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DeFi exploit concerns remain low as DeFi Development Corp. closed a $11 million preferred-stock offering on Sept. 8. The offering, trading under the ticker CHAD, sold shares at $8 apiece with a 13% annual dividend rate. R.F. Lafferty managed the deal, and the company plans to use most proceeds to buy Solana (SOL). Interest rate news shows little impact on the offering, which focuses on long-term asset deployment.

<html><body><img width="1920" height="1080" src="https://img.staticimg.com/news_flash/b078783c-9f0d-410c-8939-183f0fe408f2.webp" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="solana" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px;" link_thumbnail="" decoding="async" srcset="https://img.staticimg.com/news_flash/b078783c-9f0d-410c-8939-183f0fe408f2.webp 1920w, https://blockchainreporter.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/solana-23-300x169.webp 300w, https://blockchainreporter.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/solana-23-1024x576.webp 1024w, https://blockchainreporter.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/solana-23-768x432.webp 768w, https://blockchainreporter.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/solana-23-1536x864.webp 1536w, https://blockchainreporter.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/solana-23-600x338.webp 600w, https://blockchainreporter.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/solana-23-450x253.webp 450w" sizes="(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px" title="DeFi Development Closes $11M SOL-Backed CHAD Offering 2"><p class="wp-block-paragraph">DeFi Development Corp. closed an approximately $11 million preferred-stock offering on Sept. 8 and said it plans to direct substantially all net proceeds toward additional Solana purchases. The Nasdaq-listed company described the security, trading under the ticker CHAD, as the first SOL-backed “Digital Credit” instrument; that characterization is the company’s own.</p><p class="wp-block-paragraph">The <a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1805526/000180552626000098/dfdv-exx992_9826.htm" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">SEC-filed company announcement</a> says the offering involved Variable Rate Series C Perpetual Preferred Stock. It gives DeFi Development a financing route that does not increase its common-share count, although preferred dividends and the market performance of SOL remain relevant to the economics.</p><h2 class="wp-block-heading">CHAD carries a variable dividend structure</h2><p class="wp-block-paragraph">CHAD was sold at $8 per share against a stated amount of $10. The initial annual dividend rate is 13%, equivalent to an initial effective yield of about 16.25% at the offering price, according to the filing. Dividends accumulate daily but are payable only when declared by the company’s board, and the rate may change under the security’s terms.</p><p class="wp-block-paragraph">The shares are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market. R.F. Lafferty acted as sole book-running manager, while the investor group included Thomas Lee, Fundstrat’s co-founder and head of research and BitMine’s chairman.</p><h2 class="wp-block-heading">Net proceeds are earmarked for more SOL</h2><p class="wp-block-paragraph">Management expects to deploy substantially all net proceeds into SOL. The company said that approach should increase its SOL-per-share metric without issuing more common stock, but the filing presents that outcome as an expectation rather than a completed result.</p><p class="wp-block-paragraph">The offering extends DeFi Development’s existing treasury strategy. BlockchainReporter previously covered the company’s <a href="https://blockchainreporter.net/defi-development-corp-acquires-172670-sol-elevating-total-holdings-above-100m/">purchase of 172,670 SOL</a>, which took its reported holdings above $100 million at the time. CHAD adds a perpetual preferred-equity channel alongside common equity and other financing instruments.</p><h2 class="wp-block-heading">The structure links financing costs to treasury execution</h2><p class="wp-block-paragraph">DeFi Development says SOL can generate native staking yield through its validator and onchain treasury operations. It argues that this feature differentiates CHAD from instruments backed by non-yielding assets, but investors still face the company’s execution risk, the preferred security’s dividend obligations and fluctuations in SOL.</p><p class="wp-block-paragraph">The company also intends to manage CHAD’s dividend rate with the goal of supporting trading near the $10 stated amount. That is a management objective, not a guaranteed market outcome. DeFi Development said it will provide a separate update on SOL holdings and SOL per share after the offering proceeds are deployed.</p></body></html>

DeFi Development Corp. closed an approximately $11 million preferred-stock offering on Sept. 8 and said it plans to direct substantially all net proceeds toward additional Solana purchases. The Nasdaq-listed company described the security, trading under the ticker CHAD, as the first SOL-backed “Digital Credit” instrument; that characterization is the company’s own.

 says the offering involved Variable Rate Series C Perpetual Preferred Stock. It gives DeFi Development a financing route that does not increase its common-share count, although preferred dividends and the market performance of SOL remain relevant to the economics.

CHAD carries a variable dividend structure

CHAD was sold at $8 per share against a stated amount of $10. The initial annual dividend rate is 13%, equivalent to an initial effective yield of about 16.25% at the offering price, according to the filing. Dividends accumulate daily but are payable only when declared by the company’s board, and the rate may change under the security’s terms.

The shares are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market. R.F. Lafferty acted as sole book-running manager, while the investor group included Thomas Lee, Fundstrat’s co-founder and head of research and BitMine’s chairman.

Management expects to deploy substantially all net proceeds into SOL. The company said that approach should increase its SOL-per-share metric without issuing more common stock, but the filing presents that outcome as an expectation rather than a completed result.

The offering extends DeFi Development’s existing treasury strategy. BlockchainReporter previously covered the company’s 

, which took its reported holdings above $100 million at the time. CHAD adds a perpetual preferred-equity channel alongside common equity and other financing instruments.

The structure links financing costs to treasury execution

DeFi Development says SOL can generate native staking yield through its validator and onchain treasury operations. It argues that this feature differentiates CHAD from instruments backed by non-yielding assets, but investors still face the company’s execution risk, the preferred security’s dividend obligations and fluctuations in SOL.

The company also intends to manage CHAD’s dividend rate with the goal of supporting trading near the $10 stated amount. That is a management objective, not a guaranteed market outcome. DeFi Development said it will provide a separate update on SOL holdings and SOL per share after the offering proceeds are deployed.

DeFi Development Closes $11M SOL-Backed CHAD Offering

The CLARITY Act faces a key cloture vote on September 15, which could advance it to full Senate debate. The bill seeks to establish clear regulatory guardrails for crypto assets, including how CFT rules apply to digital commodities. If the vote fails, the bill may not return until the next Congress, pushing back broader crypto policy. The measure has already cleared the House and Senate Banking Committee, surpassing earlier efforts like the FIT21 bill. Without passage, the SEC will continue filling gaps, though its rulemaking lacks the scope needed for risk-on assets.

<html><body><p class="wp-block-paragraph">The word “CLARITY” has been doing rounds on Crypto Twitter for months, one senator promising it’s finally coming, the next going live to declare it dead on arrival. Somewhere between “most important crypto bill in history” and “dead on arrival,” the September 15 deadline is closing in fast.</p><p class="wp-block-paragraph">Adrian Wall, Managing Director at the Digital Sovereignty Alliance, in an interview with Coinpedia, explained that the September 15 vote is a cloture motion on the motion to proceed, requiring 60 votes to advance, not final passage. </p><p class="wp-block-paragraph">Clearing it would open the bill to floor debate and amendments. Failing it would halt the process entirely for this session, Wall said in an interview with Coinpedia, with the Senate’s shrinking calendar ahead of midterm campaigning making a near-term second attempt unlikely.</p><p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>What the Bill Would Change</strong></p><p class="wp-block-paragraph">The CLARITY Act aims to resolve a jurisdictional gap that has left crypto companies in the US without clear regulatory guidance. It would establish a statutory test determining when a blockchain network and its associated token qualify as a “digital commodity,” based on factors including network control and maturity. </p><p class="wp-block-paragraph">Token offerings structured as investment contracts would remain under SEC securities law; those meeting the digital commodity threshold would fall under CFTC oversight instead. The bill also sets registration, disclosure, customer protection, and anti-money-laundering requirements for exchanges and intermediaries serving US customers.</p><p class="wp-block-paragraph">Wall said the legislation is designed to let companies answer three basic questions they currently cannot: what their asset is, which regulator oversees them, and what rules they must follow.</p><p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>A Bill That Has Already Outpaced Its Predecessor</strong></p><p class="wp-block-paragraph">CLARITY has progressed further than any prior US crypto market structure bill. Its predecessor, FIT21, passed the House 279-136 in May 2024 but never received a Senate committee markup or floor vote before expiring with that Congress.</p><p class="wp-block-paragraph">CLARITY has cleared the House 294-134 and the Senate Banking Committee 15-9, with a cloture motion now scheduled for a specific floor date, a level of procedural progress Wall said no earlier attempt achieved.</p><p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>If the Vote Fails</strong></p><p class="wp-block-paragraph">A failed cloture vote would not end the push for legislation entirely, Wall said, but would push any comprehensive rewrite into the next Congress. Individual provisions, particularly nearly finalized language on stablecoin yield, could resurface in narrower standalone bills. In the meantime, the SEC would likely continue addressing gaps through rulemaking.</p><p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Why SEC Rulemaking Isn’t a Full Substitute</strong></p><p class="wp-block-paragraph">The SEC proposed its own rule in August, Regulation Crypto Assets, creating two offering exemptions for token issuers and preempting conflicting state securities rules. Wall said the rule is useful but limited in scope, covering only the fundraising side of the market and leaving CFTC jurisdiction over spot trading untouched. Because it was issued through rulemaking rather than statute, it also remains vulnerable to reversal by a future commission or a court challenge.</p><p class="wp-block-paragraph">“A rule can hand out exemptions; it cannot create a statutory classification test or move jurisdiction,” Wall said, adding that the SEC acting alone underscores why agency rulemaking cannot substitute for durable, bipartisan legislation.</p></body></html>

The word “CLARITY” has been doing rounds on Crypto Twitter for months, one senator promising it’s finally coming, the next going live to declare it dead on arrival. Somewhere between “most important crypto bill in history” and “dead on arrival,” the September 15 deadline is closing in fast.

Adrian Wall, Managing Director at the Digital Sovereignty Alliance, in an interview with Coinpedia, explained that the September 15 vote is a cloture motion on the motion to proceed, requiring 60 votes to advance, not final passage. 

Clearing it would open the bill to floor debate and amendments. Failing it would halt the process entirely for this session, Wall said in an interview with Coinpedia, with the Senate’s shrinking calendar ahead of midterm campaigning making a near-term second attempt unlikely.

The CLARITY Act aims to resolve a jurisdictional gap that has left crypto companies in the US without clear regulatory guidance. It would establish a statutory test determining when a blockchain network and its associated token qualify as a “digital commodity,” based on factors including network control and maturity. 

Token offerings structured as investment contracts would remain under SEC securities law; those meeting the digital commodity threshold would fall under CFTC oversight instead. The bill also sets registration, disclosure, customer protection, and anti-money-laundering requirements for exchanges and intermediaries serving US customers.

Wall said the legislation is designed to let companies answer three basic questions they currently cannot: what their asset is, which regulator oversees them, and what rules they must follow.

A Bill That Has Already Outpaced Its Predecessor

CLARITY has progressed further than any prior US crypto market structure bill. Its predecessor, FIT21, passed the House 279-136 in May 2024 but never received a Senate committee markup or floor vote before expiring with that Congress.

CLARITY has cleared the House 294-134 and the Senate Banking Committee 15-9, with a cloture motion now scheduled for a specific floor date, a level of procedural progress Wall said no earlier attempt achieved.

A failed cloture vote would not end the push for legislation entirely, Wall said, but would push any comprehensive rewrite into the next Congress. Individual provisions, particularly nearly finalized language on stablecoin yield, could resurface in narrower standalone bills. In the meantime, the SEC would likely continue addressing gaps through rulemaking.

Why SEC Rulemaking Isn’t a Full Substitute

The SEC proposed its own rule in August, Regulation Crypto Assets, creating two offering exemptions for token issuers and preempting conflicting state securities rules. Wall said the rule is useful but limited in scope, covering only the fundraising side of the market and leaving CFTC jurisdiction over spot trading untouched. Because it was issued through rulemaking rather than statute, it also remains vulnerable to reversal by a future commission or a court challenge.

“A rule can hand out exemptions; it cannot create a statutory classification test or move jurisdiction,” Wall said, adding that the SEC acting alone underscores why agency rulemaking cannot substitute for durable, bipartisan legislation.

CLARITY Act Faces Crucial Vote on September 15

SkyAI faces a shareholder challenge over its 2026 Equity Incentive Plan, which would issue 5,145,000 new shares—diluting existing equity by 7.2%. Forward Industries, a Nasdaq-listed firm, urges shareholders to reject the plan and withhold votes from directors at the September 18 meeting. The dispute follows SkyAI’s shift to a Solana-focused treasury and a rejected acquisition offer from Forward in June 2026. On-chain news highlights growing tensions in governance. New token listings remain a key focus for the industry.

<html><body><div class="mt-6 space-y-6 prose prose-lg text-foreground/90 leading-relaxed font-medium text-base"><p>SkyAI, Inc. has a problem that reads like a corporate governance textbook case study. Its <a href="https://cryptobriefing.com/markets/solana/" class="cb-markets-autolink" data-cb-asset="solana">Solana</a> treasury is worth roughly $207 million. Its market cap sits at about $59 million. And a growing coalition of shareholders is showing up to its September 18 annual meeting with votes prepared to reject management’s agenda entirely.</p><p>The immediate flashpoint is SkyAI’s proposed 2026 Equity Incentive Plan, which would authorize 5,145,000 new shares for stock-based compensation. That represents approximately 7.2% dilution to the existing share base, a number that Forward Industries, one of the company’s vocal critics, has decided is a step too far.</p><aside class="cb-gloria-insert cb-deferred-ad" data-article="skyai-board-challenge-forward-industries-equity-plan" data-variant="skyai-board-challenge-forward-industries-equity-plan/connected-risk-b" style="margin: 28px 0;"><template><div style="border-top: 1px solid rgba(128,128,128,0.35); border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(128,128,128,0.35); padding: 18px 0;"><div style="font-size: 0.75em; font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.14em; opacity: 0.65; margin-bottom: 10px;">Gloria</div><p style="margin: 0 0 14px;">What happens to one stock can ripple through your portfolio. Gloria Finance sees the connections most investors miss.</p><a href="https://gloriafinance.ai/?utm_source=cryptobriefing&amp;utm_campaign=skyai-board-challenge-forward-industries-equity-plan&amp;utm_content=skyai-board-challenge-forward-industries-equity-plan%2Fconnected-risk-b" target="_blank" rel="sponsored noopener" style="font-weight: 600;">See the connections →</a></div></template></aside><h2>How we got here</h2><p>SkyAI’s current situation is the product of an aggressive strategic pivot. The company, which trades on the Nasdaq under the ticker SKYA, shifted away from its medical devices business and repositioned itself as a digital asset treasury company centered on Solana holdings.</p><p>To fund that strategy, SkyAI raised over $400 million through a private investment in public equity, known as a PIPE, in August 2025. The proceeds went toward accumulating SOL, and the company now holds approximately 2.08 million tokens. At recent prices, that stash is valued around $207 million.</p><div class="ad-banner leaderboard-in-article cb-deferred-ad cb-block14-wrap" style="margin: 32px 0; padding: 16px 0; text-align: center; border-top: 1px solid #E0E0E0; border-bottom: 1px solid #E0E0E0;"><div style="font-size: 10px; letter-spacing: 0.15em; text-transform: uppercase; color: #999; margin-bottom: 8px;">Advertisement</div><template><div style="display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;"><div class="code-block code-block-14 ai-track" data-ai="WzE0LDAsIkxlYWRlcmJvYXJkIG1pZC1wYWdlIChkZXNrdG9wL21vYmlsZSkgLSA3Mjh4OTAsIDMyMHgxMDAiLCIiLDFd" style="margin: 8px 0; clear: both;"><div id="wrapper-sevio-de1434f5-fa9e-44a6-93c3-4c2439763717" style="display: inline-block;"><div class="sevioads" data-zone="de1434f5-fa9e-44a6-93c3-4c2439763717"></div></div></div></div></template></div><p>SKYA shares have fallen roughly 86% over the past year, leaving a market cap of about $59 million against a treasury worth more than three times that figure.</p><p>Forward Industries, a Nasdaq-listed company under the ticker FWDI, tried to resolve the situation in June 2026 with an all-stock acquisition proposal. The offer carried a 20% premium to SkyAI’s stock price at the time. SkyAI’s board rejected it unanimously and without much public explanation.</p><p>Forward responded on September 9 with an open letter calling on shareholders to vote against the equity incentive plan and to withhold votes from all five incumbent director nominees at the upcoming annual meeting.</p><h2>The governance case against management</h2><p>Forward is not the only voice pushing back. Bastion Trading, which holds approximately 9.99% of SkyAI’s shares, has also signaled its intent to withhold votes from all incumbent directors.</p><p>The objections go beyond the equity plan itself. Bastion and other dissenters have pointed to the board’s adoption of a poison pill defense mechanism without putting it to a shareholder vote.</p><p>The 7.2% dilution figure is meaningful. In absolute terms, 5.145 million shares is not enormous, but relative to a company with a $59 million market cap, it represents a significant transfer of potential upside from existing shareholders to executives and employees whose compensation packages are already a point of contention.</p><h2>What the Solana math means for shareholders</h2><p>The most unusual feature of the SkyAI situation is the disconnect between its treasury and its market cap. A company holding $207 million in SOL that trades at $59 million is, in theory, available at a steep discount to its net asset value.</p><p>Forward’s acquisition proposal was an attempt to capture that spread. SkyAI’s board blocked it. The poison pill makes it harder for outside actors to force a resolution, leaving shareholders watching for management to sell the treasury and return capital, with limited tools to accelerate it.</p><p>The September 18 annual meeting will serve as a test of how much leverage activist shareholders can actually exercise when a board is committed to its current path. A successful vote against the equity plan would be a symbolic win for Forward and Bastion, but without board seats, translating that signal into operational change is a different challenge entirely.</p></div></body></html>

SkyAI, Inc. has a problem that reads like a corporate governance textbook case study. Its 

 treasury is worth roughly $207 million. Its market cap sits at about $59 million. And a growing coalition of shareholders is showing up to its September 18 annual meeting with votes prepared to reject management’s agenda entirely.

The immediate flashpoint is SkyAI’s proposed 2026 Equity Incentive Plan, which would authorize 5,145,000 new shares for stock-based compensation. That represents approximately 7.2% dilution to the existing share base, a number that Forward Industries, one of the company’s vocal critics, has decided is a step too far.

What happens to one stock can ripple through your portfolio. Gloria Finance sees the connections most investors miss.

SkyAI’s current situation is the product of an aggressive strategic pivot. The company, which trades on the Nasdaq under the ticker SKYA, shifted away from its medical devices business and repositioned itself as a digital asset treasury company centered on Solana holdings.

To fund that strategy, SkyAI raised over $400 million through a private investment in public equity, known as a PIPE, in August 2025. The proceeds went toward accumulating SOL, and the company now holds approximately 2.08 million tokens. At recent prices, that stash is valued around $207 million.

SKYA shares have fallen roughly 86% over the past year, leaving a market cap of about $59 million against a treasury worth more than three times that figure.

Forward Industries, a Nasdaq-listed company under the ticker FWDI, tried to resolve the situation in June 2026 with an all-stock acquisition proposal. The offer carried a 20% premium to SkyAI’s stock price at the time. SkyAI’s board rejected it unanimously and without much public explanation.

Forward responded on September 9 with an open letter calling on shareholders to vote against the equity incentive plan and to withhold votes from all five incumbent director nominees at the upcoming annual meeting.

Forward is not the only voice pushing back. Bastion Trading, which holds approximately 9.99% of SkyAI’s shares, has also signaled its intent to withhold votes from all incumbent directors.

The objections go beyond the equity plan itself. Bastion and other dissenters have pointed to the board’s adoption of a poison pill defense mechanism without putting it to a shareholder vote.

The 7.2% dilution figure is meaningful. In absolute terms, 5.145 million shares is not enormous, but relative to a company with a $59 million market cap, it represents a significant transfer of potential upside from existing shareholders to executives and employees whose compensation packages are already a point of contention.

What the Solana math means for shareholders

The most unusual feature of the SkyAI situation is the disconnect between its treasury and its market cap. A company holding $207 million in SOL that trades at $59 million is, in theory, available at a steep discount to its net asset value.

Forward’s acquisition proposal was an attempt to capture that spread. SkyAI’s board blocked it. The poison pill makes it harder for outside actors to force a resolution, leaving shareholders watching for management to sell the treasury and return capital, with limited tools to accelerate it.

The September 18 annual meeting will serve as a test of how much leverage activist shareholders can actually exercise when a board is committed to its current path. A successful vote against the equity plan would be a symbolic win for Forward and Bastion, but without board seats, translating that signal into operational change is a different challenge entirely.

SkyAI Faces Shareholder Challenge Over 7.2% Equity Dilution Plan

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<li><bl>Right to Lodge a Complaint</bl>  (Article 77 GDPR):You may lodge a complaint with the competent data protection authority. In Austria, this is the Datenschutzbehörde (DSB), Barichgasse 40–42, 1030 Vienna (www.dsb.gv.at).</li>
<li><bl>Right to Compensation</bl>: (Article 82 GDPR) If you suffer material or non-material damage due to a breach of the GDPR, you may be entitled to compensation from the responsible Controller or processor. This does not affect any other legal remedies available to you.</li></ul>

<div>Cookies are small files stored on your device when you visit our website. We use them to ensure a secure, user-friendly, and optimised browsing experience when you visit our website.</div><div>Cookies help us to:</div> <ul><li>Maintain user sessions across page requests,</li> <li>Remember your preferences,</li> <li>Improve the usability and performance of our website,</li> <li>Facilitate navigation, and</li> <li>Support essential features such as login functionality and shopping carts.</li></ul> <div>Cookies essential for these functions are processed based on our legitimate interest in maintaining site operation (Article 6(1)(f) GDPR).</div> <div>For all other cookies, including those for analytics, marketing, or personalization, we obtain your clear, informed consent beforehand (Section 165(3) TKG 2021, Article 6(1)(a) GDPR). You can revoke this consent anytime for the future.</div> <div>Types of Cookies we use:</div> <ul><li>Session cookies: These are temporary and are automatically deleted once you close your browser.</li> <li>Persistent cookies: These remain stored on your device until they expire or are manually deleted in your browser settings.</li></ul> <div>You control cookie use via your browser settings, where you can:</div> <ul><li>Block all cookies,</li> <li>Be notified before a cookie is saved,</li> <li>Accept cookies only in specific cases, or</li> <li>Delete all cookies automatically when closing the browser.</li></ul> <div>For example: </div> <ul><li>Microsoft Edge: Settings > Cookies and site permissions</li> <li>Mozilla Firefox: Preferences > Privacy & Security > Cookies and Site Data</li> <li>Google Chrome: Settings > Privacy and security > Cookies and other site data</li></ul> <div>Please note: Disabling certain cookies may limit the functionality of some parts of our website.</div>

<div>We take the security of your Personal Data very seriously and employ a wide range of measures to keep it safe. Our security framework combines administrative, technical, and physical controls designed to prevent unauthorized access, loss, alteration, or misuse of your information.</div>
<div>Some of the key protections we use include:</div>
<ul><li>Encryption technologies to secure data transfers and storage;</li>
<li>Two-factor authentication (2FA) to add an extra layer of account protection;</li>
<li>Regular security assessments and audits to ensure our safeguards remain effective;</li>
<li>Strict access controls limiting personal data access to authorized personnel only;</li>
<li>Data minimization methods such as pseudonymization where applicable;</li>
<li>Procedures for quick recovery of data availability in case of technical failures;</li>
<li>Ongoing staff training and clear IT security policies;</li>
<li>Incident response plans to promptly handle any security breaches.</li></ul>
<div>We encourage you to enable two-factor authentication and keep your account credentials confidential to further enhance your security. Protecting your data is a continuous commitment, and we regularly update our security practices to stay ahead of emerging threats and comply with international standards.</div>

<div>We do not use your Personal Data for automated decision-making, including profiling, within the meaning of Article 22(1) and (4) GDPR. This means that you are not subject to any decision based solely on automated Processing which produces legal effects concerning you or similarly significantly affects you.</div>

<div>Our platform is intended exclusively for users who are 18 years of age or older. We do not offer our services to minors, and therefore, we do not knowingly collect personal information from anyone under 18. If you are under 18, please do not use our services or submit any personal data to us.</div>

<div>In principle, you are not legally required to provide us with your Personal Data. However, the provision of certain Personal Data is necessary to access and use our Platform, to comply with statutory obligations (e.g. under anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing laws), or to enter into and perform a contract with us.</div>
<div>In particular, we are legally obliged to collect and process specific categories of Personal Data (such as identification documents and proof of address) before entering into a business relationship, and on an ongoing basis, in accordance with applicable Know-Your-Customer (KYC) and Anti-Money Laundering (AML) requirements. </div>
<div>Without this information, we cannot provide you with access to our Services or might not be able to establish or continue a business relationship with you, or to provide certain features of our Platform.</div>

<div>This Policy is current as of the “Last Updated” date indicated above. We may update or amend this Policy from time to time to reflect changes in legal requirements, our data Processing practices, or the features of our Services. Therefore, we encourage you to review this Policy periodically to stay informed about how we process your Personal Data.</div>

<div>If you have any further questions about the processing of your personal data, please contact our DPO: <e>privacy@kucoin.eu.</e></div>

<div>The following definitions are particularly relevant:</div>
<ul><li>“<bl>Personal Data</bl>” refers to any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person.</li>
<li>“<bl>Processing”</bl> refers to any operation or set of operations which is performed on personal data or on sets of personal data, whether or not by automated means, such as collection, recording, organisation, structuring, storage, adaptation or alteration, retrieval, consultation, use, disclosure by transmission, dissemination or otherwise making available, alignment or combination, restriction, erasure or destruction.</li>
<li>"<bl>Controller</bl>" refers to the natural or legal person, public authority, agency, or other body which, alone or jointly with others, determines the purposes and means of the processing of personal data.</li>
<li>“<bl>Supervisory Authority</bl>” refers to the Österreichische Datenschutzbehörde, Barichgasse 40-42, 1030 Vienna (T +43 1 52 152-0, M dsb@dsb.gv.at).</li>
<li>“<bl>Data Subject</bl>” means an identified or identifiable natural person. An identifiable natural person is one who can be identified, directly, or indirectly, by reference to an identifier, such as a name, an identification number, location data, an online identifier or to one or more factors specific to the physical, physiological, genetic, mental, economic, cultural, or social identity of that natural person.</li></ul>

<div>KuCoin EU acts as the Controller of your Personal Data in connection with the Services we provide. This means we are responsible for ensuring the lawful and secure Processing of your Personal Data and for complying with applicable data protection laws and regulatory requirements.</div>
<div>By registering for and using the Platform, you acknowledge that your Personal Data will be processed in accordance with this Policy and the Terms and Conditions applicable to the Platform.</div>
<div>To help us meet these obligations, we have appointed an internal Data Protection Officer (DPO) who oversees our data protection compliance and serves as the main point of contact for both Supervisory Authorities and Data Subjects on all matters relating to privacy.</div>
<div>If you have any questions or concerns about how your Personal Data is being processed, you can contact our DPO at <e>privacy@kucoin.eu</e>. For certain requests, we require further identification data from you (e.g. passport, ID card, etc), in order to ensure that your Personal Data is only shared with you.</div>

<div>We are committed to Processing only Personal Data that is adequate, relevant, and limited to what is necessary in relation to the purposes for which it is processed, in accordance with the data minimization principle set out in Article 5(1)(c) of the GDPR.</div>
<div>We collect your Personal Data in a variety of ways depending on how you interact with us and our Services, including: </div>
<div><bl>Information you provide to us</bl>, for example:</div>
<ul><li>When you register for an account or use our Platform;</li>
<li>During the Know-Your-Customer (KYC) or account opening process;</li>
<li>When you complete forms or upload documents on the Platform;</li>
<li>When you subscribe to news and updates from us;</li>
<li>When you contact our support or other employees via email or other communication channels;</li>
<li>When you submit support requests, participate in dispute resolution, or request assistance;</li>
<li>When you participate in events, fairs, interviews;</li>
<li>When you visit our offices in person.</li></ul>
<div><bl>From third parties</bl>, such as:</div>
<ul><li>Affiliates and partners who enable or support your access to our Services;</li>
<li>Service providers for identity verification, background screening, PEP and sanctions checks, and fraud prevention;</li>
<li>Credit reference agencies and financial service providers;</li>
<li>Publicly accessible sources (e.g., commercial registers or government databases within the EU);</li>
<li>Licensed data brokers or aggregators, where legally permissible.</li></ul>
<div><bl>By automatic collection</bl>, such as:</div>
<ul><li>WhenThrough your use of our Services and Platform via technical logs, usage tracking, or cookies.</li></ul>

<div>In operating our Platform and providing our Services, we may process the following <bl>categories of Personal Data</bl>:</div>

<ul><li><bl>Identification data</bl>: full name, date and place of birth, nationality, identification number, passport/ID documents.</li>
<li><bl>Contact details</bl>: residential address, email address, phone number.</li>
<li><bl>Financial and transactional data</bl>: source of funds and wealth, bank account information, payment method details (e.g. credit card number, expiration date, security code), tax identification number, employment status, income.</li>
<li><bl>Verification data</bl>: identity documents, certifications (e.g. employment or inheritance documentation), results of PEP/sanctions screening.</li>
<li><bl>Employment-related data</bl>: professional background, education history, employer references (where applicable).</li>
<li><bl>Platform usage data</bl>: login timestamps, device type, interaction history, user preferences.</li>
<li><bl>Device and technical data</bl>: device model, operating system, browser type, crash logs, unique device identifiers.</li>
<li><bl>Log data</bl>: IP address, access location, timestamps, user activity.</li>
<li><bl>Account and transaction data</bl>: wallet addresses, account balances, trading history, deposit records, verification history.</li>
<li><bl>Marketing Data</bl>: data collected through cookies and other marketing technologies to personalize communications.</li>
<li><bl>Multimedia Data</bl>: photos, videos, and audio recordings.</li>
<li><bl>On-site visit data</bl>: video and image recordings captured during visits to our office premises.</li>
<li><bl>Other data</bl>: any additional information you provide when contacting our support or staff.</li></ul>

<div><bl>Please note</bl>: Certain Personal Data may be screened against risk profiles and regulatory watchlists in order to comply with our legal obligations under anti-money laundering (AML) laws and our internal KYC/AML policies. This may include checks against databases of politically exposed persons (PEPs), international sanctions lists, and fraud prevention agencies, including the involvement of credit reference providers where appropriate.</div>

<div>We process your Personal Data where it is necessary to enter into or perform our contractual relationship with you, including:</div>
<ul><li>Providing and managing access to our Services and your user account;</li>
<li>Processing transactions and executing your instructions;</li>
<li>Verifying your identity and authenticating your access;</li>
<li>Providing customer service and technical support;</li>
<li>Sending important service-related updates and notifications.</li></ul>

<div>Personal data processing may be necessary to fulfill various legal requirements, such as those set out in the 5th Anti-Money Laundering Directive (AMLD), the Austrian Money Laundering Act (FM-GwG), the Payment Services Act (ZaDiG 2018), the Trade Regulations Act (GewO 1994), FATF Travel Rule, and others. Examples of processing under these obligations include:</div>
<ul><li>Ensuring compliance and mitigating risks;</li>
<li>Conducting Know-Your-Customer (KYC) procedures, including identity verification and proof of funds;</li>
<li>Managing contracts, invoicing, and accounting;</li>
<li>Monitoring to prevent fraud, illicit use, money laundering, and terrorist financing;</li>
<li>Disclosing information to fiscal or criminal authorities as legally required;</li>
<li>Checking creditworthiness through credit agencies;</li>
<li>Performing appropriateness assessments;</li>
<li>Processing transaction details (e.g., sender and recipient information) to comply with FATF Travel Rule;</li>
<li>Recording telephone and electronic communications when mandated.</li></ul>

<div>We may process your Personal Data to pursue our legitimate interests, provided these interests are not overridden by your rights and freedoms. This includes:</div>
<ul><li>Ensuring the security, integrity, and availability of our systems and infrastructure (e.g. IT security, fraud detection, disaster recovery);</li>
<li>Operating and maintaining our Platform, websites, and applications (e.g. error diagnostics, user interface optimization, device compatibility);</li>
<li>Analysis and improvement of the platform's quality and the general user experience (e.g. performance tracking on the platform);</li>
<li>To provide marketing communications, promotions to you for KuCoin EU own, similar products or services;</li>
<li>Conducting internal audits and investigations;</li>
<li>Responding to requests from authorities, lawyers, or collection agencies during legal proceedings;</li>
<li>Managing and reducing risks by checking credit agencies, debtor lists, or business analysts;</li>
<li>Engaging with you via social media and community channels including responding to user inquiries, moderating content, and maintaining a safe and engaging environment on our official communication channels;</li>
<li>Performing video surveillance at our premises to protect property and ensure the safety of staff, clients, and visitors (subject to Section 12 and 13 DSG).</li></ul>

<div>Where required by law or where we rely on your voluntary agreement, we process your Personal Data based on your consent, including:</div>
<ul><li>Sending newsletters, promotional communications, or marketing offers (in line with Section 174 of the Austrian Telecommunications Act 2021 (TKG 2021));</li>
<li>Using optional cookies and tracking technologies for analytics and advertising;</li>
<li>Certain uses of audio, video and photo data for marketing and other representational purposes;</li>
<li>Carrying out video surveillance in areas where consent is legally required or appropriate;</li>
<li>Offering optional features on the Platform that require your express participation.</li>
<li>You may withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future.</li>
<li>We will only process your Personal Data to the extent necessary for the purposes for which it was collected, and in accordance with the principles of data minimisation and purpose limitation set out in the GDPR.</li></ul>
<div><bl>Please note</bl>: If you choose not to provide certain Personal Data that is required by law or necessary for the conclusion or performance of a contract, we may not be able to provide you with the related Services.</div>

<div>We process your Personal Data in compliance with all applicable data protection laws, including the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the E-Privacy Directive, and relevant national legislation (such as the Austrian Data Protection Act). Your Personal Data is processed solely for the <bl>purposes</bl> described below, and always based on the <bl>legal grounds</bl> set forth in Article 6(1) of the GDPR.</div>

<div>We may share your Personal Data with the following categories of recipients, in accordance with Article 13(1)(e) and 14(1)(e) GDPR:</div>
<ul><li>KuCoin Group Companies and Affiliates - To the extent necessary to respond to your requests, process transactions, secure our platform, or otherwise perform our Services;</li>
<li>IT Service Providers - For hosting, system maintenance, and cybersecurity support;</li>
<li>Card Provider - To issue and maintain card services;</li>
<li>Analytics Providers - To understand how you use our Services;</li>
<li>Payment and Financial Service Providers - To facilitate financial transactions and fund movements;</li>
<li>Customer Support and Communication Vendors - For managing customer inquiries through communication platforms, call centers, or ticketing systems;</li>
<li>Marketing and Promotions Providers - To promote our Services;</li>
<li>Identity Verification and Compliance Providers - For KYC/AML processes, sanction and PEP screenings, and fraud prevention;</li>
<li>Legal Advisors and Auditors - Where required for legal compliance, risk management, or the establishment, exercise or defense of legal claims;</li>
<li>Supervisory and Public Authorities - Where disclosure is required by law or based on lawful requests (e.g. tax authorities, regulators, law enforcement);</li>
<li>Cloud and Data Storage Providers - For secure data hosting and storage services;</li>
<li>External Tax Advisors - Where necessary for fulfilling our tax compliance obligations;</li>
<li>Potential Acquirers or Investors - In the context of mergers, acquisitions, or other corporate transactions, subject to strict confidentiality obligations.</li></ul>

<div>Where we engage third parties to process your Personal Data on our behalf, we do so under a data processing agreement (DPA) in accordance with Article 28 GDPR. These processors are contractually obliged to:</div>
<ul><li>Act only on our documented instructions,</li>
<li>Implement appropriate technical and organizational security measures, and</li>
<li>Refrain from disclosing your data to other third parties unless legally required.</li></ul>
<div>Please note that not all recipients qualify as data processors. In some cases, parties process your Personal Data as independent Controllers under Article 4(7) GDPR. This applies, for instance, to financial institutions (e.g., fiat on-ramp providers) that are independently required to retain certain information for compliance with financial or anti-money laundering laws. In such cases, Processing is carried out based on their own legal grounds under Article 6 GDPR, and no processing agreement under Article 28 GDPR is required.</div>
<div>In specific situations, data may be processed under a joint controllership arrangement pursuant to Article 26 GDPR, where two or more parties jointly determine the purposes and means of Processing. In such cases, we enter into a binding agreement which transparently allocates the respective responsibilities - especially concerning the exercise of Data Subject rights and information obligations under Article 13 and 14 GDPR. The essence of this agreement is available upon request.</div>
<div>Disclosures to public authorities, courts or regulators are strictly based on a legal obligation under Article 6(1)(c) GDPR. Such entities act as independent Controllers.</div>
<div>In the context of corporate transactions (e.g. mergers or acquisitions), potential acquirers may process Personal Data as separate Controllers, depending on the stage and structure of the transaction.</div>

<div>Our business operates internationally, with partners and service providers located in various countries. This means your Personal Data may be transferred outside your country of residence or, for European customers, outside the European Economic Area (EEA). Such transfers occur only when necessary to fulfill your requests, process transactions, or provide our Services.</div>
<li>Your personal information may be processed in countries where data protection laws differ from those in your home country. However, we are committed to protecting your data with the same standards and principles as apply where we first collected it.</li>
<li>To ensure your personal data receives a consistent level of protection, we rely on several legal mechanisms for international data transfers, including:</li>
<li>Transfers to countries recognized by the European Commission as having adequate data protection standards.</li>
<li>Use of European Commission-approved Standard Contractual Clauses (SCCs) for transfers to countries not deemed adequate, including intra-group transfers and transfers to service providers.</li>
<li>Where applicable, other lawful transfer bases such as your consent, compliance with legal requirements, performance of contracts, or important public interest justifications.</li>
<div>We will not transfer your personal data outside your country or, for Europeans, outside the EEA unless one of these legal safeguards or grounds applies.</div>
<div>For more details or to receive a copy of the safeguards we use, please contact our Data Protection Officer at <e>privacy@kucoin.eu</e>.</div>

<div>We retain your Personal Data only for as long as necessary to fulfil the purposes for which it was collected, including complying with legal, accounting, regulatory requirements or defending legal claims. </div>
<div>The specific retention periods vary depending on the legal basis and purpose of processing. In particular, statutory retention periods applicable to KuCoin EU include, but are not limited to, the following:</div>

<ul><li>Personal Data processed to perform a contract is generally stored for the duration of the contractual relationship and until the expiry of applicable statutory limitation periods. Under Austrian civil law (Section 1486 of the General Civil Code (ABGB)), this period is typically three years. In certain cases, such as pending legal disputes or where the extended limitation period under Section 1487 ABGB applies, data may be retained for up to 15 years, based on practical experience with the enforcement of claims.</li>
<li>Tax-relevant data is retained for at least seven years following the end of the relevant calendar year, in line with Section 132 BAO and Section 212 UGB.</li>
<li>Where Processing is based on your consent, Personal Data is retained until consent is withdrawn or the data is no longer necessary for the original purpose. Retention beyond this only occurs where required by law (e.g., tax or civil law retention obligations or retention periods as described above, Section 1486 and 1487 ABGB).</li>
<li>Where Personal Data must be retained by law or to establish, exercise or defend legal claims,retention periods may extend beyond standard durations. For example, transaction data collected under anti-money laundering laws (such as under the FM-GwG) must be retained for 10 years after termination of the business relationship.</li></ul>
<div>Once a retention period expires and no further legitimate purpose for retaining the Personal Data exists, we will securely delete or irreversibly anonymise your Personal Data, in line with applicable data protection laws.</div>

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