The Monthly Highlight

The Arab College in Jerusalem, 1918-1948

The Arab College in Jerusalem, which was referred to as the Teachers’ Training Centre until 1927, played a significant role as a centre for education and culture. It nurtured numerous Palestinian figures, including authors, politicians, economists, and poets. Founded in 1918, it was led by prominent individuals such as educator and writer Khalil Sakakini, academic Khalil Totah, and educator Ahmad Sameh al-Khalidi.

The College continued to be the focal point for exceptionally talented students who aspired to enrol in it. To do so, they employed various strategies and means to excel and stand out, aiming to secure this opportunity because the College actively sought to attract only truly remarkable Palestinian students. Admission to the College was thus not limited to the affluent; it was accessible to both the poor and individuals from urban and rural backgrounds, including villagers and Bedouins. The Arab College maintained its status as a leading institution and educational facility for training Palestinian and Arab educators until the Nakba and the occupation of Palestine in 1948.

The year 1925 marked a significant milestone in the College’s history, thanks to a crucial judicial decision. This ruling mandated that the College should prepare students for the matriculation exam, which, in turn, enabled students to pursue further education beyond the borders of Palestine.

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Following this pivotal ruling, the College shifted its focus to provide a diverse range of academic subjects. These included the Arabic and English languages, General History, Primary Mathematics, Geography, General Natural Sciences, and Chemistry. Additionally, the College introduced Physical Education as a primary subject, and it even granted certificates in Physical Education to schools.

Examples of summaries by an Arab College student on the topics of the Arabic Language, Biology, Natural Sciences, and Chemistry, Sakher al-Khatib Collection.

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The role of the College extended beyond its primary function as an educational institution for training teachers and students. It also made educational

contributions through its alumni, who actively participated in writing books used in the schools of the Education Directorate in Palestine. For instance, Saleem Konol, who served as a physics and chemistry teacher at the Arab College, authored the Modern Sciences textbooks for fifth-grade primary students. Similarly, Isa Atallah, a graduate of the College, penned a book for the era titled Speech in the Grammar of the Arabic Language that was specifically aimed at assisting Arabic language schoolteachers.

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Cover of the second issue of the eleventh year of the Arab College Magazine issued on 1 March 1931. The magazine was printed at Merโ€™at ash-Sharq Press in occupied Jerusalem, and its annual subscription amounted to 250 mils.

In 1925, the College initiated a magazine bearing its name, with a primary focus on Educational Sciences. This publication was issued four times a year and featured updates on educational developments and covered conferences organised by the College.

The Arab College Magazine remained true to the College’s mission and consistently covered a wide range of topics of interest to its diverse readership, which included students, educators, and teachers. It stayed up to date with global scientific and educational advancements, highlighting significant accomplishments of Palestinian educators. The Magazine also had a strong commitment to advancing the educational and pedagogical landscape in Palestine, regularly featuring conference summaries and research contributions from its contributors. Within its pages, the magazine regularly showcased lists of its graduates and highlighted the College’s most noteworthy achievements. Unfortunately, the publication ceased when the College closed in the aftermath of the Nakba.

For example, the Magazine’s third issue, released on 15 June 1929, was entirely dedicated to showcasing the programmes and research presented during the Third Princely School Principals’ Conference, which took place at the Arab College in Jerusalem on 29 and 30 April 1929. The event attracted the participation of several prominent Palestinian educators, including Ahmad Sameh al-Khalidi, Khalil Sakakini, Mustafa ad-Dabbagh, and Anis as-Saidawi, among others.

The magazine had a strong commitment to recognising the achievements of Arab College graduates. In the fourth issue of its ninth year, published in August 1929, it featured lists containing the names of College graduates from the years 1927, 1928, and 1929. These lists effectively showcased the diverse geographical and regional origins of the students, providing documentation of the cities and villages they hailed from. In the first issue of its third year, released on 15 December 1932, the magazine continued this tradition by publishing a list of the names of those who successfully passed the final secondary examination at the Arab College, which included the educator Husni al-Ashhab, who later became one of Palestine’s most influential educators.

The Arab College Magazine covered a wide range of fields and topics, soliciting contributions from numerous educators. For instance, the index of the third issue of its eighteenth year, released on 21 May 1938, provides a glimpse of the diverse educational and scientific subjects featured in that edition. It also acknowledges the efforts of Palestinian educators, professors, and translators who contributed to its content. Some of the notable individuals involved in preparing these materials included Ishaq Musa al-Husseini, Ahmad al-Khalifa, Mohammad Abdel-Salam al-Barghouthi, Ibrahim Skaik, Habib al-Khoury, Hasan al-Karmi, and Hasan Arafat. Furthermore, this issue exemplifies the inclusion of women’s contributions to the magazine, featuring an article authored by Widad Habib al-Khoury.

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This highlight aimed to provide insights into the Arab College and its Magazine by showcasing several documents that the Palestinian Museum Digital Archive (PMDA) team successfully accessed, collected, digitised, and archived. These materials are now available to the public on the PMDA website, offering a valuable celebration of one of Palestine’s significant scientific and educational institutions. The timing coincides with the beginning of the new academic year in Palestine at both the school and university levels.

ุงู„ุฅุถุงุกุฉ ุงู„ุดู‡ุฑูŠุฉ

ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‘ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฏุณ

1948 – 1918

ุดูƒู‘ู„ุช ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‘ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฏุณุŒ ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ุชูุนุฑู ุจุงุณู… ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ู‘ู…ูŠู† ุญุชู‘ู‰ ุนุงู… 1927ุŒ ุตุฑุญู‹ุง ุนู„ู…ูŠู‹ู‘ุง ูˆุซู‚ุงููŠู‹ู‘ุง ู…ู‡ู…ู‹ู‘ุง ุฎุฑู‘ุฌ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฏุจุงุก ูˆุงู„ุณุงุณุฉ ูˆุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠู‘ูŠู† ูˆุงู„ุดุนุฑุงุก ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู‘ู†ูŠูŠู†. ุชุฃุณู‘ุณ ุงู„ู…ุนู‡ุฏ ุนุงู… 1918ุŒ ูˆุชุนุงู‚ุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุฏุงุฑุชู‡ ูƒู„ู‘ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุจู‘ูŠ ูˆุงู„ุฃุฏูŠุจ ุฎู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ุณูƒุงูƒูŠู†ูŠุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฃูƒุงุฏูŠู…ูŠ ุฎู„ูŠู„ ุทูˆุทุญุŒ ูˆุงู„ู…ุฑุจู‘ูŠ ุฃุญู…ุฏ ุณุงู…ุญ ุงู„ุฎุงู„ุฏูŠ

ุจู‚ูŠุช ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ู…ุญุทู‘ ุฃู†ุธุงุฑ ุงู„ุทู„ุจุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชูˆู‘ููŠู‚ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูˆุถุนูˆุง ู†ูุตุจ ุฃุนูŠู†ู‡ู… ู‡ุฏู ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุงุŒ ูุณุนูˆุงุŒ ุจูƒู„ู‘ ุงู„ูˆุณุงุฆู„ ูˆุงู„ุทุฑู‚ุŒ ู„ู„ุชููˆู‘ู‚ ูˆุงู„ุชู…ูŠู‘ุฒ ุญุชู‘ู‰ ูŠู†ุงู„ูˆุง ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ูุฑุตุฉุŒ ุฎุงุตู‘ุฉ ูˆุฃู†ู‘ ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ุณุนุช ู…ู†ุฐ ู†ุดุฃุชู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงุณุชู‚ุทุงุจ ุงู„ุทู„ุจุฉ ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠู‘ูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุชููˆู‚ูŠู†ุŒ ูˆุจุฐู„ูƒ ู„ู… ูŠูƒูู† ุงู„ุฏุฎูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ุญูƒุฑู‹ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุบู†ูŠุงุก ุฏูˆู† ุนู† ุงู„ูู‚ุฑุงุกุŒ ุฃูˆ ุณูƒู‘ุงู† ุงู„ู…ูุฏูู† ุฏูˆู† ุณูƒู‘ุงู† ุงู„ุฑูŠู ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุจุงุฏูŠุฉ. ูˆู‚ุฏ ุธู„ู‘ุช ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‘ุฉ ู…ุนู‡ุฏู‹ุง ูˆู…ุฏุฑุณุฉ ุฑุงุฆุฏุฉ ู„ุชุฎุฑูŠุฌ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ู‘ู…ูŠู† ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠู‘ูŠู† ูˆุงู„ุนุฑุจ ุญุชู‘ู‰ ุญุฏูˆุซ ุงู„ู†ูƒุจุฉ ูˆุงุญุชู„ุงู„ ูู„ุณุทูŠู† ุนุงู… 1948

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ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุนุงู… 1925 ุฃุญุฏ ุฃู‡ู…ู‘ ู…ุญุทู‘ุงุช ุงู„ุชุญูˆู‘ู„ ููŠ ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุจุนุฏ ุตุฏูˆุฑ ุงู„ู‚ุฑุงุฑ ุงู„ู‚ุงุถูŠ ุจุฃู† ุชู‚ูˆู… ุงู„ุฏุงุฑ ุจุชู‡ูŠุฆุฉ ุงู„ุทู„ู‘ุงุจ ู„ุงู…ุชุญุงู† ุงู„ุงุฌุชูŠุงุฒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู… ุงู„ุนุงู„ูŠ (ุงู„ู…ุชุฑููƒ)ุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุณู…ุญ ู„ู…ูุฌุชุงุฒูŠู‡ ุจุฅูƒู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงู„ุฌุงู…ุนูŠู‘ุฉ ุฎุงุฑุฌ ูู„ุณุทูŠู†

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 ุจุนุฏ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู‚ุฑุงุฑ ุฑูƒู‘ุฒุช ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุชู‚ุฏูŠู… ู…ูˆุงุฏู‘ ุฃูƒุงุฏูŠู…ูŠู‘ุฉ ู…ุชู†ูˆู‘ุนุฉุŒ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ู„ู‘ุบุชูŽูŠู† ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‘ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ุนุงู…ู‘ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถูŠู‘ุงุช ุงู„ุงุจุชุฏุงุฆูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฌุบุฑุงููŠุงุŒ ูˆุนู„ู… ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ุนุงู…ู‘ุŒ ูˆุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุกุŒ ุจุงู„ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุชุนู„ูŠู… ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถุฉ ูƒู…ุงุฏู‘ุฉ ุฃุณุงุณูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ุญูŠุซ ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ุชู…ู†ุญ ุดู‡ุงุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุชุฑุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจุฏู†ูŠู‘ุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุฏุงุฑุณ

.ู†ู…ุงุฐุฌ ู…ู† ู…ู„ุฎู‘ุตุงุช ุฃุญุฏ ุทู„ุจุฉ ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‘ุฉ ููŠ ู…ูˆุถูˆุนุงุช ุงู„ู„ู‘ุบุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‘ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุจูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ูˆุนู„ู… ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุกุŒ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุตุฎุฑ ุงู„ุฎุทูŠุจ

ุชู‚ุชุตุฑ ุฃุนู…ุงู„ ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู… ูˆูƒูˆู†ู‡ุง ู…ุนู‡ุฏู‹ุง ูˆู…ุฏุฑุณุฉ ู„ุชุฃู‡ูŠู„ ูˆุชุฎุฑูŠุญ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ู‘ู…ูŠู† ูˆุงู„ุทู„ู‘ุงุจุŒ ุจู„ ุณุงู‡ู… ุชุฑุจูˆูŠู‘ูˆู‡ุง ูˆุฎุฑู‘ูŠุฌูˆู‡ุง ููŠ ุชุฃู„ูŠู ุจุนุถ ุงู„ูƒุชุจุŒ ูƒุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ุชูุฏุฑู‘ุณ ููŠ ู…ุฏุงุฑุณ ุฅุฏุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฑู ููŠ ูู„ุณุทูŠู†. ูู…ุซู„ู‹ุงุŒ ุฃู„ู‘ู ุณู„ูŠู… ูƒูˆู†ูˆู„ุŒ ุฃุณุชุงุฐ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠู‘ุงุช ูˆุงู„ูƒู…ูŠุงุก ููŠ ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูƒุชุงุจ (ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซุฉ) ู„ู„ุตูู‘ ุงู„ุฎุงู…ุณ ุงู„ุงุจุชุฏุงุฆูŠุŒ ูˆุฃู„ู‘ู ุนูŠุณู‰ ุนุทุง ุงู„ู„ู‘ู‡ุŒ ุฃุญุฏ ุฎุฑู‘ูŠุฌูŠ ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูƒุชุงุจู‹ุง ุจุนู†ูˆุงู† (ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ููŠ ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุงู„ู„ู‘ุบุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‘ุฉ)ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุงู† ู…ูˆุฌู‘ู‡ู‹ุง ู„ู…ุนู„ู‘ู…ูŠ ุงู„ู„ู‘ุบุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‘ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฏุงุฑุณ ุขู†ุฐุงูƒ

ุฃุณู‘ุณุช ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู… 1925 ู…ุฌู„ู‘ุฉ ุญู…ู„ุช ุงุณู…ู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุชุฎุตู‘ุตุช ููŠ ู…ุฌุงู„ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… ุงู„ุชุฑุจูˆูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ู†ุดุฑู‡ุง ุฃุฎุจุงุฑู‹ุง ุนู† ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู… ูˆุงู„ู…ุคุชู…ุฑุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนู‚ุฏู‡ุง ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูˆูƒุงู†ุช ู…ุฌู„ู‘ุฉ ูุตู„ูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ุชุตุฏุฑ ุฃุฑุจุน ู…ุฑู‘ุงุช ูƒู„ู‘ ุนุงู…

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ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู†ุฉ ุงู„ุญุงุฏูŠุฉ ุนุดุฑุฉ ู„ู…ุฌู„ู‘ุฉ ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ุงู„ุตุงุฏุฑ ููŠ 1 ุขุฐุงุฑ 1931

ุทูุจุนุช ุงู„ู…ุฌู„ู‘ุฉ ููŠ ู…ุทุจุนุฉ ู…ุฑุขุฉ ุงู„ุดุฑู‚ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฏุณ ุงู„ู…ุญุชู„ู‘ุฉุŒ ูˆูˆุตู„ุช ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ุงุดุชุฑุงูƒู‡ุง ุงู„ุณู†ูˆูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ 250 ู…ู„ู‘ูŠู…ู‹ุง

ุญุงูุธุช ู…ุฌู„ู‘ุฉ ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‘ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูˆุธู„ู‘ุช ุชู†ุดุฑ ูƒู„ู‘ ู…ุง ูŠู‡ู…ู‘ ุทู„ู‘ุงุจู‡ุง ูˆุงู„ู‚ุฑู‘ุงุกุŒ ู…ู† ุชุฑุจูˆูŠู‘ูŠู† ูˆู…ุนู„ู‘ู…ูŠู†ุŒ ูˆุชูˆุงูƒุจ ุงู„ุชุทูˆู‘ุฑ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠ ูˆุงู„ุชุฑุจูˆูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ ูˆุชูุถูŠุก ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู‡ู…ู‘ ุฅู†ุฌุงุฒุงุช ุงู„ู…ุนู„ู‘ู…ูŠู† ูˆุงู„ุชุฑุจูˆูŠู‘ูŠู† ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠู‘ูŠู†ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุงู‡ุชู…ู‘ุช ุจุชุทูˆูŠุฑ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู…ูŠู‘ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุชุฑุจูˆูŠู‘ุฉ ููŠ ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ุŒ ูุญุฑุตุช ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุดุฑ ู…ุคุชู…ุฑุงุชู‡ุง ูˆุฃุจุญุงุซ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ูŠู† ููŠู‡ุงุŒ ูˆู†ุดุฑ ู‚ูˆุงุฆู… ุฎุฑู‘ูŠุฌูŠู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุฃู‡ู…ู‘ ุฅู†ุฌุงุฒุงุช ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‘ู‡ุง ุชูˆู‚ู‘ูุช ุนู† ุงู„ุตุฏูˆุฑ ู…ุน ุฅุบู„ุงู‚ ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ููŠ ุฃุนู‚ุงุจ ุงู„ู†ูƒุจุฉ

ูุฎุตู‘ุตุช ุงู„ู…ุฌู„ู‘ุฉุŒ ู…ุซู„ู‹ุงุŒ ุนุฏุฏู‡ุง ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซุŒ ุงู„ุตุงุฏุฑ ุจุชุงุฑูŠุฎ 15 ุญุฒูŠุฑุงู† 1929ุŒ ู„ู†ุดุฑ ุจุฑู†ุงู…ุญ ูˆุฃุจุญุงุซ ู…ุคุชู…ุฑ ู…ุฏูŠุฑูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฏุงุฑุณ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠุฑูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซุŒ ุงู„ู…ูู†ุนู‚ุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‘ุฉ ููŠ ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฏุณ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฏุงุฑ ูŠูˆู…ูŽูŠ 29 ูˆ30 ู†ูŠุณุงู† 1929ุŒ ูˆู‚ุฏ ุดู‡ุฏ ุงู„ู…ุคุชู…ุฑ ู…ุดุงุฑูƒุฉ ุนุฏุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุฑุจูˆูŠู‘ูŠู† ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠู‘ูŠู†ุŒ ูƒุงู† ู…ู† ุจูŠู†ู‡ู… ุฃุญู…ุฏ ุณุงู…ุญ ุงู„ุฎุงู„ุฏูŠุŒ ูˆุฎู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ุณูƒุงูƒูŠู†ูŠุŒ ูˆู…ุตุทูู‰ ุงู„ุฏุจู‘ุงุบุŒ ูˆุฃู†ูŠุณ ุงู„ุตูŠุฏุงูˆูŠ

ูƒู…ุง ุญุฑุตุช ุงู„ู…ุฌู„ู‘ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุดุฑ ู‚ูˆุงุฆู… ุจุฃุณู…ุงุก ุฎุฑู‘ูŠุฌูŠ ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูˆู‚ุฏ ุฌุงุก ููŠ ุนุฏุฏู‡ุง ุงู„ุฑุงุจุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู†ุฉ ุงู„ุชุงุณุนุฉุŒ ุงู„ุตุงุฏุฑ ููŠ ุขุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุงู… 1929ุŒ ู‚ูˆุงุฆู… ุจุฃุณู…ุงุก ุฎุฑู‘ูŠุฌูŠ ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุนูˆุงู… 1927 ูˆ1928 ูˆ1929. ูˆุถู‘ุญุช ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุฆู… ุงู„ุชู†ูˆู‘ุน ุงู„ุฌุบุฑุงููŠ ูˆุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ูŠ ู„ู„ุทู„ุจุฉุŒ ูˆูˆุซู‘ู‚ุช ู„ู„ู…ูุฏูู† ูˆุงู„ู‚ุฑู‰ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู†ุญุฏุฑูˆู† ู…ู†ู‡ุง. ูƒู…ุง ู†ุดุฑุช ุงู„ู…ุฌู„ู‘ุฉ ููŠ ุนุฏุฏู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃูˆู‘ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู†ุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซุฉุŒ ุงู„ุตุงุฏุฑ ุจุชุงุฑูŠุฎ 15 ูƒุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ุฃูˆู‘ู„ 1932ุŒ ู‚ุงุฆู…ุฉ ุจุฃุณู…ุงุก ุงู„ู†ุงุฌุญูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ูุญุต ุงู„ุซุงู†ูˆูŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงุฆูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูˆูƒุงู† ู…ู† ุจูŠู†ู‡ู… ุงู„ู…ุฑุจู‘ูŠ ุญุณู†ูŠ ุงู„ุฃุดู‡ุจุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃุตุจุญ ููŠู…ุง ุจุนุฏ ูˆุงุญุฏู‹ุง ู…ู† ุฃู‡ู… ุงู„ุชุฑุจูˆูŠู‘ูŠู† ููŠ ูู„ุณุทูŠู†

ุชู†ูˆุนุช ุงู„ู…ุฌุงู„ุงุช ูˆุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุนุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุทุฑู‘ู‚ุช ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง ู…ุฌู„ู‘ุฉ ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุดุงุฑูƒ ุนุฏุฏ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุฑุจูˆูŠู‘ูŠู† ููŠ ูƒุชุงุจุชู‡ุงุŒ ูู…ุซู„ู‹ุงุŒ ูŠุนุฑุถ ูู‡ุฑุณ ุงู„ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู†ุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู…ู†ุฉ ุนุดุฑุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุฌู„ู‘ุฉุŒ ุงู„ุตุงุฏุฑ ุจุชุงุฑูŠุฎ 21 ุฃูŠู‘ุงุฑ 1938ุŒ ุนู†ุงูˆูŠู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุนุงุช ุงู„ุชุฑุจูˆูŠู‘ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชู†ูˆู‘ุนุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุถู…ู‘ู‡ุง ุงู„ุนุฏุฏุŒ ูˆุฃุณู…ุงุก ุงู„ุชุฑุจูˆูŠู‘ูŠู† ูˆุงู„ุฃุณุงุชุฐุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…ูŠู† ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠู‘ูŠู† ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุนู…ู„ูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุนุฏุงุฏ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏู‘ุŒ ูู†ุฑู‰ ุฃุณู…ุงุก ุฅุณุญู‚ ู…ูˆุณู‰ ุงู„ุญุณูŠู†ูŠุŒ ูˆุฃุญู…ุฏ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠูุฉุŒ ูˆู…ุญู…ู‘ุฏ ุนุจุฏ ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุงู„ุจุฑุบูˆุซูŠุŒ ูˆุฅุจุฑุงู‡ูŠู… ุณูƒูŠูƒุŒ ูˆุญุจูŠุจ ุงู„ุฎูˆุฑูŠุŒ ูˆุญุณู† ุงู„ูƒุฑู…ูŠุŒ ูˆุญุณู† ุนุฑูุงุชุŒ ูƒู…ุง ูŠุนูƒุณ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุนุฏุฏ ู…ุดุงุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฑุฃุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฌู„ู‘ุฉุŒ ุฅุฐ ู†ุฌุฏ ููŠู‡ ู…ู‚ุงู„ู‹ุง ู„ูˆุฏุงุฏ ุญุจูŠุจ ุงู„ุฎูˆุฑูŠ

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ุฎุชุงู…ู‹ุงุŒ ุญุงูˆู„ุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฅุถุงุกุฉ ุชุณู„ูŠุท ุงู„ุถูˆุก ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‘ุฉ ูˆู…ุฌู„ู‘ุชู‡ุงุŒ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุนุฑุถ ู†ู…ุงุฐุฌ ู…ู†ูˆู‘ุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุซุงุฆู‚ุŒ ุชู…ูƒู‘ู† ูุฑูŠู‚ ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ุงู„ุฃุฑุดูŠู ุงู„ุฑู‚ู…ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุฌู…ุนู‡ุง ูˆุฑู‚ู…ู†ุชู‡ุง ูˆุฃุฑุดูุชู‡ุง ูˆุฅุชุงุญุชู‡ุง ู„ู„ุฌู…ู‡ูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ูˆู‚ุน ุงู„ุฃุฑุดูŠู ุงู„ุฑู‚ู…ูŠุŒ ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุงุญุชูุงุก ุจูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุฃู‡ู…ู‘ ุงู„ุตุฑูˆุญ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠู‘ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุชุฑุจูˆูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู† ู„ู‡ุง ุฃุซุฑ ู…ู‡ู…ู‘ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู… ููŠ ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ุŒ ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุจุฏุก ุงู„ุนุงู… ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณูŠ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ููŠ ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆูŠูŽูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠ ูˆุงู„ุฌุงู…ุนูŠ

The Monthly Highlight

Learning from a Parallel Reality

Testimonies from the Palestinian Museum Digital Archive on Prisoners’ Experiences in the Struggle for In-prison Education

Palestinian political prisoners in Israeli occupation prisons have waged numerous successful struggles for their rights, the fruits of which are still enjoyed in the present day. Hunger strikes have been one of the most significant and effective forms of struggle, starting with wresting the right to access pen and paper. This type of resistance reached its peak in 1992 when prisoners succeeded in enabling collective learning; the process of education thus shifted from an individual endeavour to a collective one.

In our highlight for this month, we shed light on this educational struggle, by drawing upon archival materials from the Palestinian Museum Digital Archive (PMDA) that include letters exchanged between prisoners and their families and other documents showcasing their cultural and educational journey in prison.

Palestinian political prisoners adopted various educational methods to transform the concept of imprisonment from a space of oppression to a space of revolution, critical thought, and engagement with academic knowledge. They sought to develop a pedagogical ideology based on revolutionary foundations. Through researching our archive, we discovered numerous letters exchanged between prisoners in different sections requesting study books. Other letters were between prisoners and their students on the outside, expressing gratitude for their efforts. We even found letters addressed to committees advocating for detainees in their university-related affairs, among many other materials addressing the proceedings of academic and revolutionary instruction within prison walls.

The PMDA contains several examples that reflect this movement. A particularly representative example is a 2001 letter from prisoner Ismail Abu Saleem to prisoner Nael Al Barghouthi. In it, Abu Saleem requests Russian language books for the language course he was teaching in Nafha prison.

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A letter from Ismail Abu Saleem to Nael Al Barghouthi
ย in prison, 30 April 2001

Among the letters, there is also a message written by prisoner Ibrahim Nawahda to Nael Al Barghouthi in Ashkelon prison, entrusting him with delivering a doctoral certificate. He enclosed it with the letter to prisoner Dr Khaled Mardawi.

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A letter from Ibrahim Nawahda to Nael Al Barghouthi in Ashkelon Prison, Undated

The following document is a telegram sent in 1978 by the Mayor of Tulkarm to the Tulkarm military governor. In it, he demands that the Israeli occupation authorities allow detainees to take the Tawjihi exams (General Secondary Education Certification Examination) in Tulkarm prison.

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A Telegram Sent by the Mayor of Tulkarm to the Military Governor in Tulkarm, 16 January 1978

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Teacher-Prisoners played a large role in documenting the educational journey undertaken by their fellow prisoners. They created a sense of hope in learning, undermining the very concept of prison which fundamentally exists to break their determination.

The PMDA project timeline features also a letter from Amira Mekhwel and Hend Sakhnini to their teacher, prisoner Hussein Mhanna. Mhanna was arrested by the Israeli occupation in 1978 for his refusal to join the Israeli Reserve during the 1973 October War. In the letter, they express their regret for his absence from their school graduation.

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A Letter from Amira Mekhwel and Hend Sakhnini to Hussein Mhanna, 12 June 1978

Education in prisons transcended academic curricula, encompassing lectures on patriotic thought, the Palestinian revolution, and discussions about the correlation between national and social liberation, among other topics. One of these lectures was documented by an unnamed prisoner in a booklet entitled โ€˜The Cycle of Great Fighter Abu Hussein az-Zaree’i.โ€™

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The Cycle of Great Fighter Abu Hussein az-Zaree’i, a Prison Log, 2 May 1993

We also present two documents from the Hanna Nakkarah Collection: secondary school certificates issued by the General Examinations Committee in the West Bank. The first certificate is in the name of prisoner Ziad Asโ€™ad al-Safadi, and the second is in the name of Iyad al-Safadi, both of whom earned them in 1973 during their imprisonment in Nablus.

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A General Secondary Certificate in the name of Ziad Asโ€™ad al-Safadi, 1973

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A General Secondary Certificate in the name of Iyad al-Safadi, 1973

The Shaheed Omar al-Qasim made significant contributions to the practice of organisational and political instruction among Palestinian prisoners. Al-Qasim played a prominent role in transforming prisons into quasi-national academies by establishing courses, teaching English to fellow prisoners, and checking in with the Detainees Studies Follow-up Committee at Birzeit University, in the hope that he and other prisoners would be granted permission to apply for enrollment at the university.

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A Letter from the Detainees Studies Follow-up Committee to Omar al-Qasim’s Father, 22 May 1979

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A Letter from Birzeit University to Several Palestinian Prisoners, 29 August 1980

However, at that time Birzeit University did not accept the prisoners’ requests. Nevertheless, their determination to pursue education, whether through self-education or formal channels, persisted, and their efforts cultivated a revolutionary mindset of holding on to their right to education, despite the obstacles they faced.

โ€˜The party is over.โ€™ This was the purpose of the speech made by the Israeli Prime Minister in 2011 following the capture of Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit, marking the beginning of increased restrictions and the prohibition of formal education for prisoners. Consequently, the prison administration suspended the conduct of Tawjihi exams and the study programme offered by the Israeli Open University.

Even in the face of these challenges, the archive continues to bear witness to the achievements of both male and female prisoners’ efforts, as they utilise all available means to attain an education. Prisoner Zakaria Zubeidi is one of these, as he completed his master’s thesis โ€˜The Hunter and the Dragon: Fugitivity in the Palestinian Condition 1968-2018โ€™ while in prison. In 2022, this thesis was defended in absentia at Birzeit University, demonstrating the determination and resilience of Palestinian prisoners in their pursuit of knowledge.


ุงู„ุฅุถุงุกุฉ ุงู„ุดู‡ุฑูŠุฉ

ุงู„ุชุนู„ูู‘ู… ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฒูŠ

ุดู‡ุงุฏุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุดูŠู ุนู„ู‰ ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ุงู„ุฃุณุฑู‰ ููŠ ู…ุณูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู… ุงู„ู†ุถุงู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุณุฌูˆู†

ุณุทูŽู‘ุฑ ุงู„ุฃุณุฑู‰ ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠู‘ูˆู† ููŠ ุณุฌูˆู† ุงู„ุงุญุชู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูŠู„ูŠ ู†ุถุงู„ุงุช ุนุฏูŠุฏุฉุŒ ุชุญูˆู‘ู„ุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู†ุชุตุงุฑุงุช ู…ุง ุชุฒุงู„ ุชูู‚ุทู ุซู…ุงุฑู‡ุง ุญุชู‘ู‰ ูˆู‚ุชู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง. ูˆู‚ุฏ ุดูƒู‘ู„ ุงู„ุฅุถุฑุงุจ ุนู† ุงู„ุทุนุงู… ุฃุญุฏ ุฃู‡ู…ู‘ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ุถุงู„ุงุช ูˆุฃูƒุซุฑู‡ุง ูุนุงู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ููŠ ุงู†ุชุฒุงุน ุงู„ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุณุฌู†ุŒ ุจุฏุฃุช ุจุงู†ุชุฒุงุน ุญู‚ู‘ู‡ู… ููŠ ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุฑู‚ุฉ ูˆุงู„ู‚ู„ู…ุŒ ูˆูˆุตู„ุช ุฃูˆุฌู‡ุง ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุฅุถุฑุงุจ ุนู† ุงู„ุทุนุงู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฎุงุถู‡ ุงู„ุฃุณุฑู‰ ุนุงู… 1992ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุฌุญูˆุง -ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ู‡- ููŠ ุชู…ูƒูŠู† ุงู„ุฃุณุฑู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุนู„ู‘ู… ุจุดูƒู„ ุฌู…ุงุนูŠุŒ ูุงู†ุชู‚ู„ุช ุนู…ู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู… ู…ู† ุนู…ู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ูุฑุฏูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูŠุชู‚ุฏู‘ู… ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃุณุฑู‰ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุคุณู‘ุณุงุช ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู…ูŠู‘ุฉ ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ูู†ูุฑุฏุŒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุนู…ู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ุฌู…ุงุนูŠู‘ุฉ

ู†ุณู„ู‘ุทุŒ ููŠ ุฅุถุงุกุชู†ุง ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดู‡ุฑุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุณูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู… ุงู„ู†ุถุงู„ูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฎุงุถู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃุณุฑู‰ ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠู‘ูˆู† ููŠ ุณุฌูˆู† ุงู„ุงุญุชู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูŠู„ูŠุŒ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ู…ูˆุงุฏู‘ ุฃุฑุดูŠููŠู‘ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุดูŠู ุงู„ุฑู‚ู…ูŠ ู„ู„ู…ุชุญู ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠุŒ ูˆู…ู† ุจูŠู†ู‡ุง ุฑุณุงุฆู„ ุชุจุงุฏู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃุณุฑู‰ ู…ุน ุจุนุถู‡ู… ุฃูˆ ุฃู‡ู„ูŠู‡ู…ุŒ ูˆูˆุซุงุฆู‚ ุชุนุฑุถ ู…ุณูŠุฑุชู‡ู… ุงู„ุซู‚ุงููŠู‘ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู…ูŠู‘ุฉ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ู…ุนุชู‚ู„

ุงุชู‘ุจุน ุงู„ุฃุณุฑู‰ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุณุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู…ูŠู‘ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุณุฌูˆู† ุงู„ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูŠู„ูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ููŠ ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ู… ู„ุชุญูˆูŠู„ ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ุณุฌู† ู…ู† ุญูŠู‘ุฒ ู„ู„ู‚ู…ุน ุฅู„ู‰ ุญูŠู‘ุฒ ู„ู„ุซูˆุฑุฉ ูˆุงู„ููƒุฑ ูˆุงู„ุงู†ุฎุฑุงุท ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุงู„ุฃูƒุงุฏูŠู…ูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูŠูู…ูƒู‘ู†ู‡ู… ู…ู† ุฎู„ู‚ ููƒุฑ ุชุฑุจูˆูŠ ู…ุจู†ูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูุณูุณ ุซูˆุฑูŠู‘ุฉ. ูˆุนุจุฑ ุงู„ุจุญุซ ููŠ ุฃุฑุดูŠูู†ุงุŒ ู†ุฌุฏ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุณุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุจุงุฏู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃุณุฑู‰ ููŠ ู…ุฎุชู„ู ุงู„ุฃู‚ุณุงู… ู„ุทู„ุจ ูƒุชุจ ุฏุฑุงุณูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูˆุฑุณุงุฆู„ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุจูŠู† ุฃุณุฑู‰ ูˆุทู„ู‘ุงุจู‡ู… ู…ู† ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงู„ู…ูุนุชู‚ู„ุงุช ู„ุดูƒุฑู‡ู… ุนู„ู‰ ุฌู‡ูˆุฏู‡ู…ุŒ ุฃูˆ ุญุชู‘ู‰ ุฑุณุงุฆู„ ู„ู„ุฌุงู† ู…ุชุงุจุนุฉ ุงู„ู…ูุนุชู‚ู„ูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุงู…ุนุงุชุŒ ูˆุบูŠุฑู‡ุง ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏู‘ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชู†ุงูˆู„ ุนู…ู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุชุซู‚ูŠู ุงู„ุฃูƒุงุฏูŠู…ูŠ ูˆุงู„ุซูˆุฑูŠ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุฌุฏุฑุงู† ุงู„ู…ูุนุชู‚ู„

ย ูŠุถู…ู‘ ุงู„ุฃุฑุดูŠู ุงู„ุฑู‚ู…ูŠ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุซู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนูƒุณ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญุฑุงูƒ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุณุฌูˆู†ุŒ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุฃูƒุซุฑู‡ุง ุชู…ุซูŠู„ู‹ุง ุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุณูŠุฑ ุฅุณู…ุงุนูŠู„ ุฃุจูˆ ุณู„ูŠู… ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุณูŠุฑ ู†ุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุจุฑุบูˆุซูŠุŒ ุชุนูˆุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนุงู… 2001ุŒ ูŠุทู„ุจ ููŠู‡ุง ูƒุชุจู‹ุง ุชุนู„ูŠู…ูŠู‘ุฉ ู„ู„ู‘ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฑูˆุณูŠู‘ุฉ ูˆู‚ูˆุงุนุฏู‡ุงุ› ู„ูŠุณุชุนูŠู† ุจู‡ุง ููŠ ุฏูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‘ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฑูˆุณูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู† ูŠูุนุทูŠู‡ุง ู„ู„ุฃุณุฑู‰ ููŠ ุณุฌู† ู†ูุญุฉ

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ุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุณูŠุฑ ุฅุณู…ุงุนูŠู„ ุฃุจูˆ ุณู„ูŠู… ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุณูŠุฑ ู†ุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุจุฑุบูˆุซูŠุŒ 30 ู†ูŠุณุงู† 2001

ู…ู† ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฑุณุงุฆู„ุŒ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุงุŒ ุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ูƒุชุจู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃุณูŠุฑ ุฅุจุฑุงู‡ูŠู… ู†ูˆุงู‡ุถุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุณูŠุฑ ู†ุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุจุฑุบูˆุซูŠ ููŠ ุณุฌู† ุนุณู‚ู„ุงู†ุŒ ูŠููˆูƒู„ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ููŠู‡ุง ุชุณู„ูŠู… ุดู‡ุงุฏุฉ ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑุงู‡ุŒ ูƒุงู† ู‚ุฏ ุฃุฑูู‚ู‡ุง ู…ุน ุงู„ุฑุณุงู„ุฉุŒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุณูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ ุฎุงู„ุฏ ู…ุฑุฏุงูˆูŠ

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ุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุณูŠุฑ ุฅุจุฑุงู‡ูŠู… ู†ูˆุงู‡ุถุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุณูŠุฑ ู†ุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุจุฑุบูˆุซูŠ ููŠ ุณุฌู† ุนุณู‚ู„ุงู†

ุฃู…ู‘ุง ุงู„ูˆุซูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠุฉุŒ ูู‡ูŠ ุจุฑู‚ูŠู‘ุฉ ุฃุฑุณู„ู‡ุง ุฑุฆูŠุณ ุจู„ุฏูŠู‘ุฉ ุทูˆู„ูƒุฑู… ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญุงูƒู… ุงู„ุนุณูƒุฑูŠ ููŠ ุทูˆู„ูƒุฑู… ุนุงู… 1978ุŒ ูŠุทุงู„ุจ ููŠู‡ุง ุณู„ุทุงุช ุงู„ุงุญุชู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูŠู„ูŠ ุจุงู„ุณู…ุงุญ ู„ู„ู…ูุนุชู‚ู„ูŠู† ุจุชุฃุฏูŠุฉ ุงู…ุชุญุงู† ุงู„ุซุงู†ูˆูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุนุงู…ู‘ุฉ ููŠ ุณุฌู† ุทูˆู„ูƒุฑู…

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ุจุฑู‚ูŠู‘ุฉ ู…ุฑุณู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุฑุฆูŠุณ ุจู„ุฏูŠู‘ุฉ ุทูˆู„ูƒุฑู… ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญุงูƒู… ุงู„ุนุณูƒุฑูŠ ููŠ ุทูˆู„ูƒุฑู…ุŒ 16 ูƒุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ 1978

ู„ู„ุฃุณูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ู… ุญุตู‘ุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ููŠ ุชูˆุซูŠู‚ ุงู„ู…ุณูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู…ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฎุงุถู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃุณุฑู‰ุŒ ูˆุฎู„ู‚ ุงู„ุฃู…ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูู‘ู… ูƒุณุฑู‹ุง ู„ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ุณุฌู†ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃููˆุฌุฏ ุฃุณุงุณู‹ุง ู„ูƒุณุฑ ุงู„ุนุฒูŠู…ุฉ. ุถู…ู† ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ุงู„ุฃุฑุดูŠู ุงู„ุฑู‚ู…ูŠุŒ ุนุซุฑู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุฃู…ูŠุฑุฉ ู…ุฎู‘ูˆู„ ูˆู‡ู†ุฏ ุณุฎู†ูŠู†ูŠุŒ ุฃุฑุณู„ุชุงู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุนู„ู‘ู…ู‡ู…ุง ุงู„ุฃุณูŠุฑ ุญุณูŠู† ู…ู‡ู†ู‘ุงุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุงุนุชู‚ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุงุญุชู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูŠู„ูŠย ุนุงู… 1978ุŒ ุจุณุจุจ ุฑูุถู‡ ุงู„ู…ุดุงุฑูƒุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌูŠุด ุงู„ุงุญุชูŠุงุทูŠ ุงู„ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูŠู„ูŠ ููŠ ุญุฑุจ ุฃูƒุชูˆุจุฑ ุนุงู… 1973ุŒ ุชุนุจู‘ุฑุงู† ููŠู‡ุง ุนู† ุฃุณูู‡ู…ุง ู„ุนุฏู… ุชูˆุงุฌุฏู‡ ุฃุซู†ุงุก ุญุตูˆู„ู‡ู…ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุดู‡ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฏุฑุณุฉ

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ุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุฃู…ูŠุฑุฉ ู…ุฎู‘ูˆู„ ูˆู‡ู†ุฏ ุณุฎู†ูŠู†ูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุณูŠู† ู…ู‡ู†ู‘ุงุŒ 12 ุญุฒูŠุฑุงู† 1978

ู„ู… ูŠู‚ุชุตุฑ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู… ููŠ ุงู„ุณุฌูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุชุนู„ูŠู… ุงู„ู…ู†ุงู‡ุฌ ุงู„ุฃูƒุงุฏูŠู…ูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ุจู„ ุชุนุฏู‘ุงู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุญุงุถุฑุงุช ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ููƒุฑ ุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠ ูˆุงู„ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูˆู†ู‚ุงุดุงุช ุนู† ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชุญุฑู‘ุฑ ุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠ ุจุงู„ุชุญุฑู‘ุฑ ุงู„ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠุŒ ูˆุบูŠุฑู‡ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุถูŠุน ุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠู‘ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠู‘ุฉ. ุฅุญุฏู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุญุงุถุฑุงุช ูƒุงู† ู‚ุฏ ูˆุซู‘ู‚ู‡ุง ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุฃุณุฑู‰ ููŠ ูƒูุฑู‘ุงุณุฉ ุจุนู†ูˆุงู† “ุฏูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุถู„ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑ ุฃุจูˆ ุญุณูŠู† ุงู„ุฒุฑูŠุนูŠ”

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“ุฏูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุถู„ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑ ุฃุจูˆ ุญุณูŠู† ุงู„ุฒุฑูŠุนูŠ”ุŒ ุตูุญุฉ ู…ู† ูƒูุฑู‘ุงุณุฉ ุณุฌู†ุŒ 1993

ู†ุนุฑุถ ู„ูƒู…ุŒ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุงุŒ ูˆุซูŠู‚ุชูŽูŠู† ู…ู† ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุญู†ู‘ุง ู†ู‚ู‘ุงุฑุฉุŒ ู‡ู…ุง ุดู‡ุงุฏุชุงู† ู„ู„ุซุงู†ูˆูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุนุงู…ู‘ุฉุŒ ุตุฏุฑุชุง ุนู† ู„ุฌู†ุฉ ุงู„ุงู…ุชุญุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ุนุงู…ู‘ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุถูู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุบุฑุจูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ุจุงุณู… ุงู„ุฃุณูŠุฑ ุฒูŠุงุฏ ุญุณู† ุงู„ุตูุฏูŠุŒ ูˆุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ุจุงุณู… ุฅูŠุงุฏ ุงู„ุตูุฏูŠุŒ ูƒุงู†ุง ู‚ุฏ ุญุตู„ุง ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุฎู„ุงู„ ูุชุฑุฉ ุงุนุชู‚ุงู„ู‡ู…ุง ููŠ ุณุฌู† ู†ุงุจู„ุณ ุนุงู… 1973

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ุดู‡ุงุฏุฉ ุซุงู†ูˆูŠุฉ ุนุงู…ุฉ ุจุงุณู… ุฒูŠุงุฏ ุงุณุนุฏ ุงู„ุตูุฏูŠุŒ 1973

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ุดู‡ุงุฏุฉ ุซุงู†ูˆูŠุฉ ุนุงู…ุฉ ุจุงุณู… ุฅูŠุงุฏ ุงู„ุตูุฏูŠุŒ 1973

ุณุงู‡ู… ุงู„ุดู‡ูŠุฏ ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ู‚ุงุณู… ููŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุชุซู‚ูŠู ุงู„ุชู†ุธูŠู…ูŠ ูˆุงู„ุณูŠุงุณูŠุŒ ูˆูƒุงู† ู„ู‡ ุฏูˆุฑ ุจุงุฑุฒ ููŠ ุชุญูˆูŠู„ ุงู„ุณุฌูˆู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃูƒุงุฏูŠู…ูŠู‘ุงุช ูˆุทู†ูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ุนุจุฑ ุฅู‚ุงู…ุฉ ุฏูˆุฑุงุช ุฃูƒุงุฏูŠู…ูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูˆุชุฏุฑูŠุณ ุงู„ุฃุณุฑู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‘ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ู…ุชุงุจุนุฉ ู…ุน ู„ุฌู†ุฉ ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงู„ู…ูุนุชู‚ู„ูŠู† ููŠ ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ุจูŠุฑุฒูŠุชุŒ ุฃู…ู„ู‹ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุณู…ุงุญ ู„ู‡ ูˆู„ู„ุฃุณุฑู‰ ุงู„ุชู‚ุฏู‘ู… ุจุทู„ุจ ู„ู„ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ

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ุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู…ุคุฑู‘ุฎุฉ ููŠ 22 ุฃูŠู‘ุงุฑ 1979ุŒ ุฃุฑุณู„ุชู‡ุง ู„ุฌู†ุฉ ู…ุชุงุจุนุฉ ุงู„ู…ูุนุชู‚ู„ูŠู† ููŠ ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ุจูŠุฑุฒูŠุช ุฅู„ู‰ ูˆุงู„ุฏ ุงู„ุฃุณูŠุฑ ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ู‚ุงุณู…ุŒ ูˆููŠู‡ุง ุชุทู„ุจ ู…ู†ู‡ ุชุฒูˆูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ุจุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃูˆุฑุงู‚ ุงู„ู„ู‘ุงุฒู…ุฉ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุงุณุชูƒู…ุงู„ ุทู„ุจ ุงู„ุชุญุงู‚ ุงู„ุฃุณูŠุฑ ุนู…ุฑ ุจุงู„ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ

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ุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ุฃุฑุณู„ุชู‡ุง ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ุจูŠุฑุฒูŠุช ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุณุฑู‰ุŒ ูˆู…ู† ุถู…ู†ู‡ู… ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ู‚ุงุณู…ุŒ ุจุชุงุฑูŠุฎ 29 ุขุจ 1980

ุฅู„ู‘ุง ุฃู†ู‘ ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ุจูŠุฑุฒูŠุช ู„ู… ุชู‚ุจู„ ุทู„ุจ ุงู„ุฃุณุฑู‰ ููŠ ุญูŠู†ู‡ุŒ ู„ูƒู†ู‘ ุฌู‡ูˆุฏู‡ู… ู„ู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู… ุงู„ุฃูƒุงุฏูŠู…ูŠุŒ ุณูˆุงุก ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฑุณู…ูŠุŒ ุงุณุชู…ุฑู‘ุชุŒ ูˆุฃุซู…ุฑุช ููƒุฑู‹ุง ุซูˆุฑูŠู‹ู‘ุง ู…ุชู…ุณู‘ูƒู‹ุง ุจุญู‚ู‘ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู… ุจุงู„ุฑุบู… ู…ู† ุงู„ุตุนูˆุจุงุช ูˆุงู„ุชุถูŠูŠู‚ุงุช

“ุงู„ุญูู„ุฉ ุงู†ุชู‡ุช”ุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู…ูุงุฏ ุฎุทุงุจ ุฑุฆูŠุณ ุงู„ุญูƒูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูŠู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ุนุงู… 2011ุŒ ุจุนุฏ ุฃุณุฑ ุงู„ุฌู†ุฏูŠ ุงู„ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูŠู„ูŠ ุฌู„ุนุงุฏ ุดุงู„ูŠุทุŒ ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจุฏุก ุจุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุชุถูŠูŠู‚ ูˆู…ู†ุน ุชุนู„ูŠู… ุงู„ุฃุณุฑู‰ ุงู„ุฑุณู…ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุณุฌูˆู†. ูˆุจู†ุงุก ุนู„ูŠู‡ุŒ ุฃูˆู‚ูุช ุฅุฏุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ุณุฌูˆู† ุจุฑู†ุงู…ุฌ ุชู‚ุฏูŠู… ุงู…ุชุญุงู† ุงู„ุซุงู†ูˆูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุนุงู…ู‘ุฉ ูˆุจุฑู†ุงู…ุฌ ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ุงู„ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูŠู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ู…ูุชูˆุญุฉุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‘ู†ุง ู…ุง ุฒู„ู†ุง ู†ุดู‡ุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุซู…ุงุฑ ุฌู‡ูˆุฏ ุงู„ุฃุณุฑู‰ ูˆุงู„ุฃุณูŠุฑุงุช ููŠ ุชุณุฎูŠุฑ ุงู„ุทุฑู‚ ุงู„ู…ุชุงุญุฉ ุฌู…ูŠุนู‡ุง ู„ุฅูƒู…ุงู„ ุชุนู„ูŠู…ู‡ู…ุŒ ููƒุงู† ู…ู†ู‡ู… ุงู„ุฃุณูŠุฑ ุฒูƒุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุฒุจูŠุฏูŠุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ู‰ ูƒุชุงุจุฉ ุฑุณุงู„ุชู‡ ุงู„ู…ุงุฌุณุชูŠุฑ ูˆู‡ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุณุฑุŒ ูˆู†ูˆู‚ุดุช ุบูŠุงุจูŠู‹ู‘ุง ููŠ ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ุจูŠุฑุฒูŠุช ุนุงู… 2022

The Monthly Highlight

Holiday Moments in the Palestinian Museum Digital Archive

Palestinian archives, much like Palestinians themselves, are full of moments of joy and pain; they cultivate the Palestinian, who grieves and cheers and finds an oasis of hope in despair. Through this scope, this highlight sheds light on Easter and Eid al-Fitr, the upcoming holidays that bring with them happy repose in Palestine.

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Members of the Kanaโ€™na Family during Eid

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Members of the Jeries Family on Easter

This year Lent, preceding Easter, coincides with the fasting of Ramadan, preceding Eid al-Fitr. During both, people exchange greetings, make Kaโ€™k (Eid cookies), and organise religious and celebratory activities. They take smiling photographs, which stash their cheer and are kept as souvenirs. The two photographs above are examples of this; one shows a gathering of the Kanaโ€™na family on Eid, while the other shows the members of the Jeries Family on Easter. The two families have kept these photographs, to now be shown through the Palestinian Museum Digital Archive (PMDA) which reflects our social and religious history back to us.

The photographs of children during Eid activities allow us to practically hear their carefree laughter. The following photograph, which was taken at the Ein el-Hilweh Palestinian Refugee Camp in 2001, is of Palestinian children riding in an open car and cheering as if they were at an amusement park.

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Eid Activities at the Ein el-Hilweh Palestinian Refugee Camp, 2001

The days and nights preceding holidays are filled with glee as families embrace each other at the dinner table, exchanging plates with their neighbours with goodwill. They gather to pray at churches and mosques, or attend scout shows and plays. Such days do not pass without the photographs exchanged among friends and families, including this photograph of the Nasrawi Family children taken in 1961, sent to their relative Samaan Shaโ€™rawi. In it, the children hold palm branches to mark Palm Sunday, which precedes Easter and commemorates Jesus Christ entering Jerusalem.

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Children from the Nasrawi Family on Palm Sunday, the 1960s

In the following photographs, the camera shows a part of a whole. On a Ramadan evening in 2010, artist Adel Tartir Ramallah was surrounded by children who followed his shows with their hearts and eyes. In the second photograph, young men and women assembled to perform a scout show on Holy Saturday in 1955 preceding Easter, one of those activities which give an engaging dimension to the holidays.

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Adel Tartir during a Ramadan Evening, 2010

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A Scouts Performance on Holy Saturday, 1955                 

The holidays of those away, willingly or not, are another matter. Friends and families share greeting cards in a scenery of joy mixed with anguish and longing. A brother abroad would send his brother holiday greetings with photographs of his children, while a prisoner would write to his family missing them, and his family would answer him in a letter overflowing with wishes to see him and for him to find freedom.

PMDA includes a letter from prisoner Hisham al-Halawani to his wife Waela al-Halawani in 1984, as chains forbade their meeting. He wrote Eid greetings to her, speaking of how Eid means different things amongst students, workers, and freedom fighters; he described the latter as โ€˜freeing his nation from the tyranny of colonisation and oppression.โ€™

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A Letter from Prisoner Hisham al-Halawani to His Wife Waela al-Halawani, 1984

Eid greetings are not only exchanged between a prisoner and their family but also among prisoners themselves. Prisoners Firas Jarrar and Alaaโ€™ddin abu Khadr wrote a letter to prisoner Nael al-Barghouthi with Eid al-Fitr greetings in 1998, along with their wishes that next Eid, he will be surrounded by his family and loved ones. These encouragements attempt to bring some joy amongst loss, longing, and shackles, in defiance of those who try to hide or quell this joy.

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A Letter to Prisoner Nael al-Barghouthi from Prisoners Firas Jarrar and Alaaโ€™ddin abu Khadr, Askalan Prison, 1998

The exchange of greetings reaches social circles broader than family and friends, such as a student sending his Eid greetings to his teacher after graduation. PMDA thus includes several letters addressed to Salameh Khalil, the director of the Teachersโ€™ Training Centre in Ramallah, by his students. Those letters included one from his student Abderrahman al-Misht from his workplace in Saudi Arabia, which he begins by sending Eid al-Fitr greetings; he then thanks him for his efforts and the late nights he spent. You can only imagine Khalilโ€™s happiness and how he spent his Eid receiving greeting letters from his students, especially when he read al-Mishtโ€™s description of his advice as โ€˜an efficient medicine that heals ailment when applied.โ€™

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A Letter from Abderrahman al-Misht to Salameh Khalil, 1966

The faces of holidays and their cheer in Palestinian archives not only include letters, photographs, and gifts, but diaries as well. Such diaries speak, besides regular day-to-day matters, of remembrance of loved ones stolen by death. As such, Khalil Sakakini wrote in one of his diaries on the Holy Saturday of 1941: โ€˜Today is Holy Saturday. My sister Milia and I left for the cemetery, we spread flowers and shed tears.โ€™

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Khalil Sakakiniโ€™s Diaries on Holy Saturday, 1941

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From the Top of a Grave in the Ein el-Hilweh Palestinian Refugee Camp on Eid, 2001

Fadeyyeh Darabe wrote much of the month of Ramadan and its religious practices in her diaries. On  December 6 2001, she wrote about having Iftaar with a group of women, followed by Tarawih prayer and going home; on the following day, she wrote about having an acquaintance for Iftaar at her house. Such was her Ramadan daily routine recorded.

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A Page from the Fadeyyeh Darabe Diaries, 2001

In the shadow of the occupation, our joy, prayers, and holidays are never complete, because the occupier makes it their mission to assail churches and mosques and murder those celebrating. Newspapers told of the blood of the fallen; Attaliโ€™ah Newspaper in 1988 wrote of the Shuhada and wounded of the Intifada during the days of Eid al-Fitr. Joyful Eid activities instead became visits to the families of martyrs and wounded, demonstrations, religious rituals, and too many bitter coffees.

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Issue 533 of Attaliโ€™ah Newspaper, 19 May 1988

Despite these painful circumstances, we Palestinians are overjoyed every time Eid peeks at us, as children in the streets or during events laugh with full hearts, healing our wounds with their words and their giggles, while we watch them and live Eid through their eyes.

Nary a Palestinian home is empty of Eid photographs, greeting cards, or letters, kept by the people to mark their longing and their joy when they receive their words and photographs. All of this is a part of the living Palestinian memory and their archives, which are rich with diverse and interconnecting aspects of life. Such archives are a wealthy source for researchers, historians, sociologists, artists, and others to replay the life of Palestinians, individually and collectively, guaranteeing the continuation of those lives, present and future.

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Children Cheering on Eid in the Ein el-Hilweh Palestinian Refugee Camp, 2001

ุงู„ุฅุถุงุกุฉ ุงู„ุดู‡ุฑูŠุฉ

ู…ุญุทู‘ุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุนูŠุงุฏ

ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุฑุดูŠู ุงู„ุฑู‚ู…ูŠ ู„ู„ู…ุชุญู ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠ

ุชุฒุฎุฑู ุฃุฑุดูŠูุงุช ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠู‘ูŠู†ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุญูŠูˆุงุชู‡ู…ุŒ ุจู…ุญุทุงุช ู…ุฎุชู„ุทุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ูุฑุญ ูˆุงู„ุฃู„ู…ุŒ ุดูƒูŽู‘ู„ุช ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุญุฒู† ุญุฏูŽู‘ ุงู„ุญุฒู† ูˆูŠูุฑุญ ุญุฏูŽู‘ ุงู„ูุฑุญุŒ ู„ูƒู†ู‘ู‡ ูŠุฌุฏ ูุณุญุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู…ู„ ู…ู‡ู…ุง ุจู„ุบุช ุขู„ุงู…ู‡. ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฅุทุงุฑุŒ ุฌุงุกุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฅุถุงุกุฉ ู„ุชุณู„ูู‘ุท ุงู„ุถูˆุก ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุนูŠุงุฏ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนุฏูู‘ ู…ุญุทู‘ุฉ ุญุงูู„ุฉ ุจุงู„ุณูŽู‘ุนุงุฏุงุช ููŠ ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ุŒ ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุจู…ู†ุงุณุจุฉ ุญู„ูˆู„ ุนูŠุฏูŠ ุงู„ูุตุญ ุงู„ู…ุฌูŠุฏ ูˆุงู„ูุทุฑ ุงู„ู…ุจุงุฑูƒ.

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                ุฃูุฑุงุฏ ู…ู† ุนุงุฆู„ุฉ ุงู„ูƒู†ุงุนู†ุฉ ูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุนูŠุฏ                          

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               ุฃูุฑุงุฏ ู…ู† ุนุงุฆู„ุฉ ุฌุฑูŠุณ ููŠ ุนูŠุฏ ุงู„ูุตุญ

ูŠุตุงุฏู ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุนุงู… ุงู„ุชู‚ุงุก ู…ูˆุนุฏ ุตูˆู… ุงู„ุฃุฑุจุนูŠู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุณุจู‚ ุนูŠุฏ ุงู„ูุตุญุŒ ู…ุน ู…ูˆุนุฏ ุตูˆู… ุดู‡ุฑ ุฑู…ุถุงู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุณุจู‚ ุนูŠุฏ ุงู„ูุทุฑุŒ ุญูŠุซ ูŠุชุจุงุฏู„ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ููŠู‡ู…ุง ุงู„ุชู‡ุงู†ูŠุŒ ูˆูŠุตู†ุนูˆู† ูƒุนูƒ ุงู„ุนูŠุฏุŒ ูˆุชูู†ุธูŽู‘ู… ุงู„ูุนุงู„ูŠุงุช ุงู„ุฏูŠู†ูŠู‘ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุงุญุชูุงู„ูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ุซู…ู‘ ูŠู„ุชู‚ุทูˆู† ู„ุถุญูƒุงุชู‡ู… ุตูˆุฑู‹ุง ุชุฐูƒุงุฑูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูˆูŠุฎุจู‘ุฆูˆู† ุณุนุงุฏุชู‡ู… ููŠู‡ุงุŒ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุชูŽูŠู† ุฃุนู„ุงู‡ุŒ ูููŠ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ุงุฌุชู…ุน ุฃูุฑุงุฏ ุนุงุฆู„ุฉ ุงู„ูƒู†ุงุนู†ุฉ ููŠ ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุฃุนูŠุงุฏุŒ ูˆููŠ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ุฃูุฑุงุฏ ุนุงุฆู„ุฉ ุฌุฑูŠุณ ููŠ ุนูŠุฏ ุงู„ูุตุญุŒ ูˆุงุญุชูุธุช ุงู„ุนุงุฆู„ุชุงู† ุจุงู„ุตูˆุฑุชูŽูŠู† ู„ุชูƒูˆู†ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุถู…ู† ุฃุฑุดูŠู ู†ุณุชู‚ุฑุฆู ุนุจุฑู‡ ุชุงุฑูŠุฎู†ุง ุงู„ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠ ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠู†ูŠ.

               ู„ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ููŠ ูุนุงู„ูŠู‘ุงุช ุงู„ุนูŠุฏ ุญุตู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุณุนุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฃูƒุจุฑุŒ ุฅุฐ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุณู…ุงุน ุถุญูƒุงุชู‡ู… ุงู„ุทููˆู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ุนุจุฑู‡ุงุŒ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุงู„ุชูู‚ุทุช ููŠ ู…ุฎูŠู‘ู… ุนูŠู† ุงู„ุญู„ูˆุฉ ุนุงู… 2001ุŒ ู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠู‘ูŠู† ูŠุฑูƒุจูˆู† ุณูŠู‘ุงุฑุฉ ู…ูƒุดูˆูุฉ ุงู„ุฌูˆุงู†ุจุŒ ูˆูŠู…ุฑุญูˆู†

ูƒุฃู†ู‘ู‡ู… ููŠ ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุฃู„ุนุงุจ.  

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ูุนุงู„ูŠู‘ุงุช ุงู„ุนูŠุฏ ููŠ ู…ุฎูŠู‘ู… ุนูŠู† ุงู„ุญู„ูˆุฉุŒ 2001

ูŠุญุถุฑ ุงู„ูุฑุญ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃูŠุงู… ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุณุจู‚ ุงู„ุฃุนูŠุงุฏุŒ ุญูŠุซ ุชุชุญู„ู‘ู‚ ุงู„ุนุงุฆู„ุงุช ู‚ุฑุจ ุจุนุถู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ู…ูˆุงุฆุฏ ุงู„ุทุนุงู…ุŒ ูˆูŠุชุจุงุฏู„ูˆู† ู…ุน ุฌูŠุฑุงู†ู‡ู… ุฃุทุจุงู‚ู‹ุง ู…ุบู„ูŽู‘ูุฉ ุจุงู„ูˆุฏูู‘ุŒ ูˆูŠุฌุชู…ุนูˆู† ู„ู„ุตู„ุงุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒู†ุงุฆุณ ูˆุงู„ู…ุณุงุฌุฏุŒ ุฃูˆ ู„ุญุถูˆุฑ ุนุฑูˆุถ ูƒุดููŠู‘ุฉ ูˆู…ุณุฑุญูŠู‘ุงุช ููŠ ุฃู…ุณูŠุงุช ู…ู…ูŠู‘ุฒุฉุŒ ูˆู„ุง ูŠุฎู„ูˆ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ุชุฐูƒุงุฑูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชุจุงุฏู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃู‚ุงุฑุจ ูˆุงู„ุฃุญุจุงุจุŒ ูˆู…ู†ู‡ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุงู„ุชูู‚ุทุช ุนุงู… 1961 ู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ุนุงุฆู„ุฉ ู†ุตุฑุงูˆูŠุŒ ุซู…ู‘ ุฃูุฑุณู„ุช ุฅู„ู‰ ู‚ุฑูŠุจู‡ู… ุณู…ุนุงู† ุงู„ุดุนุฑุงูˆูŠุŒ ูˆู‡ู… ูŠุญู…ู„ูˆู† ุณุนู ุงู„ู†ุฎูŠู„ ููŠ ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุดุนุงู†ูŠู†ุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุณุจู‚ ุนูŠุฏ ุงู„ูุตุญุŒ ุฅุญูŠุงุกู‹ ู„ุฐูƒุฑู‰ ุฏุฎูˆู„ ุงู„ุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ู…ุณูŠุญ ุฅู„ู‰ ุจูŠุช ุงู„ู…ู‚ุฏุณ.  

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ุฃุทูุงู„ ู…ู† ุนุงุฆู„ุฉ ู†ุตุฑุงูˆูŠ ููŠ ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุดุนุงู†ูŠู†ุŒ ุณุชูŠู†ูŠู‘ุงุช ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ุนุดุฑูŠู†

               ุฃู…ู‘ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุชูŽูŠู† ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠุชูŽูŠู†ุŒ ููŠุธู‡ุฑ ุจุนุถูŒ ู…ู† ูƒู„ูู‘ ู„ู… ุชุญุท ุจู‡ ุนุฏุณุงุช ุงู„ูƒุงู…ูŠุฑุงุชุŒ ูููŠ ุฅุญุฏู‰ ุงู„ุฃู…ุณูŠุงุช ุงู„ุฑู…ุถุงู†ูŠู‘ุฉ ุนุงู… 2010ุŒ ุงุฌุชู…ุน ุงู„ู…ุณุฑุญูŠ ุนุงุฏู„ ุงู„ุชุฑุชูŠุฑ ููŠ ุฑุงู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู…ุน ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุชุญู„ู‘ู‚ูˆุง ุญูˆู„ู‡ ูˆุชุงุจุนูˆุง ุนุฑุถู‡ ุจู‚ู„ูˆุจู‡ู… ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุนูŠูˆู†ุŒ ููŠ ุญูŠู† ุงุฌุชู…ุน ุงู„ูุชูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ุฃุฏุงุก ุนุฑุถ ูƒุดููŠ ุนุงู… 1995 ุจู…ู†ุงุณุจุฉ ุณุจุช ุงู„ู†ูˆุฑุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุณุจู‚ ุนูŠุฏ ุงู„ูุตุญุŒ ุฅุฐ ุชุฌุนู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูุนุงู„ูŠู‘ุงุช ู„ู„ุนูŠุฏ ุทุนู…ู‹ุง ุขุฎุฑ

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ุนุงุฏู„ ุงู„ุชุฑุชูŠุฑ ููŠ ุฅุญุฏู‰ ุงู„ุฃู…ุณูŠุงุช ุงู„ุฑู…ุถุงู†ูŠู‘ุฉุŒ 2010         

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                 ุนุฑุถ ูƒุดููŠ ุจู…ู†ุงุณุจุฉ ุณุจุช ุงู„ู†ูˆุฑุŒ 1995

ู‡ุฐุง ุดุฃู† ุฃุนูŠุงุฏ ุงู„ุญุงุถุฑูŠู†ุŒ ุฃู…ุง ุฃุนูŠุงุฏ ุงู„ุบุงุฆุจูŠู† ูˆุงู„ู…ุบูŠู‘ุจูŠู† ูู„ู‡ุง ุดุฃู† ุขุฎุฑุŒ ุญูŠุซ ูŠุชุจุงุฏู„ ุงู„ุฃู‚ุงุฑุจ ูˆุงู„ุฃุญุจุงุจ ููŠ ุงู„ุนูŠุฏ ุงู„ู‡ุฏุงูŠุง ูˆุจุทุงู‚ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุนุงูŠุฏุฉุŒ ููŠ ู…ุดู‡ุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณุนุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุบุงู…ุฑุฉ ุฃูˆ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ุทุฉ ุจุงู„ู„ู‘ูˆุนุฉ ูˆุงู„ุดูˆู‚ุŒ ูุงู„ุฃุฎ ูŠุฑุงุณู„ ุฃุฎุงู‡ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุบูŠู‘ุจุชู‡ ุงู„ุบุฑุจุฉ ูˆูŠู‡ู†ู‘ุฆู‡ ุจุงู„ุนูŠุฏ ู…ุฑุณู„ู‹ุง ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ุตูˆุฑ ุฃุทูุงู„ู‡ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฃุณูŠุฑ ูŠูƒุชุจ ู„ุนุงุฆู„ุชู‡ ู…ู‡ู†ู‘ุฆู‹ุง ุฅูŠู‘ุงู‡ู… ูˆู…ุนุจู‘ุฑู‹ุง ุนู† ุดูˆู‚ู‡ ูˆุชูˆู‚ู‡ ู„ุฑุคูŠุชู‡ู…ุŒ ูˆุชุจุงุฏู„ู‡ ุฃุณุฑุชู‡ ุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู…ู„ูŠุฆุฉ ุจุฃู…ู†ูŠุงุช ู„ู‚ุงุฆู‡ ูˆุงุฌุชู…ุงุนู‡ ุจุญุฑู‘ูŠุชู‡.

               ูŠุชุถู…ู‘ู† ุฃุฑุดูŠูู†ุง ุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ุฃุฑุณู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃุณูŠุฑ ู‡ุดุงู… ุงู„ุญู„ูˆุงู†ูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฒูˆุฌุชู‡ ูˆุงุฆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุญู„ูˆุงู†ูŠ ุนุงู… 1984ุŒ ูˆู‚ุฏ ุญุงู„ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุฏ ุฏูˆู† ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนู‡ู…ุงุŒ ููƒุชุจ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง ูŠู‡ู†ู‘ุฆู‡ุง ุจุงู„ุนูŠุฏ ู…ุชุญุฏู‘ุซู‹ุง ุนู† ุงุฎุชู„ุงู ู…ุนุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ุนูŠุฏ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุทุงู„ุจ ูˆุงู„ุนุงู…ู„ ูˆุงู„ู…ู†ุงุถู„ุŒ ูˆุงุตูู‹ุง ุนูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑ ุจุฃู†ู‘ู‡: “ุชุญุฑูŠุฑ ุฃู…ู‘ุชู‡ ู…ู† ู†ูŠุฑ ุงู„ุงุณุชุนู…ุงุฑ ูˆุงู„ุงุถุทู‡ุงุฏ”

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ุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุณูŠุฑ ู‡ุดุงู… ุงู„ุญู„ูˆุงู†ูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฒูˆุฌุชู‡ ูˆุงุฆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุญู„ูˆุงู†ูŠุŒ 1984

               ู„ุง ูŠู‚ุชุตุฑ ุชุจุงุฏู„ ุงู„ุชู‡ุงู†ูŠ ุจุงู„ุฃุนูŠุงุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุณูŠุฑ ูˆุฐูˆูŠู‡ุŒ ุจู„ ูŠู…ุชุฏู‘ ู„ูŠูƒูˆู† ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฃุณุฑู‰ ุฃู†ูุณู‡ู…ุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ูุนู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฃุณูŠุฑุงู† ูุฑุงุณ ุฌุฑุงุฑ ูˆุนู„ุงุก ุงู„ุฏูŠู† ุฃุจูˆ ุฎุถุฑุŒ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูƒุชุจุง ู„ู„ุฃุณูŠุฑ ู†ุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุจุฑุบูˆุซูŠ ุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ุชู‡ู†ุฆุฉ ุจุนูŠุฏ ุงู„ูุทุฑ ุนุงู… 1998ุŒ ู…ุน ุฃู…ู†ูŠุฉ ุจุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนูŠุฏู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู… ุจูŠู† ุฃู‡ู„ู‡ ูˆุฃุญุจุงุจู‡ุŒ ููŠ ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ู…ุง ู„ุงุณุชุญุถุงุฑ ุจุนุถ ู…ู† ุงู„ูุฑุญุŒ ูˆุฅู† ูƒุงู† ู…ุบู…ูˆุณู‹ุง ุจูู‚ุฏ ุฃูˆ ุงุดุชูŠุงู‚ ุฃูˆ ู‚ูŠุฏุŒ ุฃูˆ ู…ุนุฌูˆู†ู‹ุง ุจุงู„ุชุญุฏู‘ูŠ ููŠ ูˆุฌู‡ ู…ู† ูŠุญุงูˆู„ูˆู† ุทู…ุณู‡ ุฃูˆ ู‚ุชู„ู‡.

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ุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุณูŠุฑ ู†ุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุจุฑุบูˆุซูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุณูŠุฑูŽูŠู† ูุฑุงุณ ุฌุฑุงุฑ ูˆุนู„ุงุก ุงู„ุฏูŠู† ุฃุจูˆ ุฎุถุฑุŒ ุณุฌู† ุนุณู‚ู„ุงู†ุŒ 1998

ูŠู…ุชุฏูู‘ ุชุจุงุฏู„ ุงู„ุชู‡ุงู†ูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญู„ู‚ุงุช ู…ุฌุชู…ุนูŠู‘ุฉ ุฃูˆุณุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู‡ู„ ูˆุงู„ุฃู‚ุงุฑุจ ูˆุงู„ุฃุตุฏู‚ุงุกุŒ ูู…ุซู„ู‹ุง ูŠู‡ู†ู‘ุฆ ุงู„ุทุงู„ุจ ู…ุนู„ู‘ู…ู‡ ุจุงู„ุนูŠุฏ ุญุชู‰ ุจุนุฏ ุชุฎุฑู‘ุฌู‡. ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุณูŠุงู‚ุŒ ูŠุชุถู…ู‘ู† ุฃุฑุดูŠูู†ุง ุนุฏู‘ุฉ ุฑุณุงุฆู„ ุชู„ู‚ู‘ุงู‡ุง ุณู„ุงู…ุฉ ุฎู„ูŠู„ุŒ ู…ุฏูŠุฑ ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุชุฏุฑูŠุจ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ู‘ู…ูŠู† ููŠ ุฑุงู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ุŒ ู…ู† ุทู„ุจุชู‡ุŒ ูˆู…ู†ู‡ุง ุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ุฃุฑุณู„ู‡ุง ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ุทุงู„ุจู‡ ุนุจุฏ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุดุท ู…ู† ู…ูƒุงู† ุนู…ู„ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู…ู„ูƒุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุณุนูˆุฏูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูŠู‡ู†ู‘ุฆู‡ ููŠ ุจุฏุงูŠุชู‡ุง ุจุนูŠุฏ ุงู„ูุทุฑุŒ ุซู… ูŠุดูƒุฑู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุฌู‡ูˆุฏู‡ ูˆุณู‡ุฑู‡ุŒ ูˆู„ูƒ ุฃู† ุชุชุฎูŠู‘ู„ ุณุนุงุฏุฉ ุฎู„ูŠู„ ูˆุญุงู„ ุนูŠุฏู‡ ูˆู‡ูˆ ูŠุชู„ู‚ู‘ู‰ ู…ู† ุทู„ุจุชู‡ ุฑุณุงุฆู„ ุชู‡ู†ุฆุฉุŒ ูˆุชุญุฏูŠุฏู‹ุง ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู‚ุฑุฃ ูˆุตู ุงู„ู…ุดุท ู„ู†ุตุงุฆุญู‡ ุจุฃู†ู‘ู‡ุง: “ุฏูˆุงุก ู†ุงุฌุน ูŠุดููŠ ุงู„ุนู„ูŠู„ ุญูŠู† ูŠุทุจู‘ู‚ู‡ุง”.    

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ุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุนุจุฏ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุดุท ุฅู„ู‰ ุณู„ุงู…ุฉ ุฎู„ูŠู„ุŒ 1966

               ู„ู… ุชู‚ุชุตุฑ ู…ุญุทู‘ุงุช ุงู„ูุฑุญ ูˆุงู„ุฃุนูŠุงุฏ ููŠ ุฃุฑุดูŠูุงุช ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠู‘ูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุณุงุฆู„ ูˆุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ูˆุงู„ู‡ุฏุงูŠุงุŒ ุจู„ ุงู…ุชุฏู‘ุช ู„ุชุดู…ู„ ุฏูุงุชุฑ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ูŠู‘ุงุชุŒ ูููŠู‡ุงุŒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฌุงู†ุจ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ูŠู‘ุงุช ุงู„ุงุนุชูŠุงุฏูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ุงุณุชุฐูƒุงุฑ ู„ู„ุฃุญุจุงุจ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุบูŠู‘ุจู‡ู… ุงู„ู…ูˆุช. ุนู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุญุทู‘ุฉ ูƒุชุจ ุฎู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ุณูƒุงูƒูŠู†ูŠ ุฅุญุฏู‰ ูŠูˆู…ูŠู‘ุงุชู‡ ููŠ ุณุจุช ุงู„ู†ูˆุฑ ุนุงู… 1941ุŒ ู‚ุงุฆู„ู‹ุง: “ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุณุจุช ุงู„ู†ูˆุฑุŒ ุฎุฑุฌู†ุงุŒ ุฃุฎุชูŠ ู…ูŠู„ูŠุงุŒ ูˆุฃู†ุงุŒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุจุฑุฉุŒ ูู†ุซุฑู†ุง ุงู„ุฒู‡ูˆุฑุŒ ูˆุฐุฑูู†ุง ุงู„ุฏู…ูˆุน”.

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ูŠูˆู…ูŠุงุช ุฎู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ุณูƒุงูƒูŠู†ูŠ ููŠ ุณุจุช ุงู„ู†ูˆุฑุŒ1941

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                                         ู…ู† ููˆู‚ ู‚ุจุฑ ููŠ ู…ุฎูŠู‘ู… ุนูŠู† ุงู„ุญู„ูˆุฉ ููŠ ูŠูˆู… ุนูŠุฏุŒ2001

               ุฃู…ู‘ุง ูุถูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุจูŠุนุŒ ูู‚ุฏ ูƒุชุจุช ููŠ ูŠูˆู…ูŠู‘ุงุชู‡ุง ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ุนู† ุดู‡ุฑ ุฑู…ุถุงู† ูˆุดุนุงุฆุฑู‡ ุงู„ุฏูŠู†ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุฅุณู„ุงู…ูŠู‘ุฉ. ุฅุญุฏู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุญุทู‘ุงุช ูƒุงู†ุช ููŠ ุงู„ุณุงุฏุณ ู…ู† ูƒุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ุฃูˆู‘ู„ ุนุงู… 2001ุŒ ุญูŠุซ ุชู†ุงูˆู„ุช ุฅูุทุงุฑู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุฌุฏ ุตุญุจุฉ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุณุงุกุŒ ุซู… ุตู„ู‘ุช ุงู„ุชุฑุงูˆูŠุญ ูˆุนุงุฏุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุจูŠุชู‡ุงุŒ ูˆููŠ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุฃูุทุฑ ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… ุฃุญุฏ ู…ุนุงุฑูู‡ู…ุŒ ุญูŠุซ ูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ุฌุฒุกู‹ุง ู…ู† ุนุงุฏุงุชู‡ุง ุงู„ุฑู…ุถุงู†ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนูŠุดู‡ุง ูˆุชูƒุชุจ ุนู†ู‡ุง.

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ุตูุญุฉ ู…ู† ูŠูˆู…ูŠู‘ุงุช ูุถูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุจูŠุนุŒ 2001

               ููŠ ุธู„ู‘ ุงู„ุงุญุชู„ุงู„ุŒ ูŠุญุฏุซ ุฃู„ู‘ุง ุชูƒุชู…ู„ ุณุนุงุฏุชู†ุง ูˆุตู„ุงุชู†ุง ูˆุฃุนูŠุงุฏู†ุงุŒ ู„ุฃู†ู‘ ู…ุญุชู„ู‘ ุงู„ุจู„ุงุฏ ูŠู‚ุชุญู… ุงู„ูƒู†ุงุฆุณ ูˆุงู„ู…ุณุงุฌุฏุŒ ูˆูŠู‚ุชู„ ุฃุตุญุงุจ ุงู„ุนูŠุฏุŒ ููŠุฏู…ูŠ ุญุชู‘ู‰ ุตูุญุงุช ุงู„ุฌุฑุงุฆุฏุŒ ู…ุซู„ู…ุง ุฌุงุก ููŠ ุตุญูŠูุฉ ุงู„ุทู‘ู„ูŠุนุฉ ุนุงู… 1988 ุนู† ุดู‡ุฏุงุก ูˆุฌุฑุญู‰ ุงู„ุงู†ุชูุงุถุฉ ููŠ ุฃูŠู‘ุงู… ุนูŠุฏ ุงู„ูุทุฑุŒ ูˆู‚ุฏ ุชุญูˆู‘ู„ุช ูุนุงู„ูŠู‘ุงุช ุงู„ุนูŠุฏ ุงู„ุณุนูŠุฏุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฒูŠุงุฑุงุช ู„ุฃู‡ุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ุดู‡ุฏุงุก ูˆุงู„ู…ุตุงุจูŠู†ุŒ ูˆู…ุณูŠุฑุงุช ูˆุดุนุงุฆุฑ ุฏูŠู†ูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ู‡ูˆุฉ ุงู„ู…ูุฑู‘ุฉ.  

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ุงู„ุนุฏุฏ 533 ู…ู† ุฌุฑูŠุฏุฉ ุงู„ุทู‘ู„ูŠุนุฉุŒ 19 ุฃูŠุงุฑ 1988

               ุจุงู„ุฑุบู… ู…ู…ุง ุณุจู‚ุŒ ู†ุณุนุฏู ู†ุญู† ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠู‘ูˆู† ููŠ ูƒู„ูู‘ ู…ุฑู‘ุฉ ูŠุนูˆุฏ ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุนูŠุฏุŒ ูุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุดูˆุงุฑุน ุฃูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ูุนุงู„ูŠู‘ุงุช ูŠุถุญูƒูˆู† ู…ู„ุก ู‚ู„ูˆุจู‡ู…ุŒ ูˆู†ุญู†ุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู†ุดุงู‡ุฏู‡ู…ุŒ ุชุดูู‰ ุขู„ุงู…ู†ุง ุจูƒู„ู…ุงุชู‡ู… ูˆู‚ู‡ู‚ู‡ุชู‡ู…ุŒ ูˆู†ุนูŠุด ุงู„ุนูŠุฏ ุจุนูŠูˆู†ู‡ู….

               ู„ุง ูŠูƒุงุฏ ูŠุฎู„ูˆ ุจูŠุช ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠ ู…ู† ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุชุฐูƒุงุฑูŠู‘ุฉ ุฃูˆ ุจุทุงู‚ุฉ ุชู‡ู†ุฆุฉ ุจุงู„ุนูŠุฏ ุฃูˆ ุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู…ุนุงูŠุฏุฉุŒ ูŠุญุชูุธ ุฃูุฑุงุฏู‡ ุจู‡ุง ูˆุชุนูŠุฏ ู„ู‡ู… ุญู†ูŠู†ู‡ู… ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุฑุณู„ู‡ุงุŒ ูˆูุฑุญุชู‡ู… ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ุนู†ุฏ ุชู„ู‚ู‘ูŠู‡ู… ู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุชู‡ ูˆุฑุคูŠุชู‡ู… ู„ุตูˆุฑุชู‡ุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ูƒู„ู‘ู‡ุง ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุฐุงูƒุฑุฉ ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠู‘ูŠู† ุงู„ุญูŠู‘ุฉ ูˆุฃุฑุดูŠูุงุชู‡ู… ุงู„ุบู†ูŠู‘ุฉ ุจู…ุธุงู‡ุฑ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชู†ูˆู‘ุนุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุชูƒุงู…ู„ุฉุŒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุฌุฏ ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุจุงุญุซ ูˆุงู„ู…ุคุฑู‘ุฎ ูˆุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุงุฌุชู…ุงุน ูˆุงู„ูู†ู‘ุงู†ุŒ ูˆุบูŠุฑู‡ู…ุŒ ู…ุงุฏู‘ุฉ ุบู†ูŠู‘ุฉ ู„ุงุณุชุนุงุฏุฉ ุญูŠูˆุงุช ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠู‘ูŠู† ุงู„ูุฑุฏูŠู‘ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฌู…ุนูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ุชุถู…ู† ุงุณุชู…ุฑุงุฑ ูˆุฌูˆุฏู‡ุง ุญุงุถุฑู‹ุง ูˆู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ู‹ุง.

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ุฃุทูุงู„ ูŠู…ุฑุญูˆู† ููŠ ูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุนูŠุฏ ููŠ ู…ุฎูŠู‘ู… ุนูŠู† ุงู„ุญู„ูˆุฉุŒ 2001

Highlight of the month

Rajih al-Salfeety, Sheikh of the Palestinian Zajjals

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In the middle of a circle of women in the neighbourhood yard, Rajih al-Salfeety stands and performs songs, including special songs known as ahazij. His motherโ€™s eyes go wide with pride whenever the women around her compliment her firstbornโ€™s voice.

Al-Salfeetyโ€™s fate was to be born to a poor Palestinian family. It was also to lose his parents at a young age and step up to provide for his six siblings. Once a boy echoing his motherโ€™s lullabies and signing in neighbourhood circles, with his beautiful voice, his joyful soul, and his good presence, he began singing at work, in his village, and at the surrounding villagesโ€™ weddings.

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Rajih the Zajjal (a traditional oral strophic poet) grew like an olive seedling on the sides of al-Matwi and al-Shaโ€™er valleys near the city of Salfit until he became the areaโ€™s best zajjal, even being mentioned in local sayings: โ€˜A wedding in Salfit is not a wedding unless Rajih is thereโ€™. He became known as the Sheikh of Palestinian Zajjals. Salfit, along with its troubles, continued to inspire him and lived within him, leading him to sing:

He who feels the troubles of people

If his emotions are described, becomes a poet

Oh, Paradise between Matwi and Shaโ€™er

I would not trade you for the Heavens above

Al-Salfeetyโ€™s poetic conscience grew from the events taking place around him in Palestine, which affected his creations. Amongst those events were the al-Buraq Revolution and the 1929 execution of Muhammad Jamjoum, Atta al-Zeer, and Fouad Hijazi, three young men who participated and have since been immortalised in the famous popular song, Min Sijjin Akka (From Akka Prison). He was influenced by Nuh Ibrahim (to whom Min Sijjin Akka is commonly attributed), Ibrahim Tuqan, and other poets from that period.

Despite his young age and the great responsibilities entrusted to him, Al-Salfeety joined the ranks of the Great Palestinian Rebellion of 1936 and sang for and about it. He also volunteered in the war that broke out during the Nakba until he was severely injured by a bullet near his lungs; he later suffered from chronic lung diseases as a result.

As soon as the Nakba became the reality lived by Palestinians, and with the emergence of national and communist parties in Palestine, al-Salfeety became a part of the National Liberation League as one of its prominent freedom fighters and symbols. He was chased and imprisoned for it, especially since he was in opposition to the Baghdad Pact, as made clear by his derisions of the Pact in several poems.

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During the 1950s, al-Salfeety snuck to Damascus and Baghdad and then Czechoslovakia, leaving Salfit and Palestine behind. He only returned to them during the early 1960s. He was made a fugitive again and left for Syria, returning to Palestine, at last, during the 1967 Naksa, never to leave again.

In the shadow of all this, al-Salfeety wrote about defeat, the Naksa, and settlements:

Oh, Naksa, day of misfortune, you will always remain a despicable witness

To the policy of annihilation and displacement

Even foxes roared at you

When no one useful was left standing

Rajih al-Salfeety lived an eventful life. He was arrested more than once, the first time in 1974 due to his patriotic activity, and the last time in 1988. In prison, he wrote several zajal poems, including ones he wrote in Nablus Central Prison, which other prisoners repeated, these words travelling from one prison to the next. Those poems included โ€˜In Memory of the Battle of Karameh; โ€˜In the Triumph of the Cambodian Peopleโ€™, โ€˜To My Son, Ahmadโ€™, โ€˜In Memory of Ominous Juneโ€™ and others.

In 1976, al-Salfeety decided to run for the elections of the Municipal Council in Salfit, where he established a national popular bloc with his comrade Khamis al-Hamad and several area notables. The bloc raised the unified slogan of all other national blocs in Palestine, which was โ€˜No to Civil Administration, Yes to National Unity.โ€™ For the bloc, Rajih sang his chorus:

Oh, our popular masses

Oh, labour forces

Our national bloc

 Aside from the bloc, we have nothing

Aside from the bloc, we have nothing

Rajih al-Salfeety had a notable presence at Birzeit University, where he participated several times in its annual festival and various activities. He sang more than once and made his zajal present in its corridors. When the university was forcibly closed, al-Salfeety sang:

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The universities have been closed, where is democracy

The doors were closed, students are scattered

A state with tanks, fleets, and planes

How is it scared of drawings on withering paper?

(From an archived voice recording)

The notebooks written by Rajih al-Salfeety and his daughter Duha are nearly filled to the brim with poems praising stones, shuhada, the Intifada and Land Day. Al-Salfeety wrote tens of poems and chants, and he sang for the Intifada at weddings. His voice resonated loudly until the chorus, echoed by youth before the old mulberry tree in his village square, โ€˜stopping the awlโ€™ (see poem below) of the Civilian Administration officer when he cornered them there.

He sang, inspired by al-Ashiqeen Ensemble:

Oh world, bear witness to us and the Gaza Strip

Bear witness to the West Bank

Demonstrations immersed deep in the conflict

Against the armies of Zionism

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In early 1988, Rajih al-Salfeety wrote and sang one of the most important folkloric poems titled โ€˜El-Kaf Elly Byekser el-Makhrazโ€™ (The Palm that can Stop an Awl) which spread widely and was popular among Palestinians due to its simplicity and depth of meaning. In it, he says:

Oh, voice, rise and call to those with determination

 And leave those who found comfort in the allure of decadence

The news of massacres has echoed in the ears of nations

To shake their consciences and wake them up

He ended by writing:

We have learned much from our experience

Experiences are guiding beacons

The palm steady in the unity of class and determination

Can not only hit back against the awl of the treacherous

It will break the awl and the neck of its bearer

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Al-Salfeety lived a long life of resistance and zajal, leading him to deservedly earn the sobriquet โ€˜Sheikh of Palestinian Zajjalsโ€™. His words resounded in many Palestinian rostrums in Nazareth, Haifa, Yaffa, Akka, Jerusalem, Ramallah, and Nablus, with renowned Palestinian writer Emile Habibi saying of him โ€˜I saw them holding a stone in one hand and the zajal of Rajih al-Salfeety in the other.โ€™

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The bullet al-Salfeety was shot with in 1948 haunted him for four decades, continuously affecting his health until he fell severely ill in 1990 and his nights felt longest: โ€˜Oh night-time, how long you are for those who are ill.โ€™ This was one of the last poems he wrote before he passed away on the 27th of May 1990. His voice made its eternal departure from the world, leaving behind his four children, Yousra, Duha, Andaleeb, and Ahmad.

Al-Salfeety trotted between zajal verses like a stag in the Palestinian wilderness, to sing with a reed pipe player or a drummer; together they would produce a truly Palestinian tone. Behind them, the voices of the Palestinian villagesโ€™ youth would repeat the chorus of national unity with enthusiasm, making him stop them and jokingly say: โ€˜Listen, kids, if you keep jumping around and hurrying everything you will ruin the evening gathering for us. Overenthusiasm is more harmful than a gun.โ€™

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ุงู„ุฅุถุงุกุฉ ุงู„ุดู‡ุฑูŠุฉ

ุฑุงุฌุญ ุงู„ุณู„ููŠุชูŠ… ุดูŠุฎ ุงู„ุฒุฌู‘ุงู„ูŠู† ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠูŠู†

 ูˆุณุทูŽ ุญู„ู‚ุฉู ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุณุงุก ููŠ ุญูˆุดู ุงู„ุญุงุฑุฉูุŒ ูŠู‚ูู ุฑุงุฌุญ ุงู„ุณูŽู‘ู„ููŠุชูŠ ูˆูŠุฑุฏูู‘ุฏ ุงู„ุฃุบุงู†ูŠ ูˆุงู„ุฃู‡ุงุฒูŠุฌุŒ ูˆุญุฏู‚ุงุชู ูˆุงู„ุฏุชูู‡ู ุชุชูŽู‘ุณุนู ูุฎุฑู‹ุง ูƒู„ู‘ู…ุง ุฃุซู†ุช ุงู„ู†ุณุงุก ู…ู† ุญูˆู„ู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุตูˆุชู ุงุจู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ุจูƒุฑ.

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ู‚ูุฏูู‘ุฑ ู„ู„ุณู„ููŠุชูŠ ุฃู† ูŠู†ุดุฃ ููŠ ุฃุณุฑุฉู ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠุฉู ูู‚ูŠุฑุฉูุŒ ูˆุฃู† ูŠูู‚ุฏ ูˆุงู„ุฏูŽูŠู‡ ููŠ ุณู†ูู‘ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉู ูˆูŠุนูŠู„ ุฅุฎูˆุชู‡ ุงู„ุณุชู‘ุฉุŒ ูุญุฒู… ุตูˆุชูŽู‡ ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠู„ ูˆููƒุงู‡ุฉูŽ ุฑูˆุญู‡ู ูˆุญุณู†ูŽ ุญุถูˆุฑู‡ูุŒ ูˆุตุงุฑ ูŠุบู†ู‘ูŠ ููŠ ุนู…ู„ู‡ุŒ ูˆููŠ ุฃุนุฑุงุณู ุจู„ุฏุชู‡ู ูˆุงู„ู‚ุฑู‰ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุทุฉุŒ ุจุนุฏ ุฃู† ูƒุงู† ุตุจูŠู‹ุง ูŠุฑุฏูู‘ุฏ ุชู‡ุงู„ูŠู„ูŽ ูˆุงู„ุฏุชู‡ุŒ ูˆูŠุบู†ู‘ูŠ ู…ุชูˆุณู‘ุทู‹ุง ุงู„ุญู„ู‚ุงุชู ููŠ ุงู„ุญุงุฑุฉ.

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ู†ู…ุง ุฑุงุฌุญ ุงู„ุฒุฌู‘ุงู„ ุชู…ุงู…ู‹ุง ูƒู†ู…ูˆู‘ ุบุฑุณุฉู ุงู„ุฒูŠุชูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุญุฏ ุฃุทุฑุงูู ูˆุงุฏูŠูŽูŠ ุงู„ู…ุทูˆูŠ ูˆุงู„ุดุงุนุฑุŒ ุญุชู‘ู‰ ุตุงุฑ ุฒุฌู‘ุงู„ูŽ ุงู„ุจู„ุฏุฉู ุงู„ุฃูˆูŽู‘ู„ุŒ ูˆู…ุถุฑุจูŽ ู…ูŽุซูŽู„ู ุฃู‡ู„ูู‡ุง ุงู„ู‚ุงุฆู„: “ุงู„ุนุฑุณ ู…ุง ุจูุนู…ุฑ ููŠ ุณู„ููŠุช ุฅุฐุง ู…ูƒู†ุด ุฑุงุฌุญ ููŠู‡”ุŒ ู„ูŠุตุจุญูŽ ุจุนุฏู‡ุง ุดูŠุฎูŽ ุฒุฌู‘ุงู„ูŠ ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ุŒ ูˆุธู„ู‘ุช ุณู„ููŠุช ูˆู‡ู…ูˆู…ูู‡ุง ุชู„ู‡ู…ูู‡ุŒ ูˆุชุณูƒู†ู ููŠู‡ุŒ ูˆู‚ุงู„ ููŠู‡ุง:

ู…ูŠู† ูƒุงู† ุจู‡ู…ูˆู… ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุดุงุนุฑ    ุฅุฐุง ุชุฑุฌู… ุดุนูˆุฑู‡ ุตุงุฑ ุดุงุนุฑ

ูŠุง ุฌู†ู‘ุฉ ุจูŠู† ู…ุทู€ูˆูŠ ูˆุดุงุนู€ู€ู€ุฑ    ู…ู€ุง ุจุจุฏู‘ู„ู€ู‡ุง ุจุฌู†ู‘ู€ุงุช ุงู„ุณู€ู…ู€ุง

ุชุฃุณู‘ุณ ูˆุนูŠู ุงู„ุณูŽู‘ู„ููŠุชูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุดุนุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญูˆุงุฏุซู ุงู„ุฏุงุฆุฑุฉู ููŠ ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ุŒ ูุชุฃุซู‘ุฑ ุฅู†ุชุงุฌู‡ ุจู‡ุงุŒ ูˆู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุญุฏุงุซู ูƒุงู†ุช ุซูˆุฑุฉู ุงู„ุจุฑุงู‚ู ูˆุญุงุฏุซุฉู ุฅุนุฏุงู…ู ุงู„ุดุจู‘ุงู† ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซุฉู ุนุงู… 1929 (ู…ุญู…ุฏ ุฌู…ุฌูˆู… ูˆุนุทุง ุงู„ุฒูŠุฑ ูˆูุคุงุฏ ุญุฌุงุฒูŠ)ุŒ ุจุงู„ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุชุฃุซู‘ุฑู‡ ุจู†ูˆุญ ุฅุจุฑุงู‡ูŠู… ูˆุฅุจุฑุงู‡ูŠู… ุทูˆู‚ุงู†ุŒ ูˆุบูŠุฑู‡ู… ู…ู† ุดุนุฑุงุกู ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ูุชุฑุฉ.

ุจุงู„ุฑุบู… ู…ู† ุตุบุฑ ุณู†ู‘ู‡ูุŒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฌุงู†ุจู ุงู„ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠู‘ุงุชู ุงู„ุฌุณุงู…ู ุงู„ู…ูู„ู‚ุงุฉู ุนู„ู‰ ุนุงุชู‚ู‡ุŒ ุฅู„ู‘ุง ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ุดุงุฑูƒูŽ ููŠ ุงู„ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠู‘ุฉู ุงู„ูƒุจุฑู‰ ุนุงู… 1936 ูˆุงู„ุชุญู‚ูŽ ุจุตููˆูู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุบู†ู‘ู‰ ู„ู‡ุง ูˆุนู†ู‡ุง. ูƒู…ุง ูˆุชุทูˆูŽู‘ุน ุฅุจู‘ุงู†ูŽ ุงู„ู†ูƒุจุฉู ููŠ ุงู„ุญุฑุจู ูˆุงู„ู‚ุชุงู„ุŒ ุญุชู‰ ุฃูุตูŠุจูŽ ุฅุตุงุจุฉู‹ ุจุงู„ุบุฉู‹ุŒ ุฃุฏู‘ุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุงุณุชู‚ุฑุงุฑู ุฑุตุงุตุฉู ุจุงู„ู‚ุฑุจู ู…ู† ุฑุฆุชูŽูŠู‡ุŒ ูˆุชุณุจู‘ุจุช ู„ู‡ ููŠู…ุง ุจุนุฏ ุจุฃู…ุฑุงุถู ุฑุฆูˆูŠู‘ุฉู ู…ุฒู…ู†ุฉ.

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ูˆู…ุง ุฅู† ุฃุตุจุญุช ุงู„ู†ูƒุจุฉ ูˆุงู‚ุนู‹ุง ูŠุนูŠุดู‡ ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠู‘ูˆู†ุŒ ูˆู…ุน ุจุฑูˆุฒ ุงู„ุชู†ุธูŠู…ุงุชู ุงู„ู‚ูˆู…ูŠู‘ุฉู ูˆุงู„ุดูŠูˆุนูŠู‘ุฉู ููŠ ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ุŒ ุงู†ุฎุฑุทูŽ ุงู„ุณูŽู‘ู„ููŠุชูŠ ููŠ ุนุตุจุฉู ุงู„ุชุญุฑู‘ุฑุŒ ูˆูƒุงู† ุฃุญุฏ ู…ู†ุงุถู„ูŠู‡ุง ูˆุฑู…ูˆุฒู‡ุงุŒ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุณุจูŽู‘ุจ ููŠ ู…ู„ุงุญู‚ุชูู‡ู ูˆู…ุทุงุฑุฏุชูู‡ู ูˆุณุฌู†ูู‡ูุŒ ุฎุงุตู‘ุฉู‹ ูˆุฃู†ูŽู‘ู‡ ูƒุงู† ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุนุงุฑุถูˆุง ุญู„ููŽ ุจุบุฏุงุฏุŒ ูˆูƒุชุจ ูŠู‡ุฌูˆู‡ ููŠ ุนุฏุฏู ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ุตุงุฆุฏ.

ุชุณู„ูŽู‘ู„ ุงู„ุณูŽู‘ู„ููŠุชูŠ ููŠ ุฎู…ุณูŠู†ูŠู‘ุงุช ุงู„ู‚ุฑู†ู ุงู„ุนุดุฑูŠู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุฏู…ุดู‚ูŽ ูˆุจุบุฏุงุฏูŽุŒ ูˆู…ู† ุซู…ูŽู‘ ุฅู„ู‰ ุชุดูŠูƒูˆุณู„ูˆูุงูƒูŠุงุŒ ุชุงุฑูƒู‹ุง ุฎู„ูู‡ ุณู„ููŠุช ูˆูู„ุณุทูŠู†ุŒ ู„ูŠุนูˆุฏูŽ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ู…ุง ููŠ ุฃูˆุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุณุชูŠู†ูŠู‘ุงุชุŒ ุซู…ู‘ ูŠูู„ุงุญูŽู‚ ู…ุฑุฉู‹ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ูˆูŠุบุงุฏุฑู‡ู…ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุณูˆุฑูŠุง ู…ุฌุฏู‘ุฏู‹ุงุŒ ู„ูŠุนูˆุฏูŽ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ู…ุง ุจุญู„ูˆู„ ุงู„ู†ูƒุณุฉู ููŠ ุนุงู… 1967ุŒ ูˆู„ู… ูŠุบุงุฏุฑู‡ู…ุง ุจุนุฏู‡ุง.

ููŠ ุธู„ู‘ ูƒู„ูู‘ ู‡ุฐุง ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ุณู„ููŠุชูŠ ุนู† ุงู„ู‡ุฒูŠู…ุฉู ูˆุงู„ู†ูƒุณุฉู ูˆุงู„ุงุณุชูŠุทุงู†ู:

ุณุชุธู„ ูŠุง ูŠูˆู… ุงู„ู†ุญุณ ุดุงู‡ุฏ ุญู‚ูŠุฑ    ุนุณูŠุงุณุฉ ุงู„ุฅูู†ุงุก ูˆุฎุทุฉ ุงู„ุชู‡ุฌูŠุฑ

ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ุซุนุงู„ุจ ู…ู€ุงุฑุณู€ุช ููŠูƒ ุงู„ุฒุฆูŠุฑ      ู„ู€ู€ู…ุง ุฎู€ู„ู€ูŠ ุงู„ู€ู…ู€ูŠู€ุฏุงู† ู„ู€ุญู…ู€ูŠู€ุฏุงู†

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ุนุงุด ุฑุงุฌุญ ุงู„ุณูŽู‘ู„ููŠุชูŠ ุญูŠุงุฉู‹ ู…ู„ูŠุฆุฉู‹ ุจุงู„ุฃุญุฏุงุซู ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉูุŒ ุญูŠุซ ุงุนุชูู‚ู„ู ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ู…ุฑู‘ุฉูุŒ ูƒุงู† ุฃูˆูŽู‘ู„ู‡ุง ุนุงู… 1974ุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุฎู„ููŠู‘ุฉู ู†ุดุงุทูู‡ ุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠุŒ ูˆูƒุงู† ุขุฎุฑู‡ุง ููŠ ุนุงู… 1988. ูˆูƒุชุจูŽ ููŠ ุงู„ุณุฌู† ุนุฏูŽู‘ุฉ ู‚ุตุงุฆุฏูŽ ุฒุฌู„ูŠูŽู‘ุฉูุŒ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ู…ุง ูƒุชุจู‡ ููŠ ุณุฌู† ู†ุงุจู„ุณ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุฒูŠุŒ ูุชุฏุงูˆู„ูŽู‡ู ุงู„ุณุฌู†ุงุกู ูˆู†ู‚ู„ูˆู‡ ู…ู† ุณุฌู†ู ุฅู„ู‰ ุขุฎุฑุŒ ู…ุซู„ ู‚ุตุงุฆุฏู “ููŠ ุฐูƒุฑู‰ ุงู„ูƒุฑุงู…ุฉ” ูˆ”ููŠ ู†ุตุฑ ุงู„ุดุนุจ ุงู„ูƒู…ุจูˆุฏูŠ” ูˆ”ุฅู„ู‰ ูˆู„ุฏูŠ ุฃุญู…ุฏ” ูˆ”ููŠ ุฐูƒุฑู‰ ุญุฒูŠุฑุงู† ุงู„ู…ุดุคูˆู…”ุŒ ูˆุบูŠุฑู‡ุง.

ู‚ุฑุฑ ุงู„ุณูŽู‘ู„ููŠุชูŠ ุนุงู… 1976 ุฎูˆุถูŽ ุบูู…ุงุฑ ุงู†ุชุฎุงุจุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฌู„ุณู ุงู„ุจู„ุฏูŠ ููŠ ุณู„ููŠุชุŒ ูˆุดูƒูŽู‘ู„ ูƒุชู„ุฉู‹ ุดุนุจูŠูŽู‘ุฉู‹ ูˆุทู†ูŠูŽู‘ุฉู‹ ู…ุน ุฑููŠู‚ู‡ ุฎู…ูŠุณ ุงู„ุญู…ุฏ ูˆุนุฏุฏู ู…ู† ูˆุฌู‡ุงุก ุงู„ุจู„ุฏุฉุŒ ุฑูุนุช ุงู„ุดูู‘ุนุงุฑูŽ ุงู„ู…ูˆุญูŽู‘ุฏูŽ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฑูุนุชู‡ ุจุงู‚ูŠ ุงู„ูƒุชู„ู ุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠูŽู‘ุฉู ููŠ ูู„ุณุทูŠู†: “ู„ุง ู„ู„ุฅุฏุงุฑุฉู ุงู„ู…ุฏู†ูŠูŽู‘ุฉูุŒ ูˆู†ุนู… ู„ู„ูˆุญุฏุฉู ุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠูŽู‘ุฉ”ุŒ ูˆู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุงู„ูƒุชู„ุฉู ุบู†ู‘ู‰ ุฑุงุฌุญู ู…ุง ูƒุชุจู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู„ู‘ุงุฒู…ุฉ:

ูŠุง ุฌู…ุงู‡ูŠุฑู†ุง ุงู„ุดุนุจูŠุฉ    ูŠุง ู‚ูˆู‰ ุงู„ุนู…ุงู„ูŠุฉ      ูƒุชู„ุชู†ุง ุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠุฉ     ูˆุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ูƒุชู„ุฉ ู…ุงู„ู†ุง     ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ูƒุชู„ุฉ ู…ุงู„ู†ุง

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ูƒุงู† ู„ุฑุงุฌุญ ุงู„ุณูŽู‘ู„ููŠุชูŠ ุญุถูˆุฑูŒ ููŠ ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ุจูŠุฑุฒูŠุชุŒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุดุงุฑูƒูŽ ุนุฏูŽู‘ุฉ ู…ุฑุงุชู ููŠ ู…ู‡ุฑุฌุงู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ุณู†ูˆูŠุŒ ูˆููŠ ู…ุฎุชู„ูู ู†ุดุงุทุงุชูู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุญุถุฑุช ุฒุฌู„ูŠู‘ุงุชูู‡ ููŠ ุฃุฑูˆู‚ุชูู‡ุงุŒ ุญูŠุซ ุบู†ู‘ู‰ ููŠู‡ุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ู…ุฑู‘ุฉ. ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุฃูุบู„ู‚ุช ุงู„ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ุบู†ู‘ู‰ ุงู„ุณูŽู‘ู„ููŠุชูŠ ูˆู‚ุงู„:

ุณูƒุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุงู…ุนุงุช ูˆูŠู† ุงู„ุฏูŠู…ู‚ุฑุงุทูŠุฉ

ุณูƒุฑ ุงู„ูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃุจูˆุงุจ ูุชุดุฑุฏูˆุง ู‡ุงู„ุทู„ุงุจ

ุฏูˆู„ุฉ ุงู„ู‡ุง ุฏุจุงุจุงุช ูˆุฃุณุงุทูŠู„ ูˆุทูŠุงุฑุงุช

ูƒูŠู ุจุชุฎุงู ู…ู† ุฑุณูˆู…ุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฑู‚ุฉ ู…ู‡ููŠุฉุŸ

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(ู…ู† ุชุณุฌูŠู„ ุตูˆุชูŠ ู…ุคุฑุดู)

ู„ุง ุชูƒุงุฏู ุชุฎู„ูˆ ุฏูุงุชุฑู ุงู„ุทุงู„ุจุŒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฏูˆูŽู‘ู† ููŠู‡ุง ุฑุงุฌุญ ุงู„ุณู„ููŠุชูŠ ุจุฎุทูู‘ู‡ ูˆุฎุทูู‘ ุงุจู†ุชูู‡ ุถุญู‰ุŒ ู…ู† ู‚ุตูŠุฏุฉู ุชุชุบู†ู‘ู‰ ุจุงู„ุญุฌุงุฑุฉู ูˆุงู„ุดู‡ุฏุงุกู ูˆุงู„ุงู†ุชูุงุถุฉู ูˆูŠูˆู…ู ุงู„ุฃุฑุถุŒ ุญูŠุซู ูƒุชุจ ุนุดุฑุงุชู ุงู„ู‚ุตุงุฆุฏู ูˆุงู„ู‡ุชุงูุงุชูุŒ ูˆุบู†ู‘ู‰ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุนุฑุงุณู ู„ู„ุงู†ุชูุงุถุฉุŒ ูุฌู„ุฌู„ูŽ ุตูˆุชูู‡ ุนุงู„ูŠู‹ุงุŒ ุญุชู‰ ูƒุณุฑุช ุงู„ู„ู‘ุงุฒู…ุฉูุŒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฑุฏูŽู‘ุฏู‡ุง ุงู„ุดุจู‘ุงู† ุฎู„ูู‡ ุฃู…ุงู…ูŽ ุงู„ุชูˆุชุฉู ุงู„ุนุชูŠู‚ุฉู ููŠ ุณุงุญุฉ ุจู„ุฏุชูู‡ูุŒ ู…ูุฎุฑูŽุฒูŽ ุถุงุจุทู ุงู„ุฅุฏุงุฑุฉู ุงู„ู…ุฏู†ูŠูŽู‘ุฉ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุญุงุตุฑู‡ู… ูˆุณุทูŽ ุงู„ุณุงุญุฉ.

ูู‚ุงู„ ูŠุญุงูƒูŠ ูุฑู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุนุงุดู‚ูŠู†:

ุงุดู‡ู€ุฏ ูŠุง ุนุงู„ู€ู… ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ูˆุนุงู„ู€ู‚ุทู€ุงุน          ุงุดู€ู‡ุฏ ุนุงู„ุถูุฉ ุงู„ุบุฑุจู€ูŠุฉ

ู…ุธุงู‡ุฑุงุช ุฎุงุถุช ุบู…ุฑุงุช ุงู„ุตุฑุงุน          ุถุฏ ุฌูŠูˆุด ุงู„ุตู‡ูŠูˆู†ูŠุฉ   

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ุฃู„ู‚ู‰ ุฑุงุฌุญ ุงู„ุณูŽู‘ู„ููŠุชูŠ ููŠ ุฃูˆุงุฆู„ ุนุงู… 1988 ูˆุงุญุฏุฉู‹ ู…ู† ุฃู‡ู…ู‘ ุงู„ู‚ุตุงุฆุฏู ุงู„ุดุนุจูŠู‘ุฉู ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุธู‘ู…ู‡ุง ุจุนู†ูˆุงู† “ุงู„ูƒูู‘ ุงู„ู„ู‘ูŠ ุจูŠูƒุณุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฎุฑุฒ”ุŒ ูˆุงู†ุชุดุฑุช ุงู†ุชุดุงุฑู‹ุง ูˆุงุณุนู‹ุงุŒ ุญูŠุซ ู„ุงู‚ุช ู‚ุจูˆู„ู‹ุง ูƒุจูŠุฑู‹ุง ุจูŠู† ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠู‘ูŠู†ุŒ ู„ุจุณุงุทุชู‡ุง ูˆู‚ูˆูŽู‘ุฉ ู…ุนุงู†ูŠู‡ุงุŒ ูˆููŠู‡ุง ู‚ุงู„:

ูŠุง ุตู€ูˆุช ุฌู€ู„ุฌู„ ูˆุฃู‡ู„ ุงู„ู‡ู…ู… ู†ุงุฏูŠู‡ุง                ูˆู†ููˆุณ ุณุฏุฑุช ููŠ ุบูŠ ุงู„ุนู‡ุฑ ุฎู„ูŠู‡ุง

ุฎุจุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฐุงุจุญ ุฏูˆู‰ ููŠ ู…ุณู…ุน ุงู„ุฃู‚ุทุงุฑ                ูŠู‡ุฒ ุงู„ุถู€ู…ุงุฆุฑ ู„ูŠูˆู‚ุถู€ู‡ุง ูŠู€ุตุญู€ูŠู€ู‡ุง

ูˆููŠ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุชู‡ุง ูƒุชุจ:

ู…ู€ู† ุชู€ุฌุฑุจุชู†ู€ุง ุชุนู€ู„ู€ู…ู€ู†ู€ุง ุฃู…ู€ูˆุฑ ูƒู€ุจู€ุงุฑ                 ุฅู† ุงู„ู€ุชุฌู€ุงุฑุจ ู…ู€ู†ู€ุงุฆู€ุฑ ู†ู€ู‡ุชุฏูŠ ุจูŠู‡ุง

ุฃุซุจุช ุงู„ูƒู ุจูˆุญุฏุฉ ุงู„ุตู ูˆุงู„ุฅุตุฑุงุฑ                ู…ุด ุจุณ ุจูŠู‚ุฏุฑ ูŠู„ุงุทุน ู…ุฎุฑุฒ ุงู„ุบุฏุงุฑ

           ุจูƒุณุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฎุฑุฒ ูˆุจูƒุณุฑ ุนู†ู‚ ุจุงุฑูŠู‡ุง

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ุนุงุดูŽ ุงู„ุณูŽู‘ู„ููŠุชูŠ ุชุฌุฑุจุฉู‹ ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉู‹ ู…ู…ุฒูˆุฌุฉู‹ ุจุงู„ู†ูู‘ุถุงู„ู ูˆุงู„ุฒุฌู„ุŒ ูุญุตุฏุŒ ุนู† ุฌุฏุงุฑุฉูุŒ ู„ู‚ุจูŽ ุดูŠุฎู ุงู„ุฒุฌูŽู‘ุงู„ูŠู† ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠู‘ูŠู†ุŒ ูˆุฏูŽูˆูŽู‘ุช ูƒู„ู…ุงุชูู‡ ูˆุตุฏุญุช ููŠ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏู ู…ู† ู…ู†ุงุจุฑู ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุงุตุฑุฉ ูˆุญูŠูุง ูˆูŠุงูุง ูˆุนูƒู‘ุง ูˆุงู„ู‚ุฏุณ ูˆุฑุงู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆู†ุงุจู„ุณุŒ ุญุชู‰ ู‚ุงู„ ุฅู…ูŠู„ ุญุจูŠุจูŠ ููŠู‡: “ุฑุฃูŠุชูู‡ู… ูŠุญู…ู„ูˆู†ูŽ ุงู„ุญุฌุฑูŽ ููŠ ูŠุฏูุŒ ูˆุฃุฒุฌุงู„ูŽ ุฑุงุฌุญ ุงู„ุณูŽู‘ู„ููŠุชูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ูŠุฏู ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰”.

ู„ู… ุชุจุฑุญ ุงู„ุฑุตุงุตุฉู ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุงุฒู…ุฉ ุงู„ุณูŽู‘ู„ููŠุชูŠ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉูŽ ุนู‚ูˆุฏูุŒ ู…ู†ุฐ ุนุงู… 1948ุŒ ุชุคุซูู‘ุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุตุญู‘ุชู‡ุŒ ุญูŠุซ ู…ุฑุถูŽ ุนุงู… 1990 ู…ุฑุถู‹ุง ุดุฏูŠุฏู‹ุงุŒ ุญุชู‰ ุทุงู„ูŽ ู„ูŠู„ู‡ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุŒ ูู‚ุงู„ ูŠุตูู‡ู: “ู…ุง ุฃุทูˆู„ูƒ ูŠุง ู„ูŠู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนูŠู‘ุงู†”ุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ู† ุฃูˆุงุฎุฑ ุงู„ู‚ุตุงุฆุฏู ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุชุจู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุชูˆูู‘ูŠ ุจุนุฏู‡ุง ุจุชุงุฑูŠุฎ 27 ุฃูŠุงุฑ 1990ุŒ ูุบุงุจุช ุญู†ุฌุฑุชูู‡ู ุบูŠุงุจูŽู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃุจุฏูŠุŒ ูˆุบุงุฏุฑ ุงู„ุณูŽู‘ู„ููŠุชูŠ ุฃุจู†ุงุกู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฑุจุนุฉูŽ: ูŠุณุฑู‰ ูˆุถุญู‰ ูˆุนู†ุฏู„ูŠุจ ูˆุฃุญู…ุฏ.

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ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุณูŽู‘ู„ููŠุชูŠ ูŠุชู†ู‚ูŽู‘ู„ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงู…ุงุชู ุงู„ุฒูŽู‘ุฌู„ูŠูŽู‘ุฉู ุงู„ุบู†ุงุฆูŠูŽู‘ุฉู ูƒุบุฒุงู„ู ูŠุชุฌูˆูŽู‘ู„ู ููŠ ุงู„ุจุฑูŠู‘ุฉู ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ู…ู† ุณู„ุณู„ุฉู ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ููŠุบู†ู‘ูŠ ูˆู…ุนู‡ ุนุงุฒูู ุดุจู‘ุงุจุฉู ุฃูˆ ุทุจู„ุฉู ู„ูŠู†ุชุฌุง ู…ุนู‹ุง ู„ุญู†ู‹ุง ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠู‹ู‘ุง ุฎุงู„ุตู‹ุงุŒ ูˆู…ู† ุฎู„ูู‡ู… ุชุฑุฏู‘ุฏ ุฃุตูˆุงุชู ุดุจุงุจู ุงู„ู‚ุฑูŠุฉู ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠูŽู‘ุฉู ู„ุงุฒู…ุฉูŽ ุงู„ูˆุญุฏุฉู ุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠูŽู‘ุฉู ุจุญู…ุงุณุฉูุŒ ุชุฌุนู„ูู‡ ูŠูˆู‚ูู‡ู… ู…ู…ุงุฒุญู‹ุง: “ุงุณู…ุนูˆุงุŒ ุฅุฐุง ุจุชุธู„ู‘ูˆุง ุชู†ุทู‘ูˆุง ูˆุชุณุชุนุฌู„ูˆุง ุจุชุฎุฑุจูˆุง ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุณู‡ุฑุฉ ูŠุง ุนู…ู‘ูŠุŒ ุนุงู„ุฑุงูŠู‚ุŒ ุงู„ุญู…ุงุณ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุจูŠุถุฑู‘ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุฏุฉ”.

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Highlight of the Month

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Another Life, but Onstage

An excerpt from the Collection of Adel al-Tarteer, Dramatist and Artist

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Adel al-Tarteer, Ramallah, Late-1960s

On August 14th, 1951, at the hands of the midwife Umm Jouda, al-Tarteer came to life, on the land of the village of Rafat between Ramallah and Jerusalem. He is the descendent of a family from Lydda exiled during the Nakba, consequently settling under a tree in a metal-clad attic. When he was a mere 40 days old, he was carried by donkey to Ein Munjed in Ramallah.ย ย 

Al-Tarteer grew up, and his imagination grew with him. He sat in his fatherโ€™s guesthouse, surrounded by adults, and in his fatherโ€™s shop, where ploughs and coulters were made; like any curious child, with the wood he would draw whatever he saw, and take on the roles of different characters. These collective experiences planted the seed for his first theatrical experiences in โ€˜The Attic Theatreโ€™. Here, so close to his family, al-Tarteer felt a form of responsibility. Little did he know, from the early 1970s to the present day, his stubborn personality, sense of humour, and convincing impressions would make him one of the pioneers of the theatrical movement in Palestine. This archival collection of hundreds of photographs and dozens of documents, from magazine clippings and newspapers to publications and play tickets, is proof of that impact.

Al-Tarteer was one of those who heeded the call for expressive alternatives to economic, social, and political problems. With the help of a group of young adults in Ramallah and Jerusalem, teamwork enabled him in 1970 to establish โ€˜Balaleenโ€™ (Balloons), his first independent theatre troupe. Its first performance took place onstage on January 22nd, 1972, at al-Omariya school in Jerusalem, entitled A Slice of Life. It inspired eight other theatrical performances between 1972-1975: The Darkness in 1972; The Weather Forecast, The Emperorโ€™s Cloak, The Treasure, and The Cripple and the Walnut Tree in 1973; Come Let Me Talk to You My Friend in 1974; and Antoura and Latoof and Tirbaytak Ammi in 1975.

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Booklet introducing theatre troupes: Theatre Committee, 1980

The dramatist never relinquished a single scrap of paper, photograph, or notebook. Arranged and categorised according to the date on which they were published or written, they also included press clippings, positive and critical. In this way, he learned from his mistakes and pushed himself to improve, something he was not alone in among his theatre colleagues.

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Entry Ticket for the play โ€˜A Slice of Lifeโ€™

Upon visiting the Sandouq al-Ajab (Wonder Box) headquarters in the Old City of Ramallah, an old house that al-Tarteer personally renovated, one is surrounded by this archive. On the wall, he has posters for every performance he put on; puppets are scattered throughout the house, as are handmade wooden carvings. Photographs document his travels to Arab and international theatre festivals. There are boxes of paper clippings, newspapers, and magazines, such as ash-Shaโ€™b, al-Fajr, Al-Quds and Al-Ayyam. There are also other advertisements and entry tickets sold for a symbolic price that, for both Balaleen and Sandouq al-Ajab, allowed the provision of necessary supplies and technical equipment. This included clothing, dรฉcor, and training venues, all to encourage the audience to participate and establish a relationship between Palestinians and their theatre.ย 

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A scene from the play Ras Roos

After 1975, when the sun set on the Balaleen troupe, its young members found themselves contemplating how to develop their thinking towards the theatre. They opted to do so by forming a new theatre company they called Sandouq al-Ajab. They wanted to do right by the theatre and strengthen the ties between it and the audience through professionalisation and dedication. Sandouq al-Ajab presented several works, including When We Went Mad in 1976; The Alienation of Said ibn Fadlallah in 1979; Ras Roos in 1970 (presented by al-Tarteer, it was the first monodrama in the history ofย  Palestinian theatre); The Truth in 1982; The Blind and the Deaf in 1986; The Hat and the Prophet, al-Tarteerโ€™s second monodrama, in 1990; and finally, Hikayat Abu al-Ajab (Abu al-Ajabโ€™s Tales), ongoing from 1993 to the present.

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Sandouq al-Ajab headquarters in Ramallah

Al-Tarteer has a special interest in childrenโ€™s theatre, which he considers a positive step in local theatre history. It is because of this that Hikayat Abu al-Ajab, a long series of tales told by al-Tarteer in character as the storyteller Abu al-Ajab, is ongoing. Throughout, Abu al-Ajab roams everywhere with his Wonder Box. The Wonder Box is a mobile theatre through which he presents folk stories drawn from human and Palestinian heritage. Al-Tarteer brings some of these stories close to lived reality, making them suitable for adults and children and expressing both the past and the present. He does so without limiting himself to these stories but instead goes beyond them, meshing them with situations based on his personal experiences.

ุงู„ุฅุถุงุกุฉ ุงู„ุดู‡ุฑูŠุฉ

ุญูŠุงุฉูŒ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุฑุญ

ู†ุจุฐุฉ ุนู† ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณุฑุญูŠ ูˆุงู„ูู†ู‘ุงู† ุนุงุฏู„ ุงู„ุชุฑุชูŠุฑ

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ูˆุทุงุฑ ุงู„ุทูŠุฑ… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูŠู…ุณู‘ูŠ ุงู„ุญุงุถุฑูŠู† ุจุงู„ุฎูŠุฑ

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ุนุงุฏู„ ุงู„ุชุฑุชูŠุฑุŒ ุฑุงู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ุŒ ุฃูˆุงุฎุฑ ุณุชูŠู†ูŠู‘ุงุช ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ุนุดุฑูŠู†

ุนู„ู‰ ูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฏู‘ุงูŠุฉ “ุฅู… ุฌูˆุฏุฉ”ุŒ ุฎุฑุฌ ุงู„ุชุฑุชูŠุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉุ› ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุฑุญ ุงู„ุฃูƒุจุฑุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุฑุถ ู‚ุฑูŠุฉ ุฑุงูุงุช ุจูŠู† ุฑุงู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆุงู„ู‚ุฏุณุŒ ููŠ 14 ุขุจ 1951ุŒ ู…ู†ุญุฏุฑู‹ุง ู…ู† ุฃุณุฑุฉู ุชุนูˆุฏ ุฌุฐูˆุฑู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‘ุฏู‘. ู‡ูุฌู‘ุฑุช ุงู„ุนุงุฆู„ุฉ ุฅุจู‘ุงู† ุงู„ู†ู‘ูƒุจุฉุŒ ูˆุงุณุชู‚ุฑู‘ุช ุฃุณูู„ ุดุฌุฑุฉุ› ูˆุชุญุฏูŠุฏู‹ุง ููŠ “ุณู‚ูŠูุฉ” ู…ู† ุงู„ุฒูŠู†ูƒูˆุŒ ูˆุจุนุฏ ู†ุญูˆ ุฃุฑุจุนูŠู† ูŠูˆู…ู‹ุง ู…ุฑู‘ุช ู…ู† ุญูŠุงุชู‡ ูƒุงู† ู…ุญู…ูˆู„ู‹ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุธู‡ุฑ ุญู…ุงุฑู ู…ูุชู‘ุฌู‡ู ุฅู„ู‰ ุนูŠู† ู…ู†ุฌุฏ ููŠ ุฑุงู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ 

ูƒุจูุฑูŽุŒ ูˆู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู„ู„ุฎูŠุงู„ ุฅู„ู‘ุง ุฃู† ูŠุชู‘ุณุน. ููŠ ู…ุถุงูุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฏู‡ ูƒุงู† ูŠุฌู„ุณุŒ ู…ุญุงุทู‹ุง ุจุงู„ูƒุจุงุฑุŒ ูˆููŠ ุฏูƒู‘ุงู†ู‡ุŒ ุญูŠุซ ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ู…ุญุงุฑูŠุซ ูˆุงู„ุณูƒูƒ ุชูุตู†ุนู ู„ู„ูู„ู‘ุงุญูŠู†ุŒ ูˆูƒู…ุง ุฃูŠู‘ ุทูู„ู ูุถูˆู„ูŠุŒ ูƒุงู† ูŠุชุญุณู‘ุณ ุงู„ุฎุดุจ ูˆูŠุฑุณู… ู…ุง ูŠุฑู‰ุŒ ูˆูŠุชู‚ู…ู‘ุต ุฃุฏูˆุงุฑู‹ุง ู„ุดุฎุตูŠู‘ุงุชู ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉู. ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ู…ูุฌุชู…ุนุฉู‹ ุดูƒู‘ู„ุช ุจุฐุฑุฉู‹ ู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ุชุฌุงุฑุจู‡ ุงู„ู…ุณุฑุญูŠู‘ุฉ ููŠ “ู…ุณุฑุญ ุงู„ุณู‚ูŠูุฉ”ุŒ ู‡ูู†ุงุŒ ูˆุนู„ู‰ ู…ู‚ุฑุจุฉู ู…ู† ุนุงุฆู„ุชู‡ุŒ ุดุนุฑ ุจุดูŠุกู ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูˆู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ูŠุฏุฑูŠ ุจุฃู†ู‘ ุดุฎุตูŠู‘ุชู‡ ุงู„ุนู†ูŠุฏุฉุŒ ูˆุญุณู‘ู‡ ุงู„ููƒุงู‡ูŠุŒ ูˆู‚ุฏุฑุชู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชู‚ู„ูŠุฏ ุจุดูƒู„ู ู…ูุชู‚ู†ูุŒ ุณูˆู ุชุฌุนู„ู‡ ูˆุงุญุฏู‹ุง ู…ู† ุฑููˆู‘ุงุฏ ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณุฑุญูŠู‘ุฉ ููŠ ูู„ุณุทูŠู† ู…ู†ุฐ ู…ุทู„ุน ุณุจุนูŠู†ูŠู‘ุงุช ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ุนุดุฑูŠู† ูˆุญุชู‘ู‰ ูŠูˆู…ู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง. ูˆู„ุนู„ู‘ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฑุดูŠููŠู‘ุฉุŒ ุจู…ุง ุชุฒุฎุฑ ุจู‡ ู…ู† ู…ุฆุงุช ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ูˆุนุดุฑุงุช ุงู„ูˆุซุงุฆู‚ุ› ุจุฏุกู‹ุง ุจู‚ุตุงุตุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฌู„ู‘ุงุช ูˆุงู„ุตุญูุŒ ูˆุตูˆู„ู‹ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑุงุช ูˆุชุฐุงูƒุฑ ุงู„ุฏุฎูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุฑุญูŠู‘ุงุชุŒ ุฎูŠุฑ ุฏู„ูŠู„ู ุนู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ

ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุชุฑุชูŠุฑ ู…ู…ู‘ู† ู„ุจู‘ูˆุง ุงู„ู†ุฏุงุก ุจุถุฑูˆุฑุฉ ุฅูŠุฌุงุฏ ุจุฏุงุฆู„ ุชุนุจูŠุฑูŠู‘ุฉู ู„ู„ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠู‘ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠู‘ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุณูŠุงุณูŠู‘ุฉ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุฎุดุจุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณุฑุญุŒ ูˆู‚ุฏ ู…ูƒู‘ู†ุชู‡ ุฑูˆุญ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุฌู…ุงุนูŠุŒ ุจู…ุณุงุนุฏุฉ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉู ู…ู† ุงู„ุดุจู‘ุงู† ูˆุงู„ุดุงุจู‘ุงุช ููŠ ุฑุงู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆุงู„ู‚ุฏุณุŒ ู…ู† ุฅู†ุดุงุก ุฃูˆู‘ู„ ูุฑู‚ุฉู ู…ุณุฑุญูŠู‘ุฉู ู…ุณุชู‚ู„ู‘ุฉู ุนุงู… 1970ุŒ ุฃุทู„ู‚ูˆุง ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุงุณู… “ุจู„ุงู„ูŠู†”ุŒ ู‚ุฏู‘ู…ุช ุฃูˆู‘ู„ ุนุฑุถู ู„ู‡ุง ููŠ 22 ูƒุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ 1972 ุนู„ู‰ ุฎุดุจุฉ ู…ุณุฑุญ ุงู„ู…ุฏุฑุณุฉ ุงู„ุนูู…ุฑูŠู‘ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฏุณุŒ ูˆุนู†ูˆุงู†ู‡ุง “ู‚ุทุนุฉ ุญูŠุงุฉ”ุŒ ุดูƒู‘ู„ุช ุจุฏูˆุฑู‡ุง ู…ุตุฏุฑ ุฅู„ู‡ุงู…ู ู„ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ุนุฑูˆุถู ู…ุณุฑุญูŠุฉู ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุนูุฑุถุช ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฃุนูˆุงู… 1972-1975ุŒ ููƒุงู†ุช “ุงู„ุนุชู…ุฉ” ููŠ 1972ุŒ ูˆ”ู†ุดุฑุฉ ุฃุญูˆุงู„ ุงู„ุฌูˆ”  ูˆ”ุซูˆุจ ุงู„ุฅู…ุจุฑุงุทูˆุฑ” ูˆ”ุงู„ูƒู†ุฒ” ูˆ”ุดุฌุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฌูˆุฒ ูˆูŠูˆู†ุณ ุงู„ุฃุนุฑุฌ” ููŠ 1973ุŒ ูˆ”ุชูŽุน ุชูŽุฎุฑููŽูƒ ูŠุง ุตุงุญุจูŠ” ููŠ 1974ุŒ ูˆ”ุนู†ุชูˆุฑุฉ ูˆู„ุทู‘ูˆู” ูˆ”ุชุฑุจุงูŠุชูƒ ุนู…ู‘ูŠ” ููŠ 1975

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ูƒูุชูŠู‘ุจ ู„ู„ุชุนุฑูŠู ุจุงู„ูุฑู‚ ุงู„ู…ุณุฑุญูŠู‘ุฉ โ€“ ู„ุฌู†ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณุฑุญุŒ 1980

ู…ุง ุงู†ููƒู‘ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุณุฑุญูŠ ูŠุญุชูุธ ุจูƒู„ู‘ ู‚ุตุงุตุฉู ูˆุฑู‚ูŠู‘ุฉู ูˆุตูˆุฑุฉู ูˆุฏูุชุฑ ู…ู„ุงุญุธุงุชูุŒ ู…ูุฑุชู‘ุจุฉู‹ ูˆู…ูุฑูˆู‘ุณุฉู‹ ุจุญุณุจ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ูุดุฑุช ุฃูˆ ูƒูุชุจุช ููŠู‡ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ูˆู„ู… ูŠุชุฎู„ู‘ ุนู† ุฃูŠู‘ ู…ุงุฏู‘ุฉู ุตุญููŠู‘ุฉู ูƒูุชุจุช ู…ูุดูŠุฏุฉู‹ ุจุฃุนู…ุงู„ู‡ ุฃูˆ ู…ู†ุชู‚ุฏุฉู‹ ู„ู‡ุงุŒ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฌุนู„ู‡ ูŠุชุนู„ู‘ู… ู…ู† ุฃุฎุทุงุฆู‡ ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ุฉ ูˆูŠุฏูุน ุจู†ูุณู‡ ู†ุญูˆ ุงู„ุชุทูˆู‘ุฑุŒ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ู… ูŠุฎุชุจุฑู‡ ุจู…ุนุฒู„ู ุนู† ุจุงู‚ูŠ ุฒู…ู„ุงุฆู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ู…ุณุฑุญูŠ

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ุชุฐูƒุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฏุฎูˆู„ ู„ู…ุณุฑุญูŠู‘ุฉ “ู‚ุทุนุฉ ุญูŠุงุฉ

ุนู†ุฏ ุฒูŠุงุฑุฉ ู…ู‚ุฑู‘ “ู…ุณุฑุญ ุตู†ุฏูˆู‚ ุงู„ุนุฌุจ” ููŠ ุงู„ุจู„ุฏุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉ ููŠ ุฑุงู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ุŒ ูˆููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุจูŠุช ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฑู…ู‘ู…ู‡ ุนุงุฏู„ ุงู„ุชุฑุชูŠุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุนุงุชู‚ู‡ ุงู„ุฎุงุตู‘ุŒ ุณู†ุฌุฏ ุงู„ุฃุฑุดูŠู ูŠุญูŠุท ุจู†ุง ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุชุ› ูุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญุงุฆุทุŒ ู…ุซู„ู‹ุงุŒ ุนู„ู‘ู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุชูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ูู„ุตู‚ุงุช ุงู„ุฏุนุงุฆูŠู‘ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฅุนู„ุงู†ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงุตู‘ุฉ ุจูƒู„ู‘ ุนุฑุถู ู‚ุฏู‘ู…ู‡ุŒ ู†ุงู‡ูŠูƒ ุนู† ุงู„ุฏูู‘ู…ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฒู‘ุนุฉ ููŠ ูƒู„ู‘ ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉู ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูŠุชุŒ ูˆู„ูˆุญุงุชู‡ ุงู„ุฎุดุจูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุญุชู‡ุง ุจูŠุฏู‡ุŒ ูˆุตูˆุฑู‡ู ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูˆุซู‘ู‚ ุณูุฑู‡ ู„ู„ู…ุดุงุฑูƒุฉ ููŠ ู…ุญุงูู„ ู…ุณุฑุญูŠู‘ุฉู ุนุฑุจูŠู‘ุฉู ูˆุฏูˆู„ูŠู‘ุฉู ุนุฏูŠุฏุฉูุŒ ุจุงู„ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุตู†ุงุฏูŠู‚ ุงู„ู‚ุตุงุตุงุช ุงู„ูˆุฑู‚ูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฃุนุฏุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ู†ูˆู‘ุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตูู‘ุญู ูˆุงู„ู…ุฌู„ู‘ุงุชุŒ ู…ุซู„ “ุงู„ุดุนุจ” ูˆ”ุงู„ูุฌุฑ” ูˆ”ุงู„ู‚ุฏุณ” ูˆ”ุงู„ุฃูŠู‘ุงู…”ุŒ ูˆุบูŠุฑู‡ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅุนู„ุงู†ุงุช ูˆุชุฐุงูƒุฑ ุงู„ุฏุฎูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุฑุญูŠู‘ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ุชูุจุงุน ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ ุณุนุฑู ุฑู…ุฒูŠ ุชุถู…ู† ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ู‡ ูุฑู‚ุชุง “ุจู„ุงู„ูŠู†” ูˆ”ุตู†ุฏูˆู‚ ุงู„ุนุฌุจ” ุงู„ุงุณุชู…ุฑุงุฑ ูˆุชูˆููŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุนุฏู‘ุงุช ูˆุงู„ู…ุณุชู„ุฒู…ุงุช ุงู„ูู†ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ู…ู† ู…ู„ุงุจุณ ูˆุฏูŠูƒูˆุฑ ูˆุฃู…ุงูƒู† ู„ู„ุชุฏุฑูŠุจุŒ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุชุดุฌูŠุน ุงู„ุฌู…ู‡ูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุดุงุฑูƒุฉุŒ ุชู…ู‡ูŠุฏู‹ุง ู„ุฅู†ุดุงุก ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉู ุจูŠู† ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠู‘ูŠู† ูˆู…ุณุฑุญู‡ู…

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ู…ุดู‡ุฏ ู…ู† ู…ุณุฑุญูŠู‘ุฉ “ุฑุงุณ ุฑูˆุณ

ุจุนุฏ ุนุงู… 1975ุŒ ูˆุชุญุฏูŠุฏู‹ุง ุจุนุฏ ุฃููˆู„ ู†ุฌู… ูุฑู‚ุฉ “ุจู„ุงู„ูŠู†”ุŒ ูˆุฌุฏ ุงู„ุดุจู‘ุงู† ุฃู†ูุณู‡ู… ููŠ ู…ูˆุงุฌู‡ุฉ ู†ุถุฌ ุชููƒูŠุฑู‡ู… ุชุฌุงู‡ ุงู„ู…ุณุฑุญุŒ ูู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุฑุชูŠุฑ ูˆู…ู† ู…ุนู‡ ุฅู„ู‘ุง ุฃู† ุดูƒู‘ู„ูˆุง ูุฑู‚ุฉู‹ ู…ุณุฑุญูŠู‘ุฉู‹ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉู‹ุŒ ุฃุทู„ู‚ูˆุง ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุงุณู… ูุฑู‚ุฉ “ุตู†ุฏูˆู‚ ุงู„ุนุฌุจ”ุŒ ูˆุจุฐู„ูƒ ุฃุฑุงุฏูˆุง ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุนุทุงุก ุงู„ู…ุณุฑุญ ุญู‚ู‘ู‡ ูˆุชุนู…ูŠู‚ ุงู„ุตู„ุฉ ุจูŠู†ู‡ ูˆุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฌู…ู‡ูˆุฑุŒ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงุญุชุฑุงูู‡ู… ู„ู„ู…ุณุฑุญ ูˆุงู„ุชูุฑู‘ุบ ู„ู„ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ู…ุณุฑุญูŠ. ู‚ุฏู‘ู…ุช ูุฑู‚ุฉ ู…ุณุฑุญ “ุตู†ุฏูˆู‚ ุงู„ุนุฌุจ” ุนุฏุฏู‹ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„ ุงู„ู…ุณุฑุญูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูƒุงู† ู…ู† ุจูŠู†ู‡ุง: “ู„ู…ู‘ุง ุงู†ุฌู†ู‘ูŠู†ุง” ููŠ 1976ุŒ ูˆ”ุชุบุฑูŠุจุฉ ุณุนูŠุฏ ุจู† ูุถู„ ุงู„ู„ู‡” ููŠ 1979ุŒ ูˆ”ุฑุงุณ ุฑูˆุณ” ููŠ 1980ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ุฃูˆู‘ู„ ุนู…ู„ ู…ูˆู†ูˆุฏุฑุงู…ูŠ ู‚ุฏู‘ู…ู‡ ุงู„ุชุฑุชูŠุฑ ููŠ ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณุฑุญูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ุจุงู„ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฅู„ู‰  ู…ุณุฑุญูŠู‘ุงุช “ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ” ููŠ 1982ุŒ ูˆ”ุงู„ุฃุนู…ู‰ ูˆุงู„ุฃุทุฑุด” ููŠ 1986ุŒ ูˆ”ุงู„ู‚ุจู‘ุนุฉ ูˆุงู„ู†ุจูŠ” ููŠ 1990ุŒ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุซุงู†ูŠ ุนู…ู„ ู…ูˆู†ูˆุฏุฑุงู…ูŠ ู„ู„ุชุฑุชูŠุฑุŒ ูˆุฃุฎูŠุฑู‹ุง “ุญูƒุงูŠุงุช ุฃุจูˆ ุงู„ุนุฌุจ” ู…ู†ุฐ ุงู„ุนุงู… 1993 ูˆู„ุบุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุขู†

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ู…ู‚ุฑู‘ ู…ุณุฑุญ ุตู†ุฏูˆู‚ ุงู„ุนุฌุจ ููŠ ุฑุงู… ุงู„ู„ู‡

ูƒุงู† ู„ุนุงุฏู„ ุงู„ุชุฑุชูŠุฑ ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู…ูŒ ุฎุงุตูŒู‘ ุจููƒุฑุฉ “ู…ุณุฑุญ ุงู„ุทูู„”ุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุงุนุชุจุฑู‡ ู†ู‚ู„ุฉู‹ ู†ูˆุนูŠู‘ุฉู‹ ููŠ ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ู…ุณุฑุญ ุงู„ู…ุญู„ู‘ูŠุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ูŠูุณู‘ุฑ ุงุณุชู…ุฑุงุฑู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ูŠูˆู…ู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง ููŠ ุนุฑุถ ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ “ุญูƒุงูŠุงุช ุฃุจูˆ ุงู„ุนุฌุจ”ุŒ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุณู„ุณู„ุฉูŒ ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉูŒ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ุตุต ุงู„ู…ุชุชุงู„ูŠุฉุŒ ุชุฏูˆุฑ ุฃุญุฏุงุซู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ู„ุณุงู† ุนุงุฏู„ ุงู„ุชุฑุชูŠุฑุŒ ุงู„ู…ูู„ู‚ู‘ุจ ุจุงู„ุญูƒูˆุงุชูŠ “ุฃุจูˆ ุงู„ุนุฌุจ”ุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุทูˆู ุจุตู†ุฏูˆู‚ู‡ ููŠ ูƒู„ู‘ ู…ูƒุงู†ูุŒ ูˆูŠุญู…ู„ ููŠ ุฌุนุจุชู‡ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญูƒุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุฑูˆูŠู‡ุง ูˆูŠูู…ุซู‘ู„ู‡ุง ุนุจุฑ ุตู†ุฏูˆู‚ ุงู„ุนุฌุจุŒ ู…ูุฌุณู‘ุฏู‹ุง ู…ุณุฑุญู‹ุง ู…ูุชู†ู‚ู‘ู„ู‹ุง ูŠุณุชุนุฑุถ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ู‡ ุฌู…ู„ุฉู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ุตุต ุงู„ุดุนุจูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฃุฎูˆุฐุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุฑุงุซ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠ ูˆุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠุŒ ุฅู„ู‘ุง ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ูŠุชุตุฑู‘ูุŒ ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุชุŒ ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุตุตุŒ ูˆูŠุฌุนู„ู‡ุง ู‚ุฑูŠุจุฉู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ู…ุนูŠุดุŒ ุจุญูŠุซ ุชุตุจุญ ู…ู„ุงุฆู…ุฉู‹ ู„ู„ูƒุจุงุฑ ูˆุงู„ุตุบุงุฑุŒ ูˆู…ูุนุจู‘ุฑุฉู‹ ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠ ูˆุงู„ุญุงุถุฑุŒ ุฏูˆู† ุฃู† ุชู†ุชู‡ูŠ ุญุฏูˆุฏู‡ ุนู†ุฏ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญูƒุงูŠุงุชุŒ ุจู„ ูŠุชุฌุงูˆุฒู‡ุง ุณุนูŠู‹ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุจู„ูˆุฑุฉ ุฌุฒุกู ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุจู†ุงุกู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงู‚ู ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชุนุฑู‘ุถ ู„ู‡ุง ููŠ ุญูŠุงุชู‡

ูˆู‡ุงูŠ ุญูƒุงูŠุชูŠ ุญูƒูŠุชู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุฑู…ูŠุชู‡ุง

ูˆุทุงุฑ ุงู„ุทูŠุฑุŒ ูˆุชุถู„ู‘ูˆุง ุจุฎูŠุฑ