Abstract Introduction. The rearing of guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) is key to the food supply and economy of Andean countries such as Peru. However, their productivity may be affected by inadequate management, particularly stocking density, whose impact has not yet been fully evaluated. Objective. To evaluate the productive efficiency of guinea pigs subjected to high stocking densities. Materials and methods. The experiment was conducted at the Small Animals Laboratory of the National Agrarian University La Molina (UNALM), in Lima, Peru, over eight weeks (January to March 2022). A total of ninety improved male guinea pigs of the Cieneguilla-UNALM genotype were used, with an average initial weight of 338.57 g (15 ± 3 days of age). The experimental design was completely randomized, with three treatments: 0.10 m²/animal (T1), 0.066 m²/animal (T2), and 0.050 m²/animal (T3), with three replicates of ten guinea pigs each. The animals were fed ad libitum with balanced feed and forage, and had continuous access to water. The evaluated productive variables were initial and final weight, weight gain, feed intake (daily, weekly, and total), feed conversion ratio, mortality, carcass lesions, visible fat scoring, and carcass yield. Results. Treatment T1 showed the highest weight gain and total feed intake, while T3 exhibited the best feed conversion ratio and the lowest mortality. Carcass yield and visible fat content were higher in T1; however, T3 showed fewer signs of carcass lesions (p < 0.05). Conclusions. Stocking density in guinea pigs did not significantly affect the evaluated parameters. However, the highest density (T3) reduced the incidence of lesions, indicating less competitive behavior among the animals.

Resumen Introducción. La crianza de cuyes (Cavia porcellus) es clave en la alimentación y economía de los países andinos como Perú. Sin embargo, su productividad puede verse afectada por un manejo inadecuado, en particular la densidad de crianza, cuyo impacto aún no ha sido completamente evaluado. Objetivo. Evaluar la eficiencia productiva de cuyes sometidos a altas densidades de crianza. Materiales y métodos. El experimento se realizó en el Laboratorio de Animales Menores de la Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (UNALM), en Lima, Perú, durante ocho semanas (enero a marzo de 2022). Se utilizaron noventa cuyes machos mejorados del genotipo Cieneguilla-UNALM, con un peso promedio inicial de 338,57 g (15 ± 3 días de edad). El diseño experimental fue completamente aleatorio, con tres tratamientos: 0,10 m²/animal (T1), 0,066 m²/animal (T2) y 0,050 m²/animal (T3), con tres repeticiones de diez cuyes cada una. Los animales fueron alimentados ad libitum con balanceado y forraje, y acceso permanente al agua. Se evaluaron las variables productivas peso inicial y final, ganancia de peso, consumo de alimento (diario, semanal y total), conversión alimenticia, mortalidad, lesiones en la carcasa, calificación de grasa visible y rendimiento de carcasa. Resultados. El tratamiento T1 presentó la mayor ganancia de peso y consumo total, mientras que T3 mostró la mejor conversión alimenticia y menor mortalidad. El rendimiento de carcasa y la cantidad de grasa visible fueron superiores en T1; sin embargo, T3 presentó menos signos de lesión en la carcasa (p < 0,05). Conclusiones. La densidad de crianza en cuyes no tuvo un impacto significativo en los parámetros evaluados. No obstante, la mayor densidad (T3) redujo la incidencia de lesiones, lo que indica un comportamiento menos competitivo entre los animales.

Abstract Introduction. Various plant extracts are used in agriculture to reduce the impact of arthropod pests. However, few studies describe the toxic or repellent action of cinnamon, citronella, and ginger essential oils on populations of phytophagous mites such as Tetranychus urticae. Objective. To evaluate the repellent effect of commercial grade essential oils of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus), and ginger (Zingiber officinale) on a population of the mite Tetranychus urticae on sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants under in vitro conditions. Materials and methods. The research was conducted between October and November 2023 at the Acarology Laboratory of the Crop Protection Research Center (CIPROC) of the School of Agronomy, University of Costa Rica, located in San José, Costa Rica. Four concentrations (1 %, 2 %, 3 %, and 4 %) of each essential oil (cinnamon, citronella, and ginger) were tested at a volume of 333 µL per leaf. To quantify their repellent effect, a choice test using paper bridges was employed. Evaluations were performed 24 and 48 hours after application. A randomized complete block design was used, and data were analyzed with a generalized linear model. Results. The three oils and their concentrations showed repellent activity above 60 %, except for citronella oil at 2 %. Higher concentrations did not always result in greater mite repellency, although this pattern varied among oils. Conclusions. Cinnamon, citronella, and ginger essential oils have repellent properties against Tetranychus urticae, demonstrating their potential as an alternative for the management of this pest.

Resumen Introducción. Diversos extractos de plantas son empleados a nivel agrícola para disminuir el impacto de plagas artrópodas. Sin embargo, existen pocos trabajos que indiquen la acción tóxica o repelente de los aceites esenciales de canela, citronela y jengibre sobre poblaciones de ácaros fitófagos, como es el caso de Tetranychus urticae. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto repelente de los aceites esenciales de grado comercial de canela (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), citronela (Cymbopogon winterianus) y jengibre (Zingiber officinale) sobre una población del ácaro Tetranychus urticae en plantas de chile dulce (Capsicum annuum) bajo condiciones in vitro. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se llevó a cabo entre octubre y noviembre de 2023 en el Laboratorio de Acarología del Centro de Investigaciones en Protección de Cultivos (CIPROC) de la Escuela de Agronomía de la Universidad de Costa Rica, ubicado en San José, Costa Rica. Se probaron cuatro concentraciones (1 %, 2 %, 3 % y 4 %) de cada aceite esencial (canela, citronela y jengibre), a un volumen de 333 µL por hoja. Para cuantificar su efecto repelente, se implementó un ensayo de pruebas de elección con puentes de papel. Las evaluaciones se realizaron 24 y 48 h después de la aplicación. Se empleó un diseño aleatorio de bloques completos, y el análisis de datos se ejecutó mediante un modelo lineal generalizado. Resultados. Los tres aceites y sus respectivas concentraciones mostraron una acción repelente superior al 60 %, a excepción del aceite de citronela al 2 %. Una alta concentración no siempre correspondió con una mayor repelencia contra los ácaros, aunque esto varió de acuerdo con el aceite utilizado. Conclusiones. Los aceites de canela, citronela y jengibre tienen propiedades repelentes contra Tetranychus urticae, lo que demuestra su potencial como alternativa para el manejo de esta plaga.

Abstract Introduction: Primary membranous nephropathy (PMN) is a leading cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults. Although proteinuria has been the conventional guiding parameter in disease monitoring, its limitations as a non-specific and delayed marker have led to the appeal of anti-phospholipase A2 receptor antibodies (PLA2R) as specific and sensitive indicators of disease activity and response to treatment. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 60 patients with biopsy-proven PMN and positive baseline anti-PLA2R antibodies who underwent treatment at the Multan Institute of Kidney Diseases. Anti-PLA2R levels were measured at baseline and at the 6-month follow-up using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Clinical remission was assessed using the standard proteinuria and renal function criteria. Statistical analyses included receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, logistic regression, and correlation assessments. Results: Baseline anti-PLA2R levels were significantly lower in patients who achieved remission (p = 0.047), and 6-month levels showed a strong correlation with treatment response (p < 0.001). ROC analysis demonstrated good predictive accuracy with area under curve (AUC) of 0.707 (baseline) and 0.815 (6-month), identifying optimal remission cutoffs at 125.5 RU/mL and 37.75 RU/mL, respectively. Logistic regression analysis confirmed the baseline albumin level, 6-month anti-PLA2R, and proteinuria reduction as independent predictors of remission. Conclusion: Anti-PLA2R antibody levels at baseline and 6 months serve as robust predictors of treatment response in PMN and outperform proteinuria in early remission assessment. These findings support the integration of anti-PLA2R monitoring into standard clinical practice for personalized management and therapy adjustment in PMN.

RESUMO Introdução: Nefropatia membranosa primária (NMP) é uma das principais causas de síndrome nefrótica em adultos. Embora a proteinúria tenha sido oparâmetro convencional de monitoramento da doença, suas limitações como marcador inespecífico e tardio levaram ao apelo de anticorpos antireceptor de fosfolipase A2 (PLA2R) como indicadores específicos e sensíveis da atividade da doença e resposta terapêutica. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo incluindo 60 pacientes com NMP comprovada por biópsia e positividade basal para anticorpos anti-PLA2R, tratados no Multan Institute of Kidney Diseases. Níveis de anti-PLA2R foram medidos no início e no acompanhamento de 6 meses, utilizando ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA).Avaliou-se remissão clínica por critérios padrão de proteinúria e função renal. Análises estatísticas incluíram curvas ROC, regressão logística, análises de correlação. Resultados: Níveis basais de anti-PLA2R foram significativamente menores em pacientes que alcançaram remissão (p = 0,047), e níveis aos 6 meses apresentaram forte correlação com a resposta terapêutica (p < 0,001). Análise ROC demonstrou boa precisão preditiva (AUC de 0,707 [basal] e 0,815 [6 meses]), identificando pontos de corte ideais para remissão em 125,5 RU/mL e 37,75 RU/mL, respectivamente. A análisede regressão logística confirmou nível basal de albumina, anti-PLA2R aos 6 meses e redução da proteinúria como preditores independentes de remissão. Conclusão: Níveis de anticorpos anti-PLA2R no período basal e aos 6 meses são preditores robustos de resposta terapêutica na NMP, superando a proteinúria na avaliação precoce da remissão. Esses achados sustentam a integração do monitoramento do anti-PLA2R à prática clínica padrão para o manejo personalizado e ajuste terapêutico na NMP.

Resumo Introdução: O citomegalovírus (CMV) permanece um desafio significativo no transplante renal. Apesar das estratégias antivirais profiláticas e preemptivas, as práticas clínicas variam amplamente. Este estudo avaliou práticas de diagnóstico e monitoramento do CMV em centros brasileiros de transplante renal, concentrando-se no acesso a ferramentas diagnósticas, limites terapêuticos e barreiras logísticas. Métodos: Realizou-se pesquisa eletrônica nacional entre agosto-outubro de 2024, direcionada a todos os programas de transplante (PT) renal registrados na Associação Brasileira de Transplante de Órgãos (ABTO). Resultados: Participaram 35 PT (taxa de resposta: 20,6%), representando 62% dos transplantes renais realizados no Brasil em 2023. Embora a maioria dos centros possuísse protocolos de manejo do CMV (94,3%), observou-se variabilidade significativa no início da terapia preemptiva (TPE). Entre pacientes de alto risco (D+/R−), 41,9% seguiram limites pré-definidos. Aplicaram-se valores de corte específicos em 71,0% dos pacientes R+ e em 45,2% do grupo baixo risco (D−/R−). PCR quantitativa foi o principal método diagnóstico (97,1%), com sangue total (60%) e plasma (34,3%) como tipos de amostra preferidos. Uma proporção significativa dos PT (60%) dependia de laboratórios terceirizados para diagnóstico de CMV, com 82,4% apresentando tempo de retorno dos resultados superior a três dias. Apenas 8,6% dos PT tinham acesso a testes moleculares para cepas de CMV resistentes. Conclusão: Esta pesquisa revela variabilidade substancial no diagnóstico e manejo do CMV entre centros brasileiros de transplante renal, com acesso limitado ao diagnóstico e atrasos decorrentes da dependência de laboratórios terceirizados. Ampliar a capacidade diagnóstica e padronizar diretrizes são essenciais para melhoria dos desfechos dos pacientes.

Abstract Introduction: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) remains a significant challenge in kidney transplantation. Despite prophylactic and preemptive antiviral strategies, clinical practices vary widely. This study assessed CMV diagnostic and monitoring practices in Brazilian kidney transplant centers, focusing on access to diagnostic tools, therapeutic thresholds, and logistical barriers. Methods: A nationwide electronic survey was conducted between August and October 2024, targeting all kidney transplant programs (TP) registered with the Brazilian Society of Organ Transplantation (ABTO). Results: A total of 35 TP (20.6% response rate) participated, representing 62% of kidney transplants performed in Brazil in 2023. While most centers had CMV management protocols (94.3%), significant variability was observed in the initiation of preemptive therapy (PET). Among high-risk patients (D+/R−), 41.9% followed predefined thresholds. Specific cut-off values were applied in 71.0% of R+ patients and in 45.2% of the low-risk group (D−/R−). Quantitative PCR was the primary diagnostic method (97.1%), with whole blood (60%) and plasma (34.3%) as preferred sample types. A significant proportion of CMV TP (60%) relied on outsourced laboratories for CMV diagnostics, with 82.4% experiencing turnaround times exceeding three days for results. Only 8.6% TP had access to molecular testing for CMV-resistant strains. Conclusion: This survey reveals substantial variability in CMV diagnosis and management among Brazilian kidney transplant centers, with limited diagnostic access and delays due to reliance on outsourced laboratories. Expanding diagnostic capacity and standardizing guidelines are essential to improving patient outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: A injúria renal aguda (IRA) é uma complicação crítica da COVID-19, e diferenças nos desfechos entre sistemas público e privado de saúde permanecem pouco exploradas no Brasil. Este estudo compara a epidemiologia da IRA em pacientes com COVID-19 em dois hospitais brasileiros - público e privado. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo analisando 2.333 pacientes com COVID-19 confirmada por RT-PCR, na UTI (1.041 público; 1.292 privado; março/2020–abril/2022). IRA e recuperação seguiram critérios KDIGO e ADQI. Utilizou-se regressão logística multivariada e modelos de Cox para avaliar preditores de incidência e mortalidade por IRA. Para considerar risco competitivo de óbito intra-hospitalar, utilizou-se um modelo Fine-Gray para avaliar recuperação renal. Resultados: A incidência de IRA foi elevada nos dois contextos (privado, 80,4%; público, 78,8%). Apesar de características basais comparáveis, pacientes do hospital público apresentaram taxas de mortalidade significativamente superiores (46,7% vs. 31,3%; p < 0,001). Após ajuste para fatores de confusão, a admissão no hospital público permaneceu um preditor independente da incidência de IRA (OR 1,279; IC95%: 1,012–1,620) e mortalidade (HR 1,675; IC95%: 1,435–1,956). Embora taxas brutas de recuperação parecessem maiores nos hospitais públicos, a análise de risco competitivo revelou probabilidade de recuperação significativamente menor (SHR 0,650; IC95% 0,554–0,762). Discussão: Apesar da incidência semelhante de IRA, pacientes do hospital público apresentaram maior mortalidade e menor probabilidade de recuperação renal, provavelmente refletindo diferenças na disponibilidade de recursos. Esses achados ressaltam a necessidade de abordar a relação custo-efetividade e a equidade entre setores público e privado dos sistemas de saúde.

Abstract Introduction: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a critical complication of COVID-19, yet disparities in outcomes between public and private healthcare systems remain underexplored. Brazil’s two-tiered healthcare system offers a unique setting to evaluate how resource allocation impacts AKI outcomes. This study compares AKI epidemiology in COVID-19 patients treated in two Brazilian hospitals, one publicly governed and the other of privately governed. Methods: This retrospective cohort study analyzed 2,333 ICU patients with RT-PCR–confirmed COVID-19 (public 1,041; private 1,292, March 2020–April 2022). AKI was defined per KDIGO criteria and recovery was classified using ADQI guidelines. Multivariate logistic regression and Cox models were used to assess predictors of AKI incidence and mortality. To account for competing risk of in-hospital death, a Fine-Gray model was used to evaluate renal recovery. Results: AKI incidence was high in both settings (private, 80.4%; public, 78.8%). Despite comparable baseline characteristics, public hospital patients had significantly higher mortality rates (46.7% vs. 31.3%, p < 0.001). After adjusting for confounders, public hospital admission remained an independent predictor of AKI incidence (OR 1.279, 95% CI 1.012 – 1.620) and mortality (HR 1.675, 95% CI 1.435–1.956). While crude recovery rates appeared higher in public hospitals, competing risk analysis revealed significantly lower recovery probability (SHR 0.650, 95% CI 0.554–0.762). Discussion: Despite comparable AKI incidence, public hospital patients had higher mortality and lower renal recovery, likely reflecting resource disparities. These findings underscore the need to address cost-effectiveness and equity between the public and private sectors healthcare systems.

Abstract Introduction: Gut dysbiosis is commonly observed in patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and may contribute to its pathogenesis. Among microbial metabolites, butyrate plays a key role in regulating antioxidant proteins in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Based on this, we hypothesized that the administering probiotics to diabetic rats modulates redox status and thereby attenuates renal disease progression. Methods: An in vivo study was performed using 15 male Wistar rats (8 weeks old, 250–300 g) randomized into three groups (n = 5/group): Control (vehicles: 0.9% saline and 0.1 M citrate, pH 4.2, i.p., on day 1), T2DM (nicotinamide 100 mg/kg, i.p., followed by streptozotocin 60 mg/kg, i.p., in 0.1 M citrate buffer, pH 4.2), and T2DM + Prob (T2DM protocol plus a multistrain probiotic—Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus—1010 CFU/mL by gavage for 6 weeks). The parameters evaluated were: serum creatinine, inulin clearance, microalbuminuria, urinary and lipid peroxides, glutathione, and nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2). Results: Probiotic treatment significantly increased Nrf2 expression and glutathione levels, reduced urinary and lipid peroxidation, and—beyond attenuating oxidative stress—improved renal function, with lower serum creatinine and microalbuminuria and higher inulin clearance. Conclusion: These findings indicate that probiotics prevented DKD progression, likely by modulating oxidative stress via the gut microbiota. These results suggest that probiotics may serve as renoprotective agents, potentially reducing DKD morbidity in T2DM.

RESUMO Introdução: A disbiose intestinal é comumente observada em pacientes com doença renal diabética e pode contribuir para sua patogênese. Entre os metabólitos microbianos, o butirato desempenha papel fundamental na regulação de proteínas antioxidantes no diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Com base nisso, levantamos a hipótese de que a administração de probióticos em ratos diabéticos poderia modular o perfil redox, atenuando, assim, a progressão da doença renal. Métodos: Estudo in vivo utilizando ratos Wistar machos (8 semanas, 250–300 g; n = 15), randomizados em três grupos (n = 5/grupo): Controle (veículos: solução salina 0,9% e citrato 0,1 M; pH 4,2, i.p., no dia 1); DM2 (nicotinamida 100 mg/kg, i.p., seguida de estreptozotocina 60 mg/kg, i.p., em tampão citrato 0,1 M, pH 4,2); e DRD + Prob (protocolo D + probiótico multicepas Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium bifidum e Lactobacillus rhamnosus, 1010 UFC/mL via gavagem por 6 semanas). Parâmetros avaliados: creatinina sérica, clearance de inulina, microalbuminúria, peróxidos urinários e lipídicos, glutationa e Fator 2 Relacionado ao Eritroide Nuclear 2. Resultados: O tratamento probiótico aumentou significativamente a expressão de Nrf2 e os níveis de glutationa. Por outro lado, reduziu a peroxidação urinária e lipídica. Além de atenuar o estresse oxidativo, os probióticos melhoraram a função renal, com redução da creatinina sérica e da microalbuminúria e aumento do clearance de inulina. Conclusão: Os achados indicam que os probióticos preveniram a progressão da DRD, provavelmente modulando o estresse oxidativo por meio da microbiota intestinal. Esses resultados sugerem que os probióticos podem atuar como agentes renoprotetores, reduzindo potencialmente a morbidade da DRD no DM2.

Resumen Las garrapatas afectan gravemente al ganado bovino en zonas tropicales, siendo Rhipicephalus microplus (Ixodida: Ixodidae) de las especies más relevantes por su capacidad de transmitir enfermedades y generar pérdidas económicas significativas. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la acción garrapaticida del extracto acuoso de la hoja de Ocotea quixos contra R. microplus. Se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado con arreglo factorial, donde se analizaron tres concentraciones del hidrolato (25%, 62,5% y 100%) y tres tiempos de inmersión (1,0; 3,5 y 6,0 minutos), además de controles positivos y negativos. Las pruebas se realizaron en condiciones controladas y la mortalidad fue medida cada 4 horas durante 7 días. Los resultados evidenciaron que la concentración del hidrolato y su interacción con el tiempo de exposición influyeron significativamente en la mortalidad de las garrapatas (p < 0,0001), destacando el tratamiento con 100% durante 6 minutos, con un 87 % de mortalidad, valor similar al control positivo (99,1%). El modelo predictivo mostró un alto ajuste (R² = 0,9973), permitiendo anticipar con precisión los efectos del tratamiento. Se comprobó que el tiempo de inmersión solo mejora la eficacia en bajas concentraciones. El extracto acuoso de O. quixos representa una alternativa natural eficaz frente a acaricidas sintéticos, aportando a la sostenibilidad de la producción ganadera mediante estrategias de control biológico con menor impacto ambiental.

Abstract Ticks seriously affect cattle in tropical areas, being Rhipicephalus microplus (Ixodida: Ixodidae) the most relevant species due to its ability to transmit diseases and generate significant economic losses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the tick-killing action of the aqueous extract of the leaf of Ocotea quixos against R. microplus. A completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement was employed, in which three concentrations of the hydrolate (25%, 62.5%, and 100%) and three immersion times (1.0, 3.5, and 6.0 minutes) were analyzed, along with positive and negative controls. The tests were conducted under controlled conditions, and mortality was measured every 4 hours for 7 days. The results showed that the hydrolate concentration and its interaction with exposure time significantly influenced tick mortality (p < 0.0001), highlighting the 100% treatment applied for 6 minutes, which achieved 87% mortality, a value comparable to the positive control (99.1%). The predictive model showed a high fit (R² = 0.9973), allowing the effects of the treatment to be accurately anticipated. It was verified that immersion time only improves efficacy at low concentrations. The aqueous extract of O. quixos represents an effective natural alternative to synthetic acaricides, contributing to the sustainability of livestock production through biological control strategies with a lower environmental impact.

Resumo Introdução: A Doença Renal Crônica (DRC) está associada a uma elevada carga de sintomas. No Brasil, não há instrumento específico para aferição de sintomas em pacientes com DRC em cuidados paliativos. A Integrated Palliative Care Outcome Scale Renal – (IPOS-Renal) é uma escala já traduzida e validada em treze idiomas. Objetivo: Traduzir, adaptar transculturalmente e validar a IPOS-Renal para o português do Brasil. Métodos: Estudo metodológico realizado em oito fases: definição conceitual, tradução para o português, retrotradução, revisão por especialistas, entrevistas cognitivas, leitura de prova, testes psicométricos e relatório final. Foram avaliados 153 pacientes com DRC estágio G5, utilizando a IPOS-Renal e o Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS-r), entre fevereiro e março de 2024, com reaplicação dos instrumentos após quinze dias em 95 pacientes. Resultados: A escala apresentou consistência interna, confiabilidade, estabilidade temporal e validade convergente com o ESAS-r. Os sintomas mais prevalentes foram sonolência (44%), dificuldade para caminhar (44%), cansaço/falta de energia (43%) e dor (36%). Sintomas menos frequentes incluíram falta de ar (7%), diarreia (14%) e vômitos (14%). A intensidade insuportável foi rara, destacando sintomas emocionais (5%), dificuldade para dormir (3%) e cansaço/falta de energia (3%). A intensidade variou, sendo forte para dor (24–25%) e sonolência (21%), e moderada para dificuldade para caminhar (25%) e cansaço/falta de energia (22%). Conclusão: A versão em português do Brasil do IPOS-Renal é válida, confiável e adequada para identificar sintomas biopsicossociais em pacientes com DRC estágio 5.

Abstract Introduction: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is associated with a high symptom burden. In Brazil, there is no specific instrument to assess symptoms in CKD patients receiving palliative care. The Integrated Palliative Care Outcome Scale Renal (IPOS-Renal) has been translated and validated in 13 languages. Objective: To translate, cross-culturally adapt, and validate the IPOS-renal for Brazilian Portuguese. Methods: A methodological study conducted in eight phases: conceptual definition, forward translation, back-translation, expert review, cognitive interviews, proofreading, psychometric testing, and final reporting. A total of 153 stage 5 CKD patients were assessed with the IPOS-renal and the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS-r) between February and March 2024. Instruments were reapplied after 15 days in 95 patients. Results: The scale demonstrated internal consistency, reliability, temporal stability, and convergent validity with the ESAS-r. The most prevalent symptoms were drowsiness (44%), difficulty walking (44%), fatigue/lack of energy (43%), and pain (36%). Less frequent symptoms included dyspnea (7%), diarrhea (14%), and vomiting (14%). Unbearable symptoms intensity was rare, including emotional symptoms (5%), difficulty sleeping (3%), and fatigue/lack of energy (3%). Symptom intensity varied, being severe for pain (24–25%) and drowsiness (21%); and moderate for difficulty walking (25%) and fatigue/lack of energy (22%). Conclusion: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the IPOS- renal is valid, reliable, and suitable for identifying biopsychosocial symptoms in stage 5 CKD patients receiving palliative care.

Abstract Agroforestry systems (AFS) are becoming more relevant due to their multiple roles in food sovereignty, restoration, biodiversity protection, and climate change adaptation and mitigation. Financial incentives are needed to promote them, especially for AFS whose design and management provide ecosystem services such as acting as “biodiversity islands” in altered landscapes. Voluntary biodiversity credits (VBC) are an alternative that we are examining for application in AFS with perennial species such as cacao, yerba mate and others for which there are standards that could be applied to access VBC.

Resumen Los sistemas agroforestales (SAF) están adquiriendo más relevancia, debido a sus múltiples funciones en la soberanía alimentaria, restauración, protección de la biodiversidad y herramientas de adaptación y mitigación del cambio climático. Por tanto, es necesario encontrar incentivos financieros para promoverlos, especialmente para los SAF cuyo diseño y manejo proporcionan servicios ecosistémicos, tales como actuar como “islas de biodiversidad” en paisajes alterados. Los créditos de biodiversidad voluntarios (CBV) son una alternativa que estamos examinando para su aplicación en SAF con especies perennes, como cacao, yerba mate y otros, para los cuales existen estándares que podrían aplicarse para acceder a estos créditos.

Abstract (Introduction) We present a technical-ecological and technical-economic analysis to determine an optimal harvesting cycle in natural forests. The study integrates 25 years of silvicultural monitoring with the development and calibration of an explicit silvicultural model (stand dynamics and management response) and an economic analysis based on the Forest Value (FV). (Objective) To determine an optimal harvesting cycle in natural forests of the Huetar Norte Region through the development and validation of a silvicultural model that integrates structural indicators, growth dynamics, and technical-economic analysis under criteria of sustainability and national regulations. (Methodology) By analyzing technical indicators required by national regulations-floristic similarity of commercial species, minimum basal area, and proportion of ephemeral heliophilous species (HE)-a 13‑year harvesting cycle is justified, two years shorter than the legally established framework. The model incorporates an idealized growth function and two intermediate commercial silvicultural interventions (years 4 and 8), allowing maximum growth potential to be maintained, competition to be reduced, and intermediate revenues to be generated. The FV was calculated by capitalizing net income flows from successive rotations discounted at a reference rate. A sensitivity analysis was included to evaluate variations in extracted volumes. (Results) The economic analysis using FV shows profitability 53.5% higher in the normal forest compared with the real forest. (Conclusions) These results suggest that technical, intensive, and adaptive silviculture can enhance profitability without compromising the ecological integrity of the ecosystem.

Resumen (Introducción) Se presenta un análisis técnico‑ecológico y técnico‑económico para la determinación de un ciclo de corta óptimo en bosques naturales. El estudio integra 25 años de monitoreo silvícola con el desarrollo y calibración de un modelo de silvicultural explícito (dinámica de rodal y respuesta al manejo) y con un análisis económico basado en el valor del bosque (VB). (Objetivo) Determinar un ciclo de corta óptimo en bosques naturales de la Región Huetar Norte mediante el desarrollo y validación de un modelo silvicultural que integre indicadores estructurales, dinámicas de crecimiento y análisis técnico‑económico bajo la normativa nacional. (Metodología) A través del análisis de indicadores técnicos exigidos por la normativa nacional ‒similitud florística de especies comerciales, área basal mínima y proporción de especies heliófitas efímeras (HE)‒ se justifica un ciclo de corta de 13 años, dos por debajo del establecido por el marco legal. El modelo incorpora una función de crecimiento idealizada y dos intervenciones silviculturales comerciales intermedias (años 4 y 8), lo cual permite mantener el potencial máximo de crecimiento, reducir la competencia y generar los ingresos intermedios. Se calculó el VET mediante capitalización de flujos netos de ingresos de rotaciones sucesivas descontados a una tasa de referencia. Se incluye un análisis de sensibilidad frente a variaciones en volúmenes extraídos. (Resultados) El análisis económico mediante el VET demuestra una rentabilidad 53.5 % superior en el bosque normal respecto al bosque real. (Conclusiones) Estos resultados sugieren que un manejo técnico, intensivo y adaptativo puede mejorar la rentabilidad sin comprometer la integridad ecológica del ecosistema.

Abstract (Introduction:) Urban fragmentation resulting from Tunja's Bicentennial Project (Colombia) raises socioenvironmental and psychological effects that Latin-American scholarship has only partially addressed. (Objective:) To analyse how this fragmentation affects residents' psychological health and urban sustainability, while providing a framework that other intermediate Latin-American cities can replicate. (Methodology:) A mixed-methods design was used: 120 stratified surveys and 12 semi-structured interviews with residents and shopkeepers; GIS mapping in QGIS to detect physical barriers and changes in accessibility; and quantitative- qualitative triangulation to validate findings (α = 0.84). (Results:) Seventy-five per cent of participants report negative impacts on daily activities. Geospatial indicators show a 32 % drop in inter-neighborhood connectivity and a 4 m² per-capita shortfall in public-space provision. These conditions correlate with a 28 % rise in perceived insecurity and 62 % overall urban dissatisfaction. (Discussion:) Comparing these findings with spatial-justice theory and case studies from Santiago, Mexico City and Recife reveals that interventions lacking an ecosystemic lens deepen socio-spatial inequality in intermediate Latin-American cities. (Conclusions:) As implemented, the works reinforce fragmentation and generate adverse psychological externalities. Three action lines are proposed: (1) green corridors to restore ecological connectivity and serve as a model for community-based coastal restoration elsewhere in the region; (2) mandatory psycho-environmental indicators in building permits; and (3) participatory governance to redirect future urban projects. These contributions offer a transferable framework for cities facing uncontrolled expansion and environmental degradation.

Resumen (Introducción): La fragmentación urbana derivada del Proyecto Bicentenario de Tunja (Colombia) plantea efectos socioambientales y psicológicos que la literatura latinoamericana aún explora de forma incipiente. (Objetivo): Analizar el impacto de dicha fragmentación sobre la salud psicológica de la población y la sostenibilidad urbana, al aportar un marco replicable para otras ciudades intermedias de la región. (Metodología): Se empleó un diseño mixto: 120 encuestas estratificadas y 12 entrevistas semiestructuradas a residentes y comerciantes; análisis cartográfico con QGIS para detectar barreras físicas y variaciones de accesibilidad y triangulación cuantitativo-cualitativa para validar resultados (α = 0.84). (Resultados): El 75 % de las personas participantes percibe afectaciones negativas en su actividad diaria. Los indicadores geoespaciales registran una caída del 32 % en la conectividad interbarrial y un déficit de 4 m² de espacio público per cápita. Estas condiciones se asocian con un aumento del 28 % en la percepción de inseguridad y con un 62 % de insatisfacción urbana. (Discusión): Al contrastar los hallazgos con la teoría de justicia espacial y estudios de Santiago, Ciudad de México y Recife, se evidencia que las intervenciones sin enfoque ecosistémico profundizan la desigualdad socioespacial en ciudades latinoamericanas intermedias. (Conclusiones): Las obras, tal como fueron concebidas, refuerzan la fragmentación y generan externalidades psicológicas adversas. Se proponen tres líneas de acción: (1) corredores verdes que restauren la conectividad ecológica y sirvan de referencia para procesos de restauración costera comunitaria en la región; (2) incorporación de indicadores psicoambientales obligatorios en licencias de obra; y (3) gobernanza participativa para reorientar futuros proyectos urbanos. Estos aportes ofrecen un marco transferible a otras urbes que enfrentan expansión descontrolada y degradación ambiental.

Abstract (Introduction): Global change presents pressing challenges for Central America, including increasing hydrometeorological disasters, environmental pollution, and soil degradation. (Aims): This study examines socio-environmental trends from 1990 to 2020 using comprehensive datasets from the World Bank and EMDAT. (Methodology): Through country-specific correlation analyses, we uncover complex statistical relationships between socioeconomic and environmental variables. (Results): The findings highlight critical interactions, such as the link between economic diversification away from agriculture and GDP growth, which is paradoxically accompanied by rising CO2 emissions. Renewable energy consumption emerges as a pivotal factor in mitigating carbon footprints, while sustainable freshwater management is shown to be essential for long-term economic resilience. (Conclusions): These results offer valuable insights into the dynamics of economic growth, agricultural practices, and environmental sustainability in the region. By addressing these multifaceted challenges through coordinated and integrated strategies, Central America could enhance regional perspective and potential research gaps, safeguard its natural resources, and foster a sustainable and resilient future through international, regional and national institutions initiatives and projects.

Resumen (Introducción): El cambio global plantea desafíos urgentes para Centroamérica, incluyendo el aumento de desastres hidrometeorológicos, la contaminación ambiental y la degradación de suelos. (Objetivos): Este estudio analiza tendencias socioambientales entre 1990 y 2020, utilizando conjuntos de datos integrales del Banco Mundial y EMDAT. (Metodología): A través de análisis de correlación, específicos por país, se identifican relaciones estadísticas complejas entre variables socioeconómicas y ambientales. (Resultados): Los hallazgos destacan interacciones críticas, como la relación entre la diversificación económica, lejos de la agricultura y el crecimiento del PIB, que paradójicamente se acompaña de un aumento en las emisiones de CO2. El consumo de energía renovable surge como un factor clave para mitigar las huellas de carbono, mientras que la gestión sostenible de los recursos hídricos demuestra ser esencial para la resiliencia económica a largo plazo. (Conclusiones): Estos resultados ofrecen valiosas perspectivas sobre las dinámicas del crecimiento económico, las prácticas agrícolas y la sostenibilidad ambiental en la región. Abordar estos desafíos multifacéticos mediante estrategias coordinadas e integradas permitirá a Centroamérica fortalecer su perspectiva regional, llenar vacíos de investigación, salvaguardar sus recursos naturales y promover un futuro sostenible y resiliente a través de iniciativas y proyectos de instituciones internacionales, regionales y nacionales.

Abstract (Introduction): The scopes of urban solid waste management with the incorporation of the circular economy, are a process that demands structural changes in the dynamics of Latin American nations. There are many differences in the use of natural resources to counteract environmental damage with the incorporation of innovative practices defined to maintain the stability of ecosystems. (Objective): The aim is to identify the advances in the region with respect to the principle of sustainable development, in the terms of circular economy for the effective management of urban solid waste. (Methodology): A systematic literature review is applied with publication period from 2020 to 2024, using prism modeling to discard studies in Spanish and Portuguese that had no relevance to the topic, due to the need to understand the advances for the selected region. (Results): After a screening process, 18 publications were selected, where it was possible to recognize a continuous approach to address environmental risks within 5 analytical categories corresponding to: sustainable management strategy, environmental impact, technological innovations, socioeconomic impact and governmental policies. Thus, demonstrating important conceptual nuances to deepen the practices of strategic innovation of resources according to the needs of the evaluated context. (Conclusions): Many of the strategies require comprehensive work that will be positioned over time, all because in some cases exposed is still in the process of study and implementation requires greater efforts in financial and cultural terms.

Resumen (Introducción): Los alcances de la gestión de residuos sólidos urbanos con la incorporación de la economía circular son un proceso que requiere cambios estructurales en las dinámicas de los países de América Latina. Existen muchas diferencias en el aprovechamiento de los recursos naturales y los mecanismos para contrarrestar los daños ambientales, con la inclusión de prácticas innovadoras en pro de mantener la estabilidad de los ecosistemas. (Objetivo): Identificar los avances de la región con respecto al principio del desarrollo sostenible, con base en los términos de la economía circular para el manejo efectivo de los residuos sólidos urbanos. (Metodología): Se aplicó una revisión sistemática de la literatura, con periodo de publicación del 2020 hasta el 2024, mediante el modelado prisma, con el fin de ir descartando estudios en español y portugués que no tuvieran relevancia para el tema, debido a la necesidad de comprender los adelantos en la región seleccionada. (Resultados): Después de un proceso de cribado, se selecciona 18 publicaciones, en las cuales se pudo reconocer la continuidad de gestiones para atender riesgos ambientales, en 5 categorías analíticas correspondientes a: estrategia de gestión sostenible, impacto ambiental, innovaciones tecnológicas, impacto socioeconómico y políticas gubernamentales. Sobresalen, por tanto, matices conceptuales que permiten profundizar en las prácticas de la innovación estratégica de los recursos, conforme las necesidades del contexto evaluado. (Conclusiones): Muchas de las estrategias aún requieren un trabajo que permita su consolidación, porque, en algunos casos, aún se encuentran en proceso de estudio e implementarlas requiere concretar mayores esfuerzos en términos tanto financieros como culturales.

Abstract (Introduction): Artisanal fishing represents an essential economic activity in Jaramijó, Manabí, but it faces serious environmental challenges due to the poor management of waste, mainly plastics, generated at various stages of fishing process. (Objective): In this study it was analyzed the level of environmental awareness of artisanal fishermen in Jaramijó and their waste management practices generated during the different stages of fishing activity. (Methodology): A mixed approach was used with surveys of 356 fishermen and interviews with port authorities. Waste management practices in the preparation, offshore fishing, and unloading/commercialization phases were analyzed, as well as the level of environmental training of the fishermen. (Results): It was identified that waste is consistently generated in all phases; plastic waste is the most common. Although 45% of fishermen claim to dispose of waste properly, another 36% throw it into the sea, and the remaining 19% leave it on the boat. The lack of training for 63% of fishermen and limited infrastructure are key barriers to improving waste management. Authorities consider the existing infrastructure sufficient but acknowledge low participation from fishermen in management strategies. (Conclusions): Structural, cultural, and communication limitations that affect proper waste management. It is recommended to implement participatory awareness programs, improve port infrastructure, offer incentives for good practices, and promote greater collaboration among the actors involved, with a view to more sustainable and responsible artisanal fishing in Jaramijó.

Resumen (Introducción): La pesca artesanal representa una actividad económica esencial en Jaramijó, Manabí, Ecuador, pero enfrenta serios desafíos ambientales debido a la deficiente gestión de residuos, principalmente plásticos, generados en distintas etapas de la faena pesquera. (Objetivo): En este estudio se analizó el nivel de sensibilización ambiental de las personas pescadoras artesanales de Jaramijó y sus prácticas de gestión de residuos generados durante las distintas etapas de la actividad pesquera. (Metodología): Se empleó un enfoque mixto con encuestas a 356 personas pescadoras y entrevistas a autoridades portuarias. Se analizaron las prácticas de manejo de residuos en las fases de preparación, faena en altamar y descarga/comercialización, así como el nivel de formación ambiental de pescadores. (Resultados): Se identificó que, de manera constante, se generan residuos en todas las fases; los residuos plásticos son los más comunes. Aunque el 45 % de las personas pescadoras afirma desechar adecuadamente los residuos, otro 36 % los arroja al mar y el restante 19 % los deja en la embarcación. La falta de capacitación del 63 % de los grupos pescadores y la limitada infraestructura son barreras clave para mejorar la gestión de los desechos. Las autoridades consideran suficiente la infraestructura existente, pero reconocen una baja participación de las personas pescadoras en las estrategias de gestión. (Conclusiones): Existen limitaciones estructurales, culturales y comunicativas que afectan la adecuada gestión de residuos. Se recomienda implementar programas de sensibilización participativa, mejorar la infraestructura del puerto, ofrecer incentivos a las buenas prácticas y promover una mayor colaboración entre los actores involucrados, con miras a una pesca artesanal más sostenible y responsable en Jaramijó.