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Gross national income

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Map of countries by income groups, based on their gross national income (GNI) per capita, 2023, according to World Bank[1]

Gross national income (GNI), formerly known as gross national product (GNP), is the total amount of factor incomes earned by the residents of a country. It is equal to gross domestic product (GDP), plus factor incomes received from non-residents by residents, minus factor income paid by residents to non-residents.[2]: 44 

In contrast to GDP, GNI is not a concept of value added, but a concept of income. GNI is the basis of calculation of the largest part of contributions to the Budget of the European Union.[3] In February 2017, Ireland's GDP became so distorted from the base erosion and profit shifting ("BEPS") tax planning tools of U.S. multinationals, that the Central Bank of Ireland replaced Irish GDP with a new metric, Irish Modified GNI (or "GNI*"). In 2017, Irish GDP was 127% of Irish GNI and 162% of Irish Modified GNI.[4]

GNI contrast with net national income : NNI = GNI - Depreciation[5]

The Atlas method can be applied to correct for fluctuating exchange rates.[6]

History and name change

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The modern concept of GNP, along with GDP, was first developed by Simon Kuznets for a 1934 U.S. Congress report. Countries like the US and the UK originally preferred GNP as a measure of economic activity while other like Norway preferred GDP.[7] Over time economists settled on using GDP, the US switched to using GDP in 1991.

GNP was defined in the United Nations' 1953 System of National Accounts (SNA) as:

"the market value of product before deduction of provisions of consumption of fixed capital, attributable to factors of production supplied by normal residents of the given country"

Despite framing GNP as a concept of production, the attribution of the value was defined by the income earned by the owner of the factor of production.

In the 1993 revision to the SNA, the GNP definition was reframed from the point of view of the residents receiving income rather than the point of view of the factor of production. To reflect this, GNP was renamed GNI; the "national" part was kept as it is embedded in economic usage, even though the same concept of residence is used to define both GDP and GNI.[8]

GNP continues to be used in the National income and product accounts to refer to GNI calculated for expenditure data.

Type of income included in GNI

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GNI includes the salaries and wages of cross-border commuters and seasonal workers working overseas but does not include remittance sent by workers to their families overseas. This explains why France GNI is higher than its GDP as a lot of French residents work in Luxembourg, Monaco, or Switzerland. In comparison, India GNI is lower than its GDP despite being the larger receiver of remittances.

GNI also includes the propriety income: rent, interest, and "profit". The "profit" included both distributed income of corporations (dividends) and reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment, those are profit retained by the corporation. Like in the IMF balance of payments manual they are treated as if they were distributed to foreign direct investors in proportion to their ownership of the equity of the enterprise and then reinvested by them using additions in equity.

The GNI of EU countries also included subsidies received from the EU and excluded tariffs as the EU receives those.

GNI contrasts with Gross national disposable income which includes all current transfer income like international cooperation and remittance.

Comparison of GNI and GDP

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Comparison of GNI (Atlas method). GNI and GDP
2024 World Bank (millions of current US$)
CountryGNI (Atlas method)[9]GNI[10]GDP[11]
aa - cbb - cc
Image United States28395284.6−466392.329194127.0164165.027360935.0
Image China19253311.91104478.218615022.9−131070.117794782.0
Image Germany4601090.9646932.44847009.0203987.24212945.2
Image Japan4463243.8103052.14290008.0178408.24456081.0
Image India3837862.880317.83853338.9−52097.43549918.9
Image United Kingdom3424416.8−73042.83659245.4−43335.43340032.4
Image France3096054.841559.73221122.947987.23030904.1
Image Italy2275197.0−10266.32374544.0−3942.82254851.2
Image Russia2236147.722547.12210877.7−30699.92140085.6
Image Canada2204813.063336.62145349.9−27001.62021421.5
Image Brazil2105073.3−2108530.02112836.2−63108.62173665.7
Image South Korea1902094.9122682.91902456.731909.81712792.9
Image Australia1701530.0−41827.81805281.8−71320.81723827.2
Image Mexico1681001.9−1674500.01721317.2−10836.81580694.7
Image Spain1630800.7−234550.71695733.1−44175.41788886.8
Image Indonesia1393240.4−18582.81359439.6−35304.81371171.2
Image Saudi Arabia1255610.6−33335.01343248.7−6673.31118124.7
Image Netherlands1130800.1−7726.91245906.15835.51067582.9
Image Turkey1124430.0−114010.11204132.0−11213.01108022.4
Image Switzerland866359.1−42808.3897366.8−27647.8884940.4
Image Poland787996.1−87547.1887015.3−34122.6811229.1
Image Belgium655615.0651342.4682334.123537.2593267.7
Image Sweden621736.312471.7630512.113803.3632216.6
Image Argentina614324.6−56481.4625195.0−14253.3640591.4
Image Norway547619.380024.9568335.720147.1485513.3
Image United Arab Emirates53836426956.3535825.3−922.2509901.5
Image Israel528041.4604.3533758.6−12024.2514945.0
Image Philippines518147.713974.2521766.4−919.6504173.5
Image Thailand508953.5−13102.9510441.3−1590.5516034.1
Image Austria497098.959019.8505791.648008.2437146.4
Image Bangladesh490164.556516.6454873.517458.1437415.3
Image Egypt439247.243321.1378607.7−17318.4395926.1
Image Denmark436283.032084.2418427.514228.7404198.8
Image Nigeria432496.769681.8355832.5−6982.4362815.0
Image Ireland423058.9−122570.6421766.9−123862.6545629.5
Image Singapore417722.2−83705.3420675.1−80752.4501427.5
Image Iran417389.015884.5401036.3−468.3401504.5
Image Hong Kong415973.133918.5416242.134187.5382054.6
Image Vietnam412944.1−16772.8407254.0−22463.0429717.0
Image Malaysia410754.511105.6387578.2−12070.6399648.8
Image South Africa407575.929794.3372625.7−5155.9377781.6
Image Pakistan360729.322360.9332603.5−5765.0338368.5
Image Colombia357640.3−5899.9361333.8−2206.4363540.2
Image Romania317743.0−33259.6341578.5−9424.1351002.6
Image Chile310627.6−24905.7318450.1−17083.2335533.3
Image Finland298118.3−2068.9299653.1−534.1300187.2
Image Czech Republic294826.0−36032.4315842.0−15016.4330858.3
Image Portugal276490.3−10589.7281729.0−5351.1287080.0
Image Iraq254601.23758.4252096.71253.9250842.8
Image New Zealand253873.8408.1247095.5−6370.2253465.7
Image Peru240295.2−27308.1253910.6−13692.7267603.2
Image Greece233934.8−4271.5236451.9−1754.4238206.3
Image Algeria226263.4−13636.1236495.6−3403.9239899.5
Image Kazakhstan217777.6−43643.6235418.9−26002.2261421.1
Image Kuwait198885.237113.0194323.832551.6161772.2
Image Hungary190073.7−22315.2206408.0−5980.9212388.9
Image Ukraine174919.0−3838.0184268.05511.0178757.0
Image Ethiopia142605.3−21092.6163284.5−413.4163697.9
Image Morocco142288.81179.4138989.9−2119.5141109.4
Image Slovakia123675.8−9117.8129363.5−3430.1132793.6
Image Ecuador118390.5−454.4116176.1−2668.7118844.8
Image Kenya116406.48965.9105674.4−1766.1107440.6
Image Dominican Republic109970.1−11474.2116006.7−5437.6121444.3
Image Oman100047.1−8145.4100551.0−7641.5108192.5
Image Guatemala98164.7−3885.8100245.8−1804.7102050.5
Image Bulgaria92955.1−8629.398154.8−3429.6101584.4
Image Uzbekistan86005.4−4883.890128.1−761.090889.1
Image Puerto Rico80926.1−36976.281550.7−36351.6117902.3
Image Panama80479.7−2902.780057.3−3325.183382.4
Image Ghana79823.53453.175420.4−950.076370.4
Image Croatia79658.8−3030.082762.173.382688.8
Image Tanzania79293.0134.877758.4−1399.979158.3
Image Angola78319.3−6403.777036.1−7686.884723.0
Image Sri Lanka77922.9−6434.081623.4−2733.484356.9
Image Ivory Coast77059.7−1729.175606.1−3182.778788.8
Image Costa Rica72207.0−14291.079835.0−6662.986497.9
Image Belarus71440.1−417.369257.3−2600.171857.4
Image Lithuania71291.2−6545.275164.4−2672.077836.4
Image Azerbaijan67529.1−4827.169157.1−3199.172356.2
Image Democratic Republic of the Congo67082.2699.064288.3−2095.066383.3
Image Uruguay66854.0−10386.871856.3−5384.677240.8
Image Serbia66392.7−8794.571011.8−4175.375187.1
Image Myanmar65964.11149.163663.6−1151.464815.0
Image Slovenia64938.3−3278.567196.3−1020.568216.8
Image Turkmenistan59682.1−205.259381.9−505.559887.3
Image Luxembourg59083.3−26671.758922.1−26832.985755.0
Image Libya52179.31687.650562.070.350491.7
Image Jordan50512.7−301.050351.8−461.850813.6
Image Sudan47595.1−61731.9108427.0−900.0109327.0
Image Uganda47399.0−1873.948300.2−972.749272.9
Image Cameroon47320.1−625.546953.4−992.147945.5
Image Tunisia46907.4−1622.247219.7−1309.948529.6
Image Bolivia44649.2−1200.744844.2−1005.645849.8
Image Paraguay42537.6−418.641585.0−1371.342956.3
Image Nepal42332.91424.841385.1477.040908.1
Image Bahrain42014.0−1191.040659.8−2545.243205.0
Image Latvia41337.1−2290.042515.0−1112.143627.1
Image Estonia37217.0−3527.939377.3−1367.640744.8
Image Iceland31424.8404.831707.5687.531020.0
Image El Salvador31320.4−2695.231874.0−2141.634015.6
Image Honduras30718.6−3681.931872.8−2527.734400.5
Image Cambodia30702.3−1070.530819.4−953.431772.8
Image Senegal29421.1−1592.929981.0−1033.031014.0
Image Papua New Guinea29337.9−1594.629106.1−1826.430932.5
Image Zimbabwe29075.32537.026187.2−351.026538.3
Image Cyprus28780.3−3449.328974.2−3255.432229.6
Image Trinidad and Tobago27538.8−601.227093.9−1046.028139.9
Image Zambia27196.3−966.327020.1−1142.628162.6
Image Bosnia and Herzegovina26211.2−843.726986.0−68.927054.9
Image Georgia25119.5−5416.028505.4−2030.130535.5
Image Palestine21800.74404.420858.33462.017396.3
Image Albania20773.7−2204.022674.9−302.822977.7
Image Haiti20425.7574.819855.14.319850.8
Image Botswana20389.2993.519153.4−242.419395.8
Image Armenia20363.8−3848.423567.1−645.024212.1
Image Mali20055.6−849.319940.5−964.420904.9
Image Benin19699.626.319549.8−123.519673.3
Image Burkina Faso19697.5−627.119484.8−839.920324.6
Image Gabon19393.8−1122.418421.3−2094.920516.1
Image Guinea19271.1−4341.221019.3−2593.023612.3
Image Malta18940.1−2016.919088.4−1868.620957.0
Image Mozambique17880.1−2744.518787.4−1837.220624.6
Image Jamaica17385.2−2038.118894.1−529.219423.4
Image Mongolia17068.9−2803.317982.8−1889.419872.2
Image Guyana16572.5−213.815206.3−1580.016786.3
Image Niger16303.3−515.916182.4−636.816819.2
Image Laos16195.4352.214685.7−1157.515843.2
Image Nicaragua16015.9−1813.416935.0−894.217829.2
Image Madagascar15926.5−105.215703.0−328.716031.7
Image Brunei15825.3697.015322.3194.015128.3
Image Moldova15192.2−1347.216749.2209.816539.4
Image Republic of the Congo15080.9−240.214485.8−835.315321.1
Image Tajikistan14584.52523.915143.83083.112060.6
Image Mauritius14539.1141.914752.7355.614397.1
Image North Macedonia13879.1−882.213952.0−809.214761.2
Image Rwanda13853.0−244.713817.6−280.114097.8
Image Malawi13395.3−689.113726.2−358.214084.3
Image Bahamas13200.7−1137.813626.7−711.814338.5
Image Chad12999.9−149.412956.6−192.713149.3
Image Namibia12676.7325.611781.6−569.412351.0
Image Kyrgyzstan12065.6−1922.013295.7−691.913987.6
Image Somalia11137.4−542.411635.8−44.011679.8
Image Kosovo10505.266.910636.2197.810438.4
Image Mauritania10453.51.010443.3−9.310452.6
Image Togo9323.2151.99210.739.49171.3
Image Equatorial Guinea8988.7−3128.28682.0−3435.012116.9
Image Montenegro7088.6−315.97477.572.97404.5
Image Barbados6000.8−392.76126.6−267.06393.6
Image Maldives5745.3−854.75777.2−822.86600.0
Image Fiji5221.7−273.15113.3−381.55494.8
Image Sierra Leone4921.81111.94395.3585.53809.8
Image Eswatini4674.276.34289.4−308.54597.9
Image Liberia3950.9−381.14058.0−274.04332.0
Image Djibouti3921.8−176.84006.5−92.04098.5
Image Suriname3342.8−439.63474.5−307.93782.4
Image Burundi3032.6390.42648.05.82642.2
Image Belize2955.1−326.43170.4−111.13281.5
Image Timor-Leste2904.9661.82581.3338.22243.1
Image Central African Republic2710.7155.22706.5151.02555.5
Image Lesotho2700.2654.22393.9347.92046.0
Image Cape Verde2561.8−25.42577.5−9.82587.3
Image Gambia2308.4−31.52309.3−30.62339.9
Image Saint Lucia2235.6−284.42304.5−215.42519.9
Image Seychelles2029.0−112.52124.7−16.82141.5
Image Guinea-Bissau1943.5−23.01993.627.11966.5
Image Antigua and Barbuda1884.7−148.41940.1−93.02033.1
Image Solomon Islands1680.048.71656.425.11631.3
Image Comoros1362.910.51355.22.81352.4
Image Grenada1236.5−83.91237.4−82.91320.3
Image Vanuatu1224.798.41281.0154.71126.3
Image Turks and Caicos Islands1224.0−178.11342.5−59.61402.1
Image Saint Vincent and the Grenadines1043.8−22.21058.6−7.41066.0
Image Saint Kitts and Nevis1020.9−56.11049.2−27.81077.0
Image Samoa908.2−25.9922.4−11.7934.1
Image Dominica651.2−2.8655.81.8654.0
Image São Tomé and Príncipe573.9−29.4610.87.5603.2
Image Kiribati497.8218.8467.5188.5279.0
Image Federated States of Micronesia478.618.6504.344.3460.0
Image Marshall Islands318.034.0324.840.8284.0
Image Nauru282.3128.2262.4108.3154.1
Image Palau257.3−5.8269.86.7263.0
Image Tuvalu86.023.884.221.962.3


Lists of GNI per capita

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GNI (Atlas method) PPP

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PPP – millions of international dollars (top 15)[12]

Rank 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013
1 Image China34,388,534 Image China31,576,043 Image China28,620,862 Image China25,044,516 Image China24,232,656 Image China22,355,235 Image China20,567,696 Image China19,169,812 Image United States18,608,138 Image United States17,984,237 Image United States17,140,708
2 Image United States27,525,100 Image United States25,926,000 Image United States23,777,600 Image United States21,479,588 Image United States21,760,847 Image United States20,883,383 Image United States19,837,150 Image United States18,983,369 Image China18,129,539 Image China17,445,351 Image China16,241,642
3 Image India14,324,038 Image India12,858,238 Image India11,250,341 Image India9,639,773 Image India9,837,436 Image India9,131,972 Image India8,264,362 Image India7,706,181 Image India7,120,994 Image India6,732,248 Image India6,416,831
4 Image Japan6,554,254 Image Japan6,254,021 Image Japan5,866,681 Image Japan5,554,842 Image Japan5,616,185 Image Japan5,548,453 Image Japan5,456,930 Image Japan5,338,419 Image Japan5,404,453 Image Japan5,221,591 Image Japan5,194,308
5 Image Russia6,366,121 Image Russia5,884,375 Image Russia5,598,676 Image Germany4,952,942 Image Germany5,021,459 Image Germany4,730,328 Image Germany4,491,248 Image Germany4,268,496 Image Germany3,977,709 Image Germany3,883,390 Image Germany3,712,582
6 Image Germany6,092,387 Image Germany5,799,414 Image Germany5,351,636 Image Russia4,542,377 Image Russia4,434,791 Image Russia4,128,705 Image Russia3,705,398 Image Russia3,440,587 Image Russia3,428,610 Image Russia3,639,325 Image Russia3,611,853
7 Image Brazil4,325,589 Image Brazil4,055,711 Image France3,728,403 Image France3,370,362 Image France3,527,047 Image France3,197,838 Image France3,050,429 Image France2,924,693 Image Brazil2,932,875 Image Brazil3,107,798 Image Brazil3,077,182
8 Image France4,235,079 Image France3,984,079 Image Brazil3,669,595 Image Brazil3,289,682 Image United Kingdom3,332,513 Image Brazil3,098,566 Image United Kingdom3,009,162 Image Brazil2,846,198 Image France2,777,205 Image France2,719,730 Image France2,666,952
9 Image Indonesia4,221,517 Image Indonesia3,870,444 Image United Kingdom3,561,213 Image United Kingdom3,151,687 Image Brazil3,244,271 Image United Kingdom3,087,113 Image Brazil2,924,571 Image United Kingdom2,824,431 Image United Kingdom2,706,923 Image United Kingdom2,619,025 Image United Kingdom2,516,787
10 Image United Kingdom3,974,003 Image United Kingdom3,866,883 Image Indonesia3,434,771 Image Indonesia3,134,896 Image Indonesia3,166,892 Image Indonesia2,978,437 Image Indonesia2,766,769 Image Indonesia2,628,825 Image Indonesia2,538,121 Image Indonesia2,518,157 Image Indonesia2,448,797
11 Image Turkey3,729,107 Image Italy3,324,775 Image Italy2,988,508 Image Italy2,660,830 Image Italy2,797,692 Image Italy2,629,049 Image Italy2,531,220 Image Italy2,427,622 Image Mexico2,251,300 Image Mexico2,200,816 Image Italy2,183,587
12 Image Italy3,446,469 Image Turkey3,227,873 Image Turkey2,627,527 Image Mexico2,375,085 Image Mexico2,564,439 Image Mexico2,538,888 Image Mexico2,464,263 Image Mexico2,393,565 Image Italy2,225,429 Image Italy2,200,447 Image Mexico2,088,045
13 Image Mexico3,207,460 Image Mexico2,972,064 Image Mexico2,608,640 Image Turkey2,362,958 Image Turkey2,313,729 Image Turkey2,271,021 Image Turkey2,235,991 Image Turkey2,094,056 Image Turkey1,999,739 Image Turkey1,844,207 Image South Korea1,737,910
14 Image South Korea2,846,253 Image South Korea2,706,619 Image South Korea2,542,823 Image South Korea2,360,461 Image South Korea2,290,264 Image South Korea2,229,385 Image South Korea2,112,226 Image South Korea2,034,378 Image South Korea1,939,637 Image South Korea1,801,276 Image Saudi Arabia1,730,115
15 Image Spain2,535,604 Image Canada2,384,385 Image Canada2,114,747 Image Spain1,850,441 Image Spain2,065,307 Image Spain1,908,195 Image Spain1,843,464 Image Spain1,738,407 Image Spain1,621,469 Image Saudi Arabia1,777,122 Image Turkey1,688,340

Gross national product

[edit]

Gross national product (GNP) is the market value of all the goods and services produced in one year by labor and property supplied by the citizens of a country. Unlike gross domestic product (GDP), which defines production based on the geographical location of production, GNP indicates allocated production based on location of ownership. In fact it calculates income by the location of ownership and residence, and so its name is also the less ambiguous gross national income.

GNP is an economic statistic that is equal to GDP plus any income earned by residents from overseas investments minus income earned within the domestic economy by overseas residents.

GNP does not distinguish between qualitative improvements in the state of the technical arts (e.g., increasing computer processing speeds), and quantitative increases in goods (e.g., number of computers produced), and considers both to be forms of "economic growth".[13]

When a country's capital or labour resources are employed outside its borders, or when a foreign firm is operating in its territory, GDP and GNP can produce different measures of total output. In 2009 for instance, the United States estimated its GDP at $14.119 trillion, and its GNP at $14.265 trillion.[14]

The term gross national income (GNI) has gradually replaced the Gross national product (GNP) in international statistics.[15][12] While being conceptually identical, the precise calculation method has evolved at the same time as the name change.[16]

Use of GNP

[edit]

The United States used GNP as its primary measure of total economic activity until 1991, when it began to use GDP.[17] In making the switch, the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) noted both that GDP provided an easier comparison of other measures of economic activity in the United States and that "virtually all other countries have already adopted GDP as their primary measure of production".[18] Many economists have questioned how meaningful GNP or GDP is as a measure of a nation's economic well-being, as it does not count most unpaid work and counts much economic activity that is unproductive or actually destructive.[19]

GNI vs GDP

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While GDP measures the market value of all final goods and services produced in a given country, GNI measures income generated by the country's citizens, regardless of the geographic location of the income. In many states, those two figures are close, as the difference between income received by the country versus payments made to the rest of the world is not significant. According to the World Bank, the GNI of the US in 2016 was 1.5% higher than GDP.[20]

In developing countries, on the other hand, the difference might be significant due to a large amount of foreign aid and capital inflow. In 2016, the GNI[21] of Armenia was 4.45% higher than GDP.[22] Based on the OECD reports, in 2015 alone, Armenia has received a total of US$409 million development assistance. Over the past 25 years, USAID has provided more than one billion USD to improve the living of the people in Armenia. GNI equals GDP plus wages, salaries, and property income of the country's residents earned abroad that also constitutes the higher GNI figure. According to the UN report on migration from Armenia in 2015–17, every year around 15–20 thousand people leave Armenia permanently,[23] and roughly 47% of those are working migrants that leave the country to earn income and sustain the families left in Armenia. In 2016 Armenian residents received in a total of around $150 million remittances.[24] Armenia's GNI, measured in US dollars, amounted to US$13.5 billion in 2021, according to the National Statistical Office. This is an 8.23% increase over the prior year. GNI in USD terms in Armenia has historically ranged from a record high of US$13.8 billion in 2019 to a record low of US$1.06 billion in 1992. Regarding interest rates on GNI expressed in USD, Armenia is ranked 119th out of the 155 monitored nations.[25] The Philippines Gni per capita was also exceeding the targets as projected to achieve middle status, and the country is a pioneer in digital finance as It is the first country in the world to put its entire national budget under blockchain technology.[26]

Lists of GNI per capita

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See also

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References

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  1. ↑ "World Bank's Income Groups". Our World in Data. Retrieved 8 October 2024.
  2. ↑ Todaro, Michael P.; Smith, Stephen C. (2012). Economic development (11 ed.). Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-13-801388-2.
  3. ↑ "Monitoring GNI for own resource purposes". Eurostat Statistic Explained. Eurostat. Archived from the original on 2021-02-24. Retrieved 2016-06-23.
  4. ↑ Joebges, Heike (January 2017). "CRISIS RECOVERY IN A COUNTRY WITH A HIGH PRESENCE OF FOREIGN-OWNED COMPANIES: The Case of Ireland" (PDF). IMK Macroeconomic Policy Institute, Hans-Böckler-Stiftung.
  5. ↑ "Net national income". OECD. Retrieved 17 January 2025.
  6. ↑ "detailed methodology – World Bank Data Help Desk". The World Bank Atlas method. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
  7. ↑ Vanoli, André (2005). A history of national accounting. Washington, DC: IOS Press. ISBN 978-1-58603-469-6.
  8. ↑ Fund, International Monetary (15 March 1993), "VII. The primary distribution of income account", System of National Accounts, 1993, International Monetary Fund, ISBN 978-92-1-161352-0, retrieved 2024-11-10
  9. ↑ "GNI. Atlas method (current US$)". World Bank. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
  10. ↑ "GNI (current US$)". World Bank. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
  11. ↑ "GDP (current US$)". World Bank. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
  12. 1 2 World Bank. "GNI, PPP (international $)". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2022-10-23.
  13. ↑ Daly, Herman E. (1996), Beyond Growth. Beacon Press
  14. ↑ "Flow of Funds Accounts of the United States" (PDF). Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. 17 September 2010. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2010. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  15. ↑ World Bank. "GNI, Atlas method". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2022-10-23.
  16. ↑ "Glossary:Gross national income (GNI)". Eurostat Statistic Explained. Eurostat. Archived from the original on 2023-01-27. Retrieved 2016-06-23.
  17. ↑ "BEA: Glossary "G"". Bureau of Economic Analysis. 5 September 2007. Archived from the original on June 4, 2007.
  18. ↑ "Gross Domestic Product as a Measure of U.S. Production" (PDF). August 1991.
  19. ↑ "Beyond GDP". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
  20. ↑ "BEA: The World Bank - US figures". the World Bank. 2017.
  21. ↑ "BEA: Armenia GNP". Macrotrends. 2019.
  22. ↑ "BEA: Armenia GDP". Macrotrends. 2019.
  23. ↑ "BEA: Migration Rate and Associated Issues in Armenia in 2016–2017". UN Armenia. 2017.
  24. ↑ "BEA: Inflow of Remittances by Balance of Payments". Central Bank of Armenia. 2019.
  25. ↑ "GNI (Current USD) in Armenia".
  26. ↑ Venzon, Iñigo (January 15, 2026). "Philippines becomes first country to put entire national budget on blockchain". YugaTech. Retrieved March 18, 2026.
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