{"id":2756,"date":"2019-08-04T21:42:05","date_gmt":"2019-08-05T04:42:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/oracletutorial.com\/?page_id=2756"},"modified":"2025-06-09T00:11:32","modified_gmt":"2025-06-09T07:11:32","slug":"plsql-constants","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/plsql-tutorial\/plsql-constants\/","title":{"rendered":"PL\/SQL Constants"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n<p><strong>Summary<\/strong>: In this tutorial, you will learn how to use the PL\/SQL constants, which hold values that do not change throughout the program&#8217;s execution.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='introduction-to-plsql-constants'>Introduction to PL\/SQL constants <a href=\"#introduction-to-plsql-constants\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"introduction-to-plsql-constants\" title=\"Anchor for Introduction to PL\/SQL constants\">#<\/a><\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Unlike a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/plsql-tutorial\/plsql-variables\/\">variable<\/a>, a constant holds a value that does not change throughout the program&#8217;s execution.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Constants make your code more readable. Consider the following line of code that calculates the list price from the price.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-1\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\">l_list_price :=  l_price + l_price * <span class=\"hljs-number\">0.1<\/span>;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-1\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>By looking at this, we don&#8217;t know what <code>0.1<\/code> means. It can be anything. One option is that you can use a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/plsql-tutorial\/plsql-comments\/\">comment<\/a> to explain the meaning of <code>0.1<\/code>:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-2\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-comment\">-- price with value-added tax (VAT) 10%<\/span>\r\nl_list_price :=  l_price + l_price * <span class=\"hljs-number\">0.1<\/span>;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-2\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>However, it is even better if you use a constant like this:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-3\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\">l_list_price := l_price + l_price * co_vat;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-3\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>In this code, <code>co_vat<\/code> is a constant that stores the VAT tax of 10%.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>To declare a constant, you specify the name, <code>CONSTANT<\/code> keyword, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/plsql-tutorial\/plsql-data-types\/\">data type<\/a>, and the default value. The following illustrates the syntax of declaring a constant:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-4\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\">constant_name <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CONSTANT<\/span> datatype &#91;<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NOT<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NULL<\/span>]  := expression<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-4\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>In this syntax:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li><code>constant_name<\/code> is the name of the constant that you are declaring.<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li><code>datatype<\/code> specifies the type of value that the constant will hold.<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li><code>NOT NULL<\/code> optionally imposes a <code>NOT NULL<\/code> constraint on the constant. This prevents the constant from storing <code>NULL<\/code> or an empty string.<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li><code>expression<\/code> uses an expression as the initial value for the constant. The type of the return value of the expression must be compatible with the data type of the constant.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='plsql-constant-examples'>PL\/SQL constant examples <a href=\"#plsql-constant-examples\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"plsql-constant-examples\" title=\"Anchor for PL\/SQL constant examples\">#<\/a><\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>The following example declares two constants <code>co_payment_term<\/code> and <code>co_payment_status<\/code>:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-5\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">DECLARE<\/span>\r\n    co_payment_term   <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CONSTANT<\/span> NUMBER   := <span class=\"hljs-number\">45<\/span>; <span class=\"hljs-comment\">-- days <\/span>\r\n    co_payment_status <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CONSTANT<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-type\">BOOLEAN<\/span>  := <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FALSE<\/span>; \r\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BEGIN<\/span>\r\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NULL<\/span>;\r\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">END<\/span>;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-5\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>If you attempt to change the <code>co_payment_term<\/code> in the execution section, PL\/SQL will issue an error, for example:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-6\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">DECLARE<\/span>\r\n    co_payment_term   <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CONSTANT<\/span> NUMBER   := <span class=\"hljs-number\">45<\/span>; <span class=\"hljs-comment\">-- days <\/span>\r\n    co_payment_status <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CONSTANT<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-type\">BOOLEAN<\/span>  := <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FALSE<\/span>; \r\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BEGIN<\/span>\r\n    co_payment_term := <span class=\"hljs-number\">30<\/span>; <span class=\"hljs-comment\">-- error<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">END<\/span>;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-6\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Here&#8217;s the error message:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-7\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\">PLS<span class=\"hljs-number\">-00363<\/span>: expression <span class=\"hljs-string\">'CO_PAYMENT_TERM'<\/span> cannot be used <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">as<\/span> an assignment target<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-7\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>The following illustrates how to declare a constant whose value is derived from an expression:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-8\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">DECLARE<\/span> \r\n    co_pi     <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CONSTANT<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-type\">REAL<\/span> := <span class=\"hljs-number\">3.14159<\/span>;\r\n    co_radius <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CONSTANT<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-type\">REAL<\/span> := <span class=\"hljs-number\">10<\/span>;\r\n    co_area   <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CONSTANT<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-type\">REAL<\/span> := (co_pi * co_radius**<span class=\"hljs-number\">2<\/span>);\r\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BEGIN<\/span>\r\n    DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(co_area);\r\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">END<\/span>;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-8\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>In this example, the <code>co_area<\/code> constant receives the value from an expression involving two other constants.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='summary'>Summary <a href=\"#summary\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"summary\" title=\"Anchor for Summary\">#<\/a><\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li>Use PL\/SQL constants to hold values that remain unchanged throughout the program&#8217;s execution.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"helpful-block-content\" data-title=\"\">\n\t<header>\n\t\t<div class=\"wth-question\">Was this tutorial helpful?<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"wth-thumbs\">\n\t\t\t<button\n\t\t\t\tdata-post=\"2756\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-post-url=\"https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/plsql-tutorial\/plsql-constants\/\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-post-title=\"PL\/SQL 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tutorial, you will learn how to use the PL\/SQL constants that hold values which do not change throughout the execution of the program.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1418,"menu_order":5,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2756","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>PL\/SQL Constants<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In this tutorial, you will learn how to use the PL\/SQL constants that hold values which do not change throughout the execution of the program.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/plsql-tutorial\/plsql-constants\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" 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