 2022). "Thawing permafrost can expose northerners to cancer-causing gas, study says". cbc.ca. CBC News. Archived from the original on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
- ↑ "EARTH Magazine: Earthquake prediction: Gone and back again". 2012-01-05.
- ↑ Baraniuk, Chris (11 May 2022). "The race against radon". Knowable Magazine. Annual Reviews. doi:10.1146/knowable-051122-1 (inactive July 12, 2025). Retrieved 17 May 2022.CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of ga Yuli, 2025 (link)
- ↑ "Skateland Sub-Slab Depressurization Testing Draft Technical Memorandum" (PDF). Environmental Protection Agency. October 28, 2005.
- ↑ "A Citizen's Guide to Radon". www.epa.gov. United States Environmental Protection Agency. October 12, 2010. Archived from the original on April 19, 2003. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ↑ Dobrzynski, Ludwik; Fornalski, Krzysztof W.; Reszczyńska, Joanna (23 November 2017). "Meta-analysis of thirty-two case–control and two ecological radon studies of lung cancer". Journal of Radiation Research. 59 (2): 149–163. doi:10.1093/jrr/rrx061. PMC 5950923. PMID 29186473.
- ↑ "A Citizen's Guide to Radon: The Guide to Protecting Yourself and Your Family from Radon". Environmental Protection Agency. 2016. Archived from the original on October 4, 2015.
- ↑ Williams, David R. (2007-04-19). "Earth Fact Sheet". NASA. Archived from the original on 2013-05-08. Retrieved 2008-06-26.
- ↑ "The Element Radon". It's Elemental. Jefferson Lab. Archived from the original on 2008-07-15.
