Book stuff is still keeping me busy. I have yet to complete adding all the new athology authors to the website (it’s not easy to do, and I’ve never had so many to add before), I owe a couple of authors payments for most of the year (I intend to deal with that just before Christmas) and I am still trying to get three novels published before Christmas. I might well be working Christmas day but then the entire country is closed for days anyway. Looks like I might not quite make the Christmas deadline, this damn Christmas thing keeps interrupting my work. There have been several more submissions but sorry guys, nothing is going to happen with any new stuff before New Year.
There was a song by Captain Beefheart called ‘Mirror Man’, which inspired me to start a children’s story on that theme years ago. I thought it was going well but since three characters were dead by the end of Chapter One, I was advised that nah, it’s not going to fly as a kiddie story. I still don’t see why not, I’m sure my grandkids would love it and enjoy the vivid dreams it would give them. Still, I shelved it. Might revive it one day.
What I had envisaged in that story was a creature created to absorb and store all knowledge, and which could not be killed. At all. Ever. By any means. You can’t kill this thing by melting a ring in a volcano. It’s a living library, a repository of knowledge, a creature that does not need to be taught, it can suck out everything your brain contains and leave nothing behind. It was meant to be kept in captivity but it escaped and it’s still doing its job… But I digress. Although only a little.
Science has decided to create ‘mirror life’. While this is an interesting concept, it’s a very very bad idea to actually do it.
Life, basically, is made of DNA and proteins. Okay, that’s overly simplistic but I’m trying to get this idea across to people with no grounding in science, much less biology. I’m trying to avoid lecturing to people who have not already learned the basics of this specific subject. So if you are a biologist, this is going to sound overly simplified to you.
There is a thing called ‘chirality’ in certain molecules. It’s like your hands. Your left and right hands are mirror images of each other, they are not the same. If you were to lose your right hand and the only graft available was a left hand, you’d find that graft didn’t work as you expected. Your thumb would be on the outside of the hand instead of the inside.
It’s like that with amino acids, the molecules that make up proteins. It’s also like that with DNA. The way the molecules are constructed means they can either be left handed (laevo. L) or right handed (dextro. D) arranged and one cannot fit in a place where the other belongs.
All life on this planet uses D- arranged DNA and L-arranged amino acids. Put the wrong one in there and it stops working. A protein made with a D-amino acid in place of an L-amino acid won’t fold correctly and won’t do what it’s supposed to do. It might do nothing or it might do something entirely different to its intended purpose.
DNA codes for proteins. That’s all it codes for. Most of those proteins are enzymes that then go on to catalyse reactions that are going to produce energy or structures within the cell. Screw with that and the cell will die. This applies to all cells, animal, plant, insect, bacteria… all of life.
Your cells won’t see much D-amino acids or L-DNA because, while both are chemically identical and equally likely to arise, none of the food you eat will contain much, if any, of either. Whether you live on meat or vegetables or both, all of that life is based on L-amino acids and D-DNA. There might be a bit of the stray mirror images in there but not enough to cause any significant interference in your metabolism. One dud copy of an enzyme won’t be a big issue, the cell will simply make another.
Even if you have an infection, and your immune system or medication deals with it and breaks it into pieces, the pieces left are D-DNA fragments and protein fragments made of L-amino acids.
However, if you were infected with a mirror image bacterium, made of L-DNA and D-amino acids, when your immune system smashes it up you suddenly have a lot of the wrong amino acids and DNA fragments in your body. The chances of your protein construction system making a mistake just went into the stratosphere.
Mistaken protein construction, or worse, mirror image DNA ensuring the wrong construction is encoded in the cell forever, means a total breakdown of the system. And it’s not just you.
All your food sources, be they plant or animal based, will experience the same thing. So what you eat might go from negliible D-amino acids and L-DNA to pretty significant intake of both. Which will of course just make the problem worse.
Although… when I say ‘encoded forever’, I really mean ‘encoded for the lifetime of that altered cell’ which really isn’t likely to be very long.
The mirror bacteria, if they can be brought into existence, will have metabolism based entirely on D-amino acids and L-DNA. There is a problem there which I’ll get back to, but they would have purely D-amino and L-DNA structures.
When they get into a normal organism, and the organism’s immune system or digestive enzymes break them apart, that organism is going to suddenly experience a huge input of the wrong kinds of DNA bases and protein amino-acids. Errors will be many, and that organism’s cells will end up inserting D-amino acids into proteins and L-DNA bases into DNA on replication. Basically, it will be a bloody mess. It would be like trying to build a Lego model when some of the pieces are Meccano, but you slot them in somehow anyway.
The cell will be making proteins that don’t work and if it manages to replicate it will contain DNA that codes for proteins that can’t possibly work. That cell is doomed. The mirror bacteria would destroy every living cell in every organism and they won’t really even need to be pathogenic. The mere presence of that much mirror-protein and mirror-DNA will be a massive and unstoppable spanner in the works. All of life on this planet would be terminated and it would start again with the mirror bacteria.
However. There is a problem with this idea, a possible way to avoid utter destruction.
As the mirror bacteria multiply and kill the normal cells, they will also experience an influx of the opposite chirality of DNA and amino acids. Their metabolism will suffer the same fate of hybridisation leading to inactive proteins and dud DNA. Then it comes down to which of us dies out first. Not great odds but a chance.
Further, enzymes work by physically fitting to the structure they are intended to break or create. A mirror-image enzyme might not be able to do what it’s supposed to do. It might do something entirely different. To sustain these mirror bacteria it might be necessary to supply them with mirrored substrates to live on. Those won’t be likely to be found in nature so the mirror bacteria won’t survive.
(It’s taken a few days to put this post together. I had to edit out the parts where I went into detail you’d need to be in the third year of a microbiology degree to follow. I tried to keep it non-scientist friendly. Hopefully I managed that and yet kept it understandable.)
So these mirror bacteria – will scientists try to create them? Of course they will. Tampering with the very fabric of life is all part of the mad scientist’s manifesto, along with unleashing mighty forces they will not be able to control. Mirror bacteria covers both of those points.
Will they succeed? That’s a ‘maybe’, along with a resounding ‘I hope not’. Although knowing scientists as I do, they are not going to stop trying now that they have the idea.
If they do succeed, will they be able to keep it confined in the lab? That should be possible as long as they don’t keep the monstrosity alive for too long. Once they’ve proved the concept, the sensible course of action would be to write it up and then put the whole lot in an autoclave and steam it to death. However, scientists, especially mad ones, are not known for taking the sensible course of action.
If it gets out, what then? A lot depends on which species they mirrored. My bet would be Escherichia coli because that’s really easy to work with and to grow. It’s also well adapted to growing in every animal’s intestines. In there, it can pick out all the mirrored amino acids and DNA bases from everything that animal (including you) eat. It’ll be slim pickings at first but as they grow and concentrate those mirrored molecules, they’ll pass from one animal to another and eventually become a big enough population to be a problem.
It would take decades, I think, before the effects of an escaped mirror-E. coli caused noticeable issues, but once set in motion there would be no way to stop it. Antibiotics? Will they work on a mirrored bacterium? I don’t know and it’s pretty likely they won’t. Anyway, the only way to get E. coli out of an animal’s gut would be to totally destroy that animal’s gut microflora and that involves treatment so drastic it’s likely to kill the animal anyway.
A further complication – some bacteria can make any, or sometimes all, of the amino acids they need from simpler compounds. If the mirror bacteria can do that then they’ll make massive amounts of D-amino acids and the disaster they’ll cause will strike much sooner. If they have to hunt out the few mirror image amino acids in food, they’ll only be able to grow very slowly but if they can make their own, well that’s a rapid onset of disaster for life on this planet.
Too many variables to say whether this will really be a major apocalypse but the potential risk, I’d say, is far too great to continue along this line of research.
I think they’ll do it anyway.