Python

Angle between two vectors python: In the previous article, we have discussed Python Program to Find the Sine Series for the Given range
Mathematical Way :

Python angle between two vectors: The angle between two vectors can be calculated using the formula, which states that the angle cos of two vectors is equal to the dot product of two vectors divided by the dot product of the mod of two vectors.

cosθ = X.Y/|X|.|Y|  =>θ =  cos^-1 X.Y/|X|.|Y|

Example:

Let  X={5,6} and y={4,3} are two vectors.

The angle between given two vectors = X.Y=  5*4+6*3 = 38

|X| = √ 5^2 +6^2 = 7.8102

|Y| = √ 4^2 +3^2 = 5

cosθ = 38/7.8102*5 = 0.973

θ= 13.324°

In this, we use the ‘math’ module to perform some complex calculations for us, such as square root, cos inverse, and degree, by calling the functions sqrt(), acos(), and degrees ().

Given two vectors, and the task is to calculate the angle between the given two vectors.

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Examples:

Example1:

Input: 

Given x1, y1, x2, y2 = 5, 6, 4, 3

Output:

The Cos angle between given two vectors = 0.9730802874900094
The angle in degree between given two vectors =  13.324531261890783

Example 2:

Input:

Given x1, y1, x2, y2  =  7, 3, 2, 1

Output:

The Cos angle between given two vectors = 0.9982743731749958
The angle in degree between given two vectors = 3.36646066342994

Program To Calculate the Angle Between Two Vectors

Python angle between two vectors: Below are the ways to Calculate the Angle Between Two Vectors.

• Using Mathematical Formula (Static Input)
• Using Mathematical Formula (User Input)

Method #1: Using Mathematical Formula (Static input)

Approach:

• Import math module using the import keyword.
• Give four variables as static input and store them in four different variables.
• Calculate the dot product of the given two vectors using the above mathematical formula and store them in another variable.
• Calculate the Mod of given two vectors using the above mathematical formula and store them in another variable.
• Find the cosine angle between the given two vectors using the above mathematical formula and store them in another variable.
• Print the cosine angle between the given two vectors.
• Calculate the angle in degrees using built-in math.degrees(), math.acos() functions and store it in a variable .
• Print the angle ‘θ’ between the given two vectors.
• The Exit of the program.

Below is the implementation:

# Import math module using the import keyword.
import math
# Give four variables as static input and store them in four different variables.
x1, y1, x2, y2 = 5, 6, 4, 3


def angle_between_Gvnvectors(x1, y1, x2, y2):
    # Calculate the dot product of given two vectors using above mathematical formula
    # and store them in another variable.

    dot_Prodct = x1*x2 + y1*y2
 # Calculate the Mod of given two vectors using above mathematical formula and
# store them in another variable
    mod_Of_Vectr1 = math.sqrt(x1*x1 + y1*y1)*math.sqrt(x2*x2 + y2*y2)
 # Find the cosine angle between given two vectors  using above mathematical formula
# and store them in another variable.
    cosine_angle = dot_Prodct/mod_Of_Vectr1
 # Print the cosine angle between given two vectors.
    print(" The Cos angle between given two vectors =", cosine_angle)
# Calculate the angle in degrees using built-in math.degrees(), math.acos() functions
# and store it in a variable .
    angl_in_Degres = math.degrees(math.acos(cosine_angle))
# Print the angle 'θ' between given two vectors.
    print("The angle in degree between given two vectors = ", angl_in_Degres)


angle_between_Gvnvectors(x1, y1, x2, y2)

Output:

The Cos angle between given two vectors = 0.9730802874900094
The angle in degree between given two vectors =  13.324531261890783

Method #2: Using Mathematical Formula (User input)

Approach:

• Import math module using the import keyword.
• Give four variables as user input using map(),split() , int(input()) functions and store them in four different variables.
• Calculate the dot product of the given two vectors using the above mathematical formula and store them in another variable.
• Calculate the Mod of given two vectors using the above mathematical formula and store them in another variable.
• Find the cosine angle between the given two vectors using the above mathematical formula and store them in another variable.
• Print the cosine angle between the given two vectors.
• Calculate the angle in degrees using built-in math.degrees(), math.acos() functions and store it in a variable .
• Print the angle ‘θ’ between the given two vectors.
• The Exit of the program.

Below is the implementation of the above approach:

# Import math module using the import keyword.
import math
# Give four variables as user input using map(),split() ,int(input())functions and 
#store them in four different variables.
x1, y1, x2, y2 = map(int,input("Enter four random numbers = ").split())
def angle_between_Gvnvectors(x1, y1, x2, y2):
    # Calculate the dot product of given two vectors using above mathematical formula
    # and store them in another variable.

    dot_Prodct = x1*x2 + y1*y2
 # Calculate the Mod of given two vectors using above mathematical formula and
# store them in another variable
    mod_Of_Vectr1 = math.sqrt(x1*x1 + y1*y1)*math.sqrt(x2*x2 + y2*y2)
 # Find the cosine angle between given two vectors  using above mathematical formula
# and store them in another variable.
    cosine_angle = dot_Prodct/mod_Of_Vectr1
 # Print the cosine angle between given two vectors.
    print(" The Cos angle between given two vectors =", cosine_angle)
# Calculate the angle in degrees using built-in math.degrees(), math.acos() functions
# and store it in a variable .
    angl_in_Degres = math.degrees(math.acos(cosine_angle))
# Print the angle 'θ' between given two vectors.
    print("The angle in degree between given two vectors = ", angl_in_Degres)

angle_between_Gvnvectors(x1, y1, x2, y2)

Output:

Enter four random numbers = 7 3 2 1
The Cos angle between given two vectors = 0.9982743731749958
The angle in degree between given two vectors = 3.36646066342994

Here we calculated the angle between the given vectors.

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Palindrome recursion python: Are you new to the java programming language? We recommend you to ace up your practice session with these Basic Java Programs Examples

Recursion in Python:

Palindrome recursion python: When a function calls itself and loops until it reaches the intended end state, this is referred to as recursion. It is based on the mathematics idea of recursive definitions, which define elements in a set in terms of other members in the set.

Each recursive implementation contains a base case in which the desired state is reached, and a recursive case in which the desired state is not reached and the function enters another recursive phase.

On each step, the behavior in the recursive situation before the recursive function call, the internal self-call, is repeated. Recursive structures are beneficial when a larger problem (the base case) can be solved by solving repeated subproblems (the recursive case) that incrementally advance the program to the base case.
It behaves similarly to for and while loops, with the exception that recursion moves closer to the desired condition, whereas for loops run a defined number of times and while loops run until the condition is no longer met.

In other words, recursion is declarative because you specify the desired state, whereas for/while loops are iterative because you provide the number of repeats.

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Strings in Python:

Recursive palindrome python: A string is typically a piece of text (sequence of characters). To represent a string in Python, we use ” (double quotes) or ‘ (single quotes).

Examples:

Example1:

Input:

given string = "btechgeeksskeeghcetb"

Output:

The given string [ btechgeeksskeeghcetb ] is a palindrome

Example2:

Input:

given string = "aplussulpa"

Output:

The given string [ aplussulpa ] is a palindrome

Program to Check Whether a String is a Palindrome or not Using Recursion

Below are the ways to Check Whether a String is a Palindrome or not using the recursive approach in Python:

• Using Recursion(Static Input)
• Using Recursion(User Input)

1)Using Recursion (Static Input)

Approach:

• Give some string as static input and store it in a variable.
• Pass the string to a recursive function checkPalindromeRecursion function as an argument.
• Calculate the length of the string using the len() function.
• If the length of the string is less than 1, the function returns True.
• If the end letter is the same as the initial letter, execute the function recursively with the parameter as the sliced list with the first and last characters deleted, otherwise return False.
• Use an if statement to determine whether the given string is True or False and then print the result.
• If the function returns true then the given string is a palindrome.
• Else the given string is not a palindrome.
• The exit of the program.

Below is the implementation:

# function which checks the given string is palindrome or not using recursion
# if th given string is palindrome then it is true else the string is false.


def checkPalindromeRecursion(givenstr):
  # Calculate the length of the string using the len() function.
    stringLen = len(givenstr)
    # If the length of the string is less than 1, the function returns True.
    if stringLen < 1:
        return True
    else:
      # If the end letter is the same as the initial letter, execute the function
      # recursively with the parameter as the sliced list
      # with the first and last characters deleted, otherwise return False.
      # Use an if statement to determine whether the given string is
      # True or False and then print the result.
        if givenstr[0] == givenstr[-1]:
            return checkPalindromeRecursion(givenstr[1:-1])
        else:
            return False


# Give some string as static input and store it in a variable.
given_str = 'btechgeeksskeeghcetb'
# Pass the string to a recursive function checkPalindromeRecursion function as an argument.
# If the function returns true then the given string is a palindrome.
if(checkPalindromeRecursion(given_str)):
    print("The given string [", given_str, '] is a palindrome')
# Else the given string is not a palindrome.
else:
    print("The given string", given_str, 'is not a palindrome')

Output:

The given string [ btechgeeksskeeghcetb ] is a palindrome

2)Using Recursion (User Input)

Approach:

• Give some random string as user input using the input() function and store it in a variable.
• Pass the string to a recursive function checkPalindromeRecursion function as an argument.
• Calculate the length of the string using the len() function.
• If the length of the string is less than 1, the function returns True.
• If the end letter is the same as the initial letter, execute the function recursively with the parameter as the sliced list with the first and last characters deleted, otherwise return False.
• Use an if statement to determine whether the given string is True or False and then print the result.
• If the function returns true then the given string is a palindrome.
• Else the given string is not a palindrome.
• The exit of the program.

Below is the implementation:

# function which checks the given string is palindrome or not using recursion
# if th given string is palindrome then it is true else the string is false.


def checkPalindromeRecursion(givenstr):
  # Calculate the length of the string using the len() function.
    stringLen = len(givenstr)
    # If the length of the string is less than 1, the function returns True.
    if stringLen < 1:
        return True
    else:
      # If the end letter is the same as the initial letter, execute the function
      # recursively with the parameter as the sliced list
      # with the first and last characters deleted, otherwise return False.
      # Use an if statement to determine whether the given string is
      # True or False and then print the result.
        if givenstr[0] == givenstr[-1]:
            return checkPalindromeRecursion(givenstr[1:-1])
        else:
            return False


# Give some random string as user input using the input()
# function and store it in a variable.
given_str = input('Enter some random string = ')
# Pass the string to a recursive function checkPalindromeRecursion function as an argument.
# If the function returns true then the given string is a palindrome.
if(checkPalindromeRecursion(given_str)):
    print("The given string [", given_str, '] is a palindrome')
# Else the given string is not a palindrome.
else:
    print("The given string", given_str, 'is not a palindrome')

Output:

Enter some random string = aplussulpa
The given string [ aplussulpa ] is a palindrome

Explanation:

• A string must be entered by the user.
• A recursive function gets the string as an argument.
• If the length of the string is less than one, the function returns True.
• If the end letter is the same as the initial letter, the function is repeated recursively with the argument as the sliced list with the first and last characters removed, otherwise, false is returned.
• The if statement is used to determine whether the returned value is True or False, and the result is printed.

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Divide all elements of list python: In the previous article, we have discussed Python Program to Get Sum of all the Factors of a Number

Given a list, and the task is to divide all the elements of a given List by the given Number in Python

As we know, elements such as int, float, string, and so on can be stored in a List. As we all know, dividing a string by a number is impossible. To divide elements of a list, all elements must be int or float.

Examples:

Example1:

Input:

Given List = [3, 2.5, 42, 24, 15, 32]
Given Number = 2

Output:

The above given list after division all elements of a List by the given Number= [1.5, 1.25, 21.0, 12.0, 7.5, 16.0]

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Example 2:

Input:

Given List =  [5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50]
Given Number = 5

Output:

The above given list after division all elements of a List by the given Number= [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0]

Program Divide all Elements of a List by a Number

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Below are the ways to divide all Elements of a List by a Number.

• Using For loop(Static Input)
• Using For loop(User Input)

Method #1: Using For Loop (Static Input)

Approach:

• Give the list as static input and store it in a variable.
• Give the number as static input and store it in another variable.
• Take a new empty list and store it in a variable.
• Iterate in the above-given list using For Loop.
• Divide the iterator by the above-given number and append the result to the above declared new list.
• print the above given new list after division all elements of a List by the given Number.
• The Exit of the program.

Below is the implementation:

# Give the list as static input and store it in a variable.
gven_Lst = [3, 2.5, 42, 24, 15, 32]
# Give the number as static input and store it in another variable.
gvn_numb = 2
# Take a new empty list and store it in a variable.
Lst_aftr_div = []
# Iterate in the above given list using For Loop.
for itr in gven_Lst:
  # Divide the iterator  by  the above given number and append the result to the
  # above declared new list.
    Lst_aftr_div.append(itr/gvn_numb)
# print the above given list after division all elements of a List by the given Number.
print("The above given list after division all elements of a List by the given Number=", Lst_aftr_div)

Output:

The above given list after division all elements of a List by the given Number= [1.5, 1.25, 21.0, 12.0, 7.5, 16.0]

Method #2: Using For Loop (User Input)

Approach:

• Give the list as user input using list(),map(),input(),and split() functions and store it in a variable.
• Give the number as user input using the int(input()) function and store it in another variable.
• Take a new empty list and store it in a variable.
• Iterate in the above-given list using the For Loop.
• Divide the iterator by the above-given number and append the result to the above declared new list.
• Print the above given new list after division all elements of a List by the given Number.
• The Exit of the program.

Below is the implementation:

#Give the list as user input using list(),map(),input(),and split() functions.
gven_Lst = list(map(float, input(
   'Enter some random List Elements separated by spaces = ').split()))
# Give the number as user input using int(input()) and store it in another variable.
gvn_numb = int(input("Enter some random number = " ))
#Take a new empty list and store it in a variable.
Lst_aftr_div = []
# Iterate in the above given list using For Loop.
for itr in gven_Lst:
  # Divide the iterator by the above given number and append the result to the
  # above declared new list.
    Lst_aftr_div.append(itr/gvn_numb)
# print the above given list after division all elements of a List by the given Number.
print("The above given list after division all elements of a List by the given Number=", Lst_aftr_div)

Output:

Enter some random List Elements separated by spaces = 4 5 8 9.6 15 63 32 84
Enter some random number = 4
The above given list after division all elements of a List by the given Number= [1.0, 1.25, 2.0, 2.4, 3.75, 15.75, 8.0, 21.0]

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Python invert dictionary: In the previous article, we have discussed Python Program to Check if two Lines are Parallel or Not
Dictionary in python:

Python includes a class dictionary, which is typically defined as a set of key-value pairs. In Python, inverting a dictionary means swapping the key and value in the dictionary.

One thing is certain: complexity can be found in all of the different ways of storing key-value pairs. That is why dictionaries are used.

Python dictionaries are mutable collections of things that contain key-value pairs. The dictionary contains two main components: keys and values. These keys must be single elements, and the values can be of any data type, such as list, string, integer, tuple, and so on. The keys are linked to their corresponding values. In other words, the values can be retrieved using their corresponding keys.

A dictionary is created in Python by enclosing numerous key-value pairs in curly braces.

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For example :

dictionary ={‘monday’:1, ‘tuesday’:2, ‘wednesday’:3}

The output after inverting the dictionary is { 1: [‘monday’] , 2: [‘tuesday’] , 3: [‘wednesday’] }

Given a dictionary, and the task is to invert the given dictionary.

Examples:

Example1:

Input:

Given dictionary = {10: 'jan', 20: 'feb', 30: 'march', 40: 'April', 50: 'may'}

Output:

The inverse of the given dictionary =  {'jan': [10], 'feb': [20], 'march': [30], 'April': [40], 'may': [50]}

Example 2:

Input:

Given dictionary = {'monday': 1, 'tuesday': 2, 'wednesday': 3}

Output:

The inverse of the given dictionary = {1: ['monday'], 2: ['tuesday'], 3: ['wednesday']}

Program to invert a Dictionary in Python

Below are the ways to invert a given dictionary

• Using For loop(Static Input)
• Using For loop(User Input)

Method #1: Using For Loop (Static Input)

Approach:

• Give the dictionary as static input and store it in a variable.
• Create a new empty dictionary say ” inverse_dict” and store it in another variable.
• Iterate in the above dictionary using the dictionary. items() and for loop.
• Check if the value is present in the above declared  ” inverse_dict” using the if conditional statement and the ‘in’ keyword.
• If the statement is true, then append the value to the “inverse_dict” dictionary using the append() function.
• Else assign the value to the key.
• Print the above declared ” inverse_dict” variable to get the inverse of the given dictionary.
• The Exit of the program.

Below is the implementation:

# Give the dictionary as static input and store it in a variable.
gvn_dict = {'monday': 1, 'tuesday': 2, 'wednesday': 3}
# Create a new empty dictionary say " inverse_dict" and store it in another variable.
inverse_dict = {}
# Iterate in the above dictionary using the dictionary. items() and for loop.
for key, value in gvn_dict.items():
  # Check if the value is present in the above declared  " inverse_dict" using
  # the if conditional statement and the 'in' keyword.
    if value in inverse_dict:
     # If the statement is true, then append the value to the "inverse_dict" dictionary
     # using the append() function.
        inverse_dict[value].append(key)
    else:
     # Else assign the value to the key.
        inverse_dict[value] = [key]
  # Print the above declared " inverse_dict" variable to get the inverse of the
  # given dictionary.
print("The inverse of the given dictionary = ", inverse_dict)

Output:

The inverse of the given dictionary =  {1: ['monday'], 2: ['tuesday'], 3: ['wednesday']}

Method #2: Using For Loop (User Input)

Approach:

• Take a dictionary and initialize it with an empty dictionary using dict() or {}.
• Give the number of keys as user input using int(input()) and store it in a variable.
• Loop till the given number of keys using for loop.
• Inside the for loop scan the key and value as user input using input(), split() functions, and store them in two separate variables.
• Initialize the key with the value of the dictionary.
• Create a new empty dictionary say ” inverse_dict” and store it in another variable.
• Iterate in the above dictionary using the dictionary. items() and for loop.
• Check if the value is present in the above declared  ” inverse_dict” using the if conditional statement and the ‘in’ keyword.
• If the statement is true, then append the value to the “inverse_dict” dictionary using the append() function.
• Else assign the value to the key.
• Print the above declared ” inverse_dict” variable to get the inverse of the given dictionary.
• The Exit of the program.

Below is the implementation:

# Take a dictionary and initialize it with an empty dictionary using dict() or {}.
gvn_dict = {}
# Give the number of keys as user input using int(input()) and store it in a variable.
numb_of_kys = int(
    input('Enter some random number of keys of the dictionary = '))
# Loop till the given number of keys using for loop.
for p in range(numb_of_kys):
        # Inside the for loop scan the key and value as
    # user input using input(),split() functions
    # and store them in two separate variables.
    keyy, valuee = input(
        'Enter key and value separated by spaces = ').split()
    # Initialize the key with the value of the dictionary.
    gvn_dict[keyy] = valuee

# Create a new empty dictionary say " inverse_dict" and store it in another variable.
inverse_dict = {}
# Iterate in the above dictionary using the dictionary. items() and for loop.
for key, value in gvn_dict.items():
  # Check if the value is present in the above declared  " inverse_dict" using
  # the if conditional statement and the 'in' keyword.
    if value in inverse_dict:
     # If the statement is true, then append the value to the "inverse_dict" dictionary
     # using the append() function.
        inverse_dict[value].append(key)
    else:
     # Else assign the value to the key.
        inverse_dict[value] = [key]
  # Print the above declared " inverse_dict" variable to get the inverse of the
  # given dictionary.
print("The inverse of the given dictionary = ", inverse_dict)

Output:

Enter some random number of keys of the dictionary = 5
Enter key and value separated by spaces = hello 785
Enter key and value separated by spaces = this 100
Enter key and value separated by spaces = is 900
Enter key and value separated by spaces = btechgeeks 500
Enter key and value separated by spaces = python 400
The inverse of the given dictionary = {'785': ['hello'], '100': ['this'], '900': ['is'], '500': ['btechgeeks'], '400': ['python']}

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Given a date , the task is to Check if a Date is Valid and increment the given date and print it in python

Examples:

Example1:

Input:

given date ="11/02/2001"

Output:

The incremented given date is:  12 / 2 / 2001

Example2:

Input:

 given date = "29/02/2001"

Output:

The given date 29/02/2001 is not valid

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Program to Check and Print the Incremented Date in Python

Below are the ways to check and implement the increment the given date in Python:

• By using if..elif..else Conditional Statements and split() function(Static Input)
• By using if..elif..else Conditional Statements and split() function(User Input)

Drive into Python Programming Examples and explore more instances related to python concepts so that you can become proficient in generating programs in Python Programming Language.

1)By using if..elif..else Conditional Statements  and split() function(Static Input)

Approach:

• Give the date in the format dd/mm/yyyy as static input
• Separate the date by storing the day, month, and year in different variables.
• Check the validity of the day, month, and year using various if-statements.
• If the date is valid, increment it .
• Print the increment date.
• Exit of Program.

Below is the implementation:

# given given_data
given_date = "11/02/2001"
# splitting the given_data by / character to separate given_data,month and year
day, month, year = given_date.split('/')
day = int(day)
month = int(month)
year = int(year)
if(month == 1 or month == 3 or month == 5 or month == 7 or month == 8 or month == 10 or month == 12):
    maxdays = 31
elif(month == 4 or month == 6 or month == 9 or month == 11):
    maxdays = 30
elif(year % 4 == 0 and year % 100 != 0 or year % 400 == 0):
    maxdays = 29
else:
    maxdays = 28
if(month < 1 or month > 12):
    print("The given date", given_date, "is not valid")
elif(day < 1 or day > maxdays):
    print("The given date", given_date, "is not valid")
elif(day == maxdays and month != 12):
    day = 1
    month = month+1
    print("The incremented given date is: ", day, month, year)
elif(day == 31 and month == 12):
    day = 1
    month = 1
    year = year+1
    print("The incremented given date is: ", day, '/', month, '/', year)
else:
    day = day + 1
    print("The incremented given date is: ",  day, '/', month, '/', year)

Output:

The incremented given date is:  12 / 2 / 2001

Explanation:

• Give the date in the format dd/mm/yyyy as static input.
• The date is then divided, with the day, month, and year recorded in separate variables.
• The date is invalid if it is not between 1 and 30 in the months of April, June, September, and November.
• The date is invalid if it is not between 1 and 31 for the months of January, March, April, May, July, August, October, and December.
• If the month is February, the day should be between 1 and 28 for non-leap years and between 1 and 29 for leap years.
• If the date is correct, it should be increased.
• The final incremented date is printed

2)By using if..elif..else Conditional Statements  and split() function(User Input)

Approach:

• Scan the date, month and year as int(input()).
• Separate the date by storing the day, month, and year in different variables.
• Check the validity of the day, month, and year using various if-statements.
• If the date is valid, increment it .
• Print the increment date.
• Exit of Program.

Below is the implementation:

# Scan the date, month and year as int(input()).
day = int(input("Enter some random day = "))
month = int(input("Enter some random month = "))
year = int(input("Enter some random year = "))
if(month == 1 or month == 3 or month == 5 or month == 7 or month == 8 or month == 10 or month == 12):
    maxdays = 31
elif(month == 4 or month == 6 or month == 9 or month == 11):
    maxdays = 30
elif(year % 4 == 0 and year % 100 != 0 or year % 400 == 0):
    maxdays = 29
else:
    maxdays = 28
if(month < 1 or month > 12):
    print("The given date", given_date, "is not valid")
elif(day < 1 or day > maxdays):
    print("The given date", given_date, "is not valid")
elif(day == maxdays and month != 12):
    day = 1
    month = month+1
    print("The incremented given date is: ", day, month, year)
elif(day == 31 and month == 12):
    day = 1
    month = 1
    year = year+1
    print("The incremented given date is: ", day, '/', month, '/', year)
else:
    day = day + 1
    print("The incremented given date is: ",  day, '/', month, '/', year)

Output:

Enter some random day = 11
Enter some random month = 2
Enter some random year = 2001
The incremented given date is: 12 / 2 / 2001

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