Archive for July 23rd, 2014

The Political Economy of the Telephone in the Gilded Age..

July 23, 2014

Looks like a terrific book by Robert MacDougall. It is reviewed here and that is how I got to know of the book too.

This book seems to have bit of everything:

In 1908, G.W.H. Kemper, a prominent resident of Muncie, Indiana, had two telephones. One telephone connected him to the local Bell affiliate, which in turn connected him to a huge network encompassing four million telephones east of the Rocky Mountains. The other telephone, leased from a so-called “Independent” company, connected him to only about 1,500 telephones in and around Muncie. Robert MacDougall wants to understand what this turn-of-the-century competition between the two systems meant for U.S. and Canadian history. Doing so allows MacDougall to explore a key insight knitting together business history and the history of technology — that “the most important fact about electrical communication” in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was not “the separation of communication and transportation, but the marriage of communication to capital” (p. 62).

This is an excellent book for several reasons. As the title suggests, it is foremost about the political economy of the telephone. As such, it is a model of how to write the history of a technology, particularly a technology as it matures and coalesces around competing visions and organizational structures. Robert MacDougall’s book weaves together corporate strategy, regulation (from municipal to federal levels of the state), the issue of local versus central control, and the scope and influence of consumers’ choices. The heart of MacDougall’s story is the battle between the Bell System and the Independents in the United States and Canada. This battle took place between the expiration of Alexander Graham Bell’s key telephony patents in the mid-1890s and about 1920 when the Bell System accepted state and federal regulation in the U.S. in exchange for a de facto monopoly of the nation’s telephone network.

Superb. Just a bit expensive currently on Amazon. Hopefully there will be an Indian edition soon..

Is owning cows/buffaloes a cost or a benefit? Do things differ across UP and AP?

July 23, 2014

The value of cows/buffaloes is spilling over to economics (not just about spilling milk) as well. We are having some interesting econ research papers on ownership of cows/buffaloes.

There was this interesting paper by Karlan et al which looked at the returns on owning cows/buffaloes. They found highly negative returns:

Our main finding is that, on average, households earn very low returns on their investments in cows and buffaloes. Excluding the value of household labor (i.e., valuing it at zero), we estimate  returns on the order of -6% for cows and 12% for buffaloes. Including the value of household labor, we find average returns of -64% and -40% for cows and buffaloes respectively. 

Number of reasons were cited for why people still own them despite such negative returns.

Now in a reply of sorts, Orazio Attanasio & Britta Augsburg (UK based scholars) dispute the idea. They say previous paper just look at one year returns. In a dataset of AP farmers for 3 years they see cows/buffaloes  give positive returns as well:

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