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Fari

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
ImageFari
condition (en) Fassara da natural disaster (en) Fassara
Image
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na meteorological disaster (en) Fassara, matsanancin yanayi da dry spell (en) Fassara
Fuskar meteorology (en) Fassara
Has contributing factor (en) Fassara Canjin yanayi
Has characteristic (en) Fassara absence (en) Fassara
Relates to sustainable development goal, target or indicator (en) Fassara Target 2.4 of the Sustainable Development Goals (en) Fassara

Fari lokaci ne na bushewa fiye da yadda aka saba. :1157Fari na iya ɗaukar kwanaki, watanni ko shekaru. Fari yakan yi tasiri sosai ga yanayin halittu da noma na yankunan da abin ya shafa, kuma yana haifar da illa ga tattalin arzikin yankin. Lokacin rani na shekara-shekara a yankunan zafi yana ƙara yiwuwar fari ya bunƙasa sosai, tare da ƙaruwar haɗarin gobarar daji daga baya. [1] Raƙuman zafi na iya ƙara ta'azzara yanayin fari sosai ta hanyar ƙara yawan fitar da hayaki . Wannan yana busar da dazuzzuka da sauran ciyayi, kuma yana ƙara yawan mai ga gobarar daji. [1] [2]

fari alama ce ta sauyawa a mafi yawan sassan duniya, ya zama mafi tsananin gaske kuma ba za a iya hango shi ba saboda Canjin yanayi, wanda binciken dendrochronological ya samo asali ne daga 1900. Akwai nau'ikan tasirin fari guda uku, muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Tasirin muhalli sun haɗa da bushewar wuraren da ke da ruwa, ƙarin gobarar daji, asarar halittu masu yawa.

Tasirin tattalin arziki na fari ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga aikin noma da kiwon dabbobi (wanda ke haifar da Rashin tsaro na abinci), gandun daji, samar da ruwa na jama'a, kewayawar kogi (saboda misali: ƙananan matakan ruwa), samar da wutar lantarki (ta hanyar shafar tsarin wutar lantarki) da kuma tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam.[3]

Kudin zamantakewa da kiwon lafiya sun haɗa da mummunar tasiri a kan lafiyar mutanen da ke fuskantar wannan abu kai tsaye (rashin zafi mai yawa), tsadar abinci mai yawa, damuwa da girbi ya haifar, karancin ruwa, da dai sauransu.[4] Tsawon fari ya haifar da ƙaura mai yawa da Rikicin jin kai.[5][6]

Misalan yankuna da ke da haɗarin fari sune Yankin Amazon, Ostiraliya, yankin Sahel da Indiya. Misali, a cikin shekara ta 2005, sassan Yankin Amazon sun fuskanci fari mafi muni a cikin shekaru 100.[7] Ostiraliya na iya fuskantar fari mai tsanani kuma za su iya zama masu yawa a nan gaba, rahoton da gwamnati ta bayar ya ce a ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2008. Tsawon fari na Australiya na Millennial ya ɓarke a cikin 2010. Rashin fari na Horn of Africa na 2020-2022 ya wuce mummunan fari a cikin 2010-2011 a duka tsawon lokaci da tsananin. [8][9]

A cikin tarihi, mutane galibi suna kallon fari a matsayin bala'o'i saboda tasirin da ke tattare da wadatar abinci da sauran al'umma. Mutane sun kalli fari a matsayin bala'i na halitta ko kuma wani abu da aikin ɗan adam ya rinjayi, ko kuma sakamakon ikon allahntaka.

Ma'ana

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Filin da ke waje da Benambra, Ostiraliya da ke fama da fari a shekara ta 2006.

Rahoton Bincike na shida na IPCC ya bayyana fari kawai a matsayin "mai tsanani fiye da yanayin al'ada". ::1157 Wannan yana nufin cewa fari shine "rashin danshi dangane da matsakaicin wadatar ruwa a wani wuri da kuma lokacin da aka ba shi".[10] : 1157 :1157

Dangane da National Integrated Drought Information System, haɗin gwiwar hukumomi da yawa, ana bayyana fari gabaɗaya a matsayin "rashin hazo a tsawon lokaci (yawanci lokaci ɗaya ko fiye), wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwa". Ofishin Kula da Yanayi na Kasa na NOAA ya bayyana fari a matsayin "rashin danshi wanda ke haifar da mummunar tasiri ga mutane, dabbobi, ko ciyayi a kan yanki mai girma".[11]

fari abu ne mai rikitarwa − wanda ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa − wanda ke leken sa ido da bayyanawa. A farkon shekarun 1980, an riga an buga ma'anoni sama da 150 na "bishi". Yanayin ma'anar yana nuna bambance-bambance a cikin yankuna, buƙatu, da hanyoyin horo.

Rukuni

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Akwai manyan rukuni uku na fari bisa ga inda ƙarancin danshi ya faru a cikin zagayowar ruwa: fari na yanayi, fari na ruwa, da fari na noma ko muhalli.[10]:1157 Fari na yanayi yana faruwa saboda rashin ruwan sama. Fari na ruwa yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin gudu, kwarara, da ajiyar ruwa a tafkuna da ƙasa.[12] Fari na noma ko muhalli yana jawo damuwa ga tsirrai ta hanyar haɗin bushewar ruwa da ƙarancin danshi a ƙasa.[10]:1157 Wasu ƙungiyoyi suna ƙara wani rukuni: fari na tattalin arziki yana faruwa idan buƙatar wani kayan tattalin arziki ta wuce abin da ake da shi sakamakon ƙarancin ruwa da ya shafi yanayi.[13][14] Fari na tattalin arziki yana kama da ra'ayin ƙarancin ruwa.

Rukunan fari suna da dalilai daban-daban amma suna haifar da sakamako iri ɗaya:

  1. Fari na yanayi yana faruwa idan lokaci ya yi tsawo ba tare da ruwan sama da ya kai matsakaici ba.[15] Fari na yanayi yawanci yana gabatar da sauran nau'ikan fari.[16] Idan fari ya ci gaba, yanayin da ke kewaye da shi yana ƙara muni kuma tasirinsa ga al'umma yana ƙaruwa.
  2. Fari na ruwa yana faruwa idan ajiyar ruwa da ake da shi a wurare kamar rijiyoyi, tafkuna da madatsun ruwa ya ragu ƙasa da matsakaici ko wani matakin da aka ɗauka muhimmanci a yankin. Fari na ruwa yana bayyana a hankali saboda yana shafar ruwan da aka adana wanda ake amfani da shi amma ba a sabunta shi ba. Saboda kusancin hulɗa da amfani da ruwa, wannan nau'in fari yana iya samun tasirin sarrafa ruwa. An gano tasirin ɗan adam mai kyau da mara kyau, kuma dabarun sarrafa ruwa suna da muhimmanci wajen rage tasirin fari.[17][18] Kamar fari na noma, fari na ruwa na iya faruwa ba wai kawai saboda rashin ruwan sama ba. Misali, a kusa da shekarar 2007 Kazakhstan ta samu kuɗi daga Bankin Duniya don dawo da ruwa da aka karkatar zuwa wasu ƙasashe daga Tafkin Aral a ƙarƙashin mulkin Soviet.[19] Irin wannan yanayi yana sa babban tafkinsu, Balkhash, cikin haɗarin bushewa gaba ɗaya.[20]
  3. Fari na noma ko muhalli yana shafar samar da amfanin gona ko tsarin halittu gaba ɗaya. Wannan yanayi na iya faruwa ba tare da wani canji a matakin ruwan sama ba idan ƙaruwa a ban ruwa ko yanayin ƙasa da lalacewa sakamakon ayyukan noma da ba a tsara su da kyau ba suka jawo ƙarancin ruwa ga amfanin gona.

Dalilai

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Fashewa da bushewar ƙasa a hamadar Sonora, arewa maso yammacin Mexico

Rashin ruwan sama gaba ɗaya

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Hanyoyin samar da ruwan sama sun haɗa da convective, stratiform,[21] da orographic rainfall.[22] Convective yana nufin motsi mai ƙarfi a tsaye wanda zai iya jawo ruwan sama mai yawa,[23] yayin da stratiform ke nufin motsi mai rauni da ruwan sama mai sauƙi na dogon lokaci.[24]

Ruwan sama ana rarrabe shi zuwa rukuni uku: ruwa mai laushi, ruwa da ke daskarewa a lokacin da ya taɓa ƙasa, ko kankara.

Fari yana faruwa a wuraren da ruwan sama na al’ada ya ragu. Idan waɗannan abubuwa ba su tallafa isasshen ruwan sama ba, sakamakon shi ne fari. Fari na iya faruwa saboda hasken rana mai ƙarfi, yawaitar tsarin matsin lamba mai ƙarfi, iska daga ƙasa maimakon teku, da ridges na matsin lamba a sama wanda ke hana hadari da ruwan sama. Da zarar yankin ya shiga fari, abubuwan kamar iska mai bushewa,[25] yanayi mai zafi,[26] da ƙarancin evapotranspiration na iya ƙara tsananta fari.

Lokacin bushewa

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A cikin yankunan zafi, akwai lokacin damina da lokacin bushewa saboda motsin Intertropical Convergence Zone ko Monsoon trough.[27] Lokacin bushewa yana ƙara yawan faruwar fari,[28] kuma ana gane shi da ƙarancin danshi, tafkuna da koguna suna bushewa. Saboda haka dabbobin kiwo kamar zakaru, giwaye, da wildebeest suna yin hijira. Rashin ruwa a tsirrai yana jawo gobarar daji.[29] Yanayi mai zafi yana hanzarta girma na kayan lambu,[30] yana ƙara evaporation da transpiration daga tsirrai,[31] kuma yana tsananta fari.[32]

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

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El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da fari. ENSO yana ƙunshe da yanayin zafin ruwa a tsakiyar Tekun Pasifik, wanda ake kira La Niña da El Niño. La Niña yawanci yana da alaƙa da yanayi mai bushewa da zafi, yana tsananta fari a California da yankin kudu maso yammacin Amurka.[33]

A lokacin El Niño, yanayi mai bushewa da zafi yana faruwa a yankin kogin Amazon, Colombia, da Amurka ta Tsakiya. A lokacin hunturu, yankin arewacin Amurka yana samun ƙarancin dusar ƙanƙara. Haka kuma, yanayi mai bushewa yana faruwa daga Disamba zuwa Fabrairu a Afirka ta Kudu, musamman a Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, da Botswana. Tasirin El Niño yana haifar da gobarar daji, hazo, da ƙarancin ingancin.

Tasiri

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Hadarin asarar tattalin arziki na fari a duniya
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Oryx biyu da suka mutu a Namibia a lokacin farin 2018–19 a Kudancin Afirka.
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Bayan shekaru na fari da guguwa, garin Farina a Kudancin Ostiraliya ya zama kango.

Fari yana daga cikin manyan bala’o’in halitta, kuma yana da mummunan tasiri ga muhalli, tattalin arziki, albarkatun ruwa, noma, da al’umma a duniya.[34]

Ana iya rarrabe tasirin fari zuwa rukuni uku: muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa (ciki har da lafiya).

Tasirin muhalli da tattalin arziki

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File:Mixed Douglas-fir - Western Redcedar forest, with some Western Redcedar dying from drought; Arlington, Washington, 2018 (29721380337).jpg| thumb|right | Itacen red cedar a Amurka yana mutuwa saboda fari, 2018 Tasirin muhalli na fari sun haɗa da: raguwa a matakin ruwa a saman ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙarancin kwarara (wanda ke haifar da haɗari ga rayuwar dabbobin ruwa), ƙaruwa a gurbatar ruwa, bushewar fadama, yawaitar gobarar daji, asarar nau’o’in halittu, rashin lafiyar itatuwa da yaduwar kwari da cututtukan itace.[35][2]

Asarar tattalin arziki sakamakon fari sun haɗa da: raguwa a samar da amfanin gona, gandun daji, kiwo da kamun kifi, ƙaruwa a farashin abinci, ƙarancin samar da wutar lantarki daga madatsun ruwa, asarar kudaden yawon shakatawa da sufuri, matsaloli a samar da ruwa ga masana’antu da birane. An kiyasta cewa fari ya jawo asarar dala biliyan 278 daga 1991 zuwa 2023.[36]

Tasirin noma

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File:Soil moisture and climate change.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Tasirin sauyin yanayi ga danshin ƙasa a lokacin dumamar duniya 2 °C. File:Economic loss in agriculture and non-agricultural sectors by hazard type (share).svg|thumb|Asarar tattalin arziki a noma da sauran fannoni sakamakon fari. Fari na iya jawo lalacewar ƙasa da asarar danshi, wanda ke rage yawan amfanin gona.[37]

Tasirin zamantakewa da lafiya

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Mummunan tasirin fari ga mutane sun haɗa da gazawar amfanin gona, matsalar abinci, yunwa, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, da talauci, wanda ke jawo mutuwa da hijirar jama’a.[34]

Fari na iya jawo ƙarancin ruwa, ƙaruwa a gurbatar ruwa, tsadar abinci, da matsalolin lafiya. Rashin ingancin ruwa yana faruwa saboda ƙarancin kwarara yana rage narkewar gurbatattun abubuwa.[38]

Asarar ƙasa mai albarka

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Fayil:Loess.jpg
Loess – wani nau’in ƙasa mai laushi da iska ke ɗauka.

Erosion ta iska tana tsananta a yankunan hamada da lokacin fari. Misali, a Great Plains, an kiyasta cewa asarar ƙasa ta iska na iya ninka sau 6100 a shekarun fari fiye da lokacin damina.[39]

Yankuna da fari ya fi shafa

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Kogin Amazon

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A shekarar 2005, wasu sassan kwarin Amazon sun fuskanci mafi munin fari cikin shekaru 100.[7][40] Wani rahoto a 2006 ya nuna cewa daji na iya jure fari na tsawon shekaru uku kawai.[41][42] Masana a Brazil National Institute of Amazonian Research sun yi gargadin cewa haɗin tasirin fari da sare daji yana iya kai dajin ga matakin da ba zai iya dawowa ba. WWF ta ce haɗin sauyin yanayi da sare daji yana ƙara bushewar itatuwa da ke haifar da gobarar daji.[43]

Ostiraliya

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Farin Millennium daga 1997–2009 ya jawo matsalar samar da ruwa a Ostiraliya. Saboda haka aka gina masana’antar tace ruwan teku. Babban yanki na Ostiraliya hamada ne ko ƙasa mai bushewa da ake kira outback. Wani bincike a 2005 ya nuna cewa mutanen farko da suka zauna a cikin ƙasar sun yi yawan ƙona ƙasa wanda ya hana damina shiga ciki.[44] A 2008, kwamitin masana ya yi gargadin cewa yankin Murray-Darling zai iya fuskantar mummunan lalacewar muhalli idan bai samu ruwa ba.[45] Rahoton gwamnati ya ce Ostiraliya na iya fuskantar fari mai tsanani a nan gaba.[46] Tim Flannery ya yi hasashen cewa Perth na iya zama birni da aka bar saboda rashin ruwa.[47] Fari ya ƙare a 2010.

Gabashin Afirka

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Gabashin Afirka (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda da sauransu) na da yanayi mai bambanci daga busassun wurare zuwa wuraren da ke da damina. A arewa, damina tana daga Yuli zuwa Satumba, yayin da sauran yankuna ke da damina mai tsawo daga Maris zuwa Mayu da gajeriyar damina daga Oktoba zuwa Disamba. Yawan faruwar fari da ambaliya na cutar da al’umma mai fama da talauci.[48] Fari ya jawo matsalar abinci a 1984–85, 2006 da 2011. Daga 2020–2023, yankin ya fuskanci fari mafi tsawo da ya shafi tsaro na abinci. Wasu yankuna kuma sun fuskanci ambaliya kamar na 2020 da 2022.[48][8][9]

Kogunan Himalaya

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Yanki da fari ya shafa a Karnataka, India 2012.

Kimanin mutane biliyan 2.4 suna zaune a kwarin kogunan Himalaya.[49] India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal da Myanmar na iya fuskantar ambaliya da fari a nan gaba. Fari a Ganges na da matuƙar damuwa saboda yana samar da ruwan sha da ban ruwa ga mutane fiye da miliyan 500.[50][51][52] A 2025, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi gargadin cewa narkewar kankara na iya barazana ga abinci da ruwan sha na mutane biliyan 2.[53]

Arewacin Amurka

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Yankin yammacin Arewacin Amurka, wanda ke samun ruwa daga kank

Kariya, rage tasiri da taimako

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Rarraba ruwa a Marshall Islands a lokacin El Niño.

A fannin noma, mutane na iya rage tasirin fari ta hanyar ban ruwa da juyin amfanin gona. Rashin tsara dabarun rage tasirin fari na iya jawo mummunan sakamako ga rayuwar ɗan adam a wannan zamani, musamman saboda yawan jama’a da ke ƙaruwa.

Dabarun kariya ko rage tasirin fari sun haɗa da:

  • Dam – dam da madatsun ruwa suna samar da ƙarin ruwa a lokacin fari.[54]
  • Cloud seeding – wata hanya ce ta canza yanayi don haifar da ruwan sama.[55] Wannan batun yana da cece-kuce, domin rahoton da National Research Council na Amurka ya fitar a 2004 ya nuna babu hujja mai ƙarfi da ke tabbatar da ingancin wannan dabarar.[56]
  • Amfani da ƙasa – tsara juyin amfanin gona na iya rage lalacewar ƙasa da kuma ba manoma damar shuka amfanin da ba sa buƙatar ruwa da yawa a shekarun fari.
  • Transvasement – gina magudanan ruwa ko karkatar da koguna don samar da ban ruwa a yankunan da fari ke yawan faruwa.

Idan ruwa ya yi ƙalubale saboda fari, akwai hanyoyi da dama da mutane za su iya samun ruwa daga wasu tushe, kamar amfani da ruwan da aka sake tacewa, tara ruwan sama, tara ruwan ambaliya, ko kuma tace ruwan teku.

Tarihi

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File:Dust Bowl - Dallas, South Dakota 1936.jpg|thumb|Gona a South Dakota lokacin Dust Bowl, 1936

A cikin tarihi, mutane kan dauki fari a matsayin masifa saboda tasirinsa ga abincin da ake samu da kuma sauran al’umma. Fari yana daga cikin abubuwan yanayi na farko da aka rubuta, yana bayyana a cikin Epic of Gilgamesh kuma yana da alaka da labarin Littafi Mai Tsarki na zuwan Joseph a Masar da kuma daga baya fitar Isra’ilawa daga Masar.[57] Hijirar masu farauta da masu tara abinci a Chile a shekara ta 9,500 BC an danganta da wannan al’amari,[58] haka kuma fitar tsoffin mutane daga Afirka zuwa sauran duniya kimanin shekaru 135,000 da suka gabata.[59]

Ana iya bayyana faruwar fari ta hanyar kimiyya dangane da tsarin yanayi, wanda ke haifar da bala’o’i na halitta kuma yana shafar muhalli ta hannun mutane.[60] Akidar mutane game da fari kuma tana shafar al’adu, ilimin gargajiya, fahimta, dabi’u, imani da addini. A wasu wurare da lokuta, fari ana fassara shi a matsayin aikin karfin aljanu.[61] A duniya, mutane a cikin al’ummomi da dama sun fi bayyana abubuwan halitta kamar fari, yunwa da cuta da aljanu fiye da yadda suke bayyana abubuwan zamantakewa kamar yaki, kisa, da sata.[62][63] Dangantakar fari da abubuwan tarihi kamar rikice-rikice ko rushewar siyasa har yanzu tana da wahala a tantance saboda dabarun rubutu da

Manazarta

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  1. 1 2 Brando, Paulo M.; Paolucci, Lucas; Ummenhofer, Caroline C.; Ordway, Elsa M.; Hartmann, Henrik; Cattau, Megan E.; Rattis, Ludmila; Medjibe, Vincent; Coe, Michael T.; Balch, Jennifer (30 May 2019). "Droughts, Wildfires, and Forest Carbon Cycling: A Pantropical Synthesis". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 47 (1): 555–581. Bibcode:2019AREPS..47..555B. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010235. ISSN 0084-6597.
  2. 1 2 Hartmann, Henrik; Bastos, Ana; Das, Adrian J.; Esquivel-Muelbert, Adriane; Hammond, William M.; Martínez-Vilalta, Jordi; McDowell, Nate G.; Powers, Jennifer S.; Pugh, Thomas A.M.; Ruthrof, Katinka X.; Allen, Craig D. (20 May 2022). "Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 73 (1): 673–702. Bibcode:2022ARPB...73..673H. doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804. ISSN 1543-5008. PMID 35231182 Check |pmid= value (help).
  3. ↑ Fleming-Muñoz, David A.; Whitten, Stuart; Bonnett, Graham D. (28 June 2023). "The economics of drought: A review of impacts and costs". Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics. 67 (4): 501–523. doi:10.1111/1467-8489.12527. ISSN 1364-985X.
  4. ↑ Stanke, Carla; Kerac, Marko; Prudhomme, Christel; Medlock, Jolyon; Murray, Virginia (2013-06-05). "Health Effects of Drought: a Systematic Review of the Evidence". PLOS Currents. 5. doi:10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 (inactive 20 April 2026). ISSN 2157-3999. PMC 3682759. PMID 23787891.CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of ga Afirilu, 2026 (link)
  5. ↑ Stanke, C; Kerac, M; Prudhomme, C; Medlock, J; Murray, V (5 June 2013). "Health effects of drought: a systematic review of the evidence". PLOS Currents. 5. doi:10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 (inactive 20 April 2026). PMC 3682759. PMID 23787891.CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of ga Afirilu, 2026 (link)
  6. ↑ Bellizzi, Saverio; Lane, Chris; Elhakim, Mohamed; Nabeth, Pierre (12 November 2020). "Health consequences of drought in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: hotspot areas and needed actions". Environmental Health. 19 (1): 114. Bibcode:2020EnvHe..19..114B. doi:10.1186/s12940-020-00665-z. ISSN 1476-069X. PMC 7659048. PMID 33183302.
  7. 1 2 "Amazon Drought Worst in 100 Years". ens-newswire.com. Archived from the original on 2019-11-15. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
  8. 1 2 Dunne, Daisy (2022-10-26). "Analysis: Africa's unreported extreme weather in 2022 and climate change". Carbon Brief. Retrieved 2022-10-29.
  9. 1 2 "Horn of Africa Drought: Regional Humanitarian Overview & Call to Action". ReliefWeb. 2022-09-21. Retrieved 2022-10-29.
  10. 1 2 3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ":2".
  11. ↑ "Drought Basics". Drought.gov. NOAA National Integrated Drought Information System. Retrieved 2022-09-16.
  12. ↑ Van Loon, Anne F. (14 April 2015). "Hydrological drought explained". WIREs Water. 2 (4): 359–392. Bibcode:2015WIRWa...2..359V. doi:10.1002/wat2.1085. ISSN 2049-1948.
  13. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ":0".
  14. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ":32".
  15. ↑ Swain, S; et al. (2017). "Application of SPI, EDI and PNPI using MSWEP precipitation data over Marathwada, India". 2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). 2017. pp. 5505–5507. doi:10.1109/IGARSS.2017.8128250. ISBN 978-1-5090-4951-6. S2CID 26920225.
  16. ↑ "What is a Drought?" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. August 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2007-04-10.
  17. ↑ Van Loon, Anne F.; Stahl, Kerstin; Di Baldassarre, Giuliano; Clark, Julian; Rangecroft, Sally; Wanders, Niko; Gleeson, Tom; Van Dijk, Albert I. J. M.; Tallaksen, Lena M.; Hannaford, Jamie; Uijlenhoet, Remko; Teuling, Adriaan J.; Hannah, David M.; Sheffield, Justin; Svoboda, Mark (2016-09-08). "Drought in a human-modified world: reframing drought definitions, understanding, and analysis approaches". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 20 (9): 3631–3650. Bibcode:2016HESS...20.3631V. doi:10.5194/hess-20-3631-2016. hdl:1885/152821. ISSN 1027-5606.
  18. ↑ Wendt, Doris E.; Van Loon, Anne F.; Bloomfield, John P.; Hannah, David M. (2020-10-13). "Asymmetric impact of groundwater use on groundwater droughts". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 24 (10): 4853–4868. Bibcode:2020HESS...24.4853W. doi:10.5194/hess-24-4853-2020. ISSN 1027-5606.
  19. ↑ "Asia-Pacific – Dam project aims to save Aral Sea". BBC News. 2007-04-09.
  20. ↑ "Asia-Pacific – Kazakh lake 'could dry up'". BBC News. 2004-01-15.
  21. ↑ Emmanouil N. Anagnostou (2004). "A convective/stratiform precipitation classification algorithm for volume scanning weather radar observations". Meteorological Applications. 11 (4): 291–300. Bibcode:2004MeApp..11..291A. doi:10.1017/S1350482704001409.
  22. ↑ A.J. Dore; M. Mousavi-Baygi; R.I. Smith; J. Hall; D. Fowler; T.W. Choularton (June 2006). "A model of annual orographic precipitation and acid deposition and its application to Snowdonia". Atmospheric Environment. 40 (18): 3316–3326. Bibcode:2006AtmEn..40.3316D. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.043.
  23. ↑ Robert Penrose Pearce (2002). Meteorology at the Millennium. Academic Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-12-548035-2. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
  24. ↑ Houze, Robert A. Jr. (1993). Cloud dynamics. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-050210-6. OCLC 427392836.
  25. ↑ Roland Paepe; Rhodes Whitmore Fairbridge; Saskia Jelgersma (1990). Greenhouse Effect, Sea Level and Drought. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-7923-1017-4.
  26. ↑ Joseph S. D'Aleo; Pamela G. Grube (2002). The Oryx Resource Guide to El Niño and La Niña. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 48–49. ISBN 978-1-57356-378-9.
  27. ↑ Bin Wang (2006-01-13). The Asian Monsoon. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 206. ISBN 978-3-540-40610-5.
  28. ↑ Vijendra K. Boken; Arthur P. Cracknell; Ronald L. Heathcote (2005-03-24). Monitoring and Predicting Agricultural Drought: A Global Study: A Global Study. Oxford University Press. p. 349. ISBN 978-0-19-803678-4.
  29. ↑ "Wet & Dry Seasons". Archived from the original on 2012-03-20. Retrieved 2018-12-23.
  30. ↑ Cooperative Extension Service (January 2014). Home Vegetable Gardening in Kentucky (PDF). University of Kentucky. p. 19. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2015-02-18.
  31. ↑ North Carolina State University (2013-08-09). "Evapotranspiration". Archived from the original on 2015-02-19. Retrieved 2015-02-18.
  32. ↑ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (2002-05-16). "Warm Temperatures and Severe Drought Continued in April Throughout Parts of the United States; Global Temperature For April Second Warmest on Record". Archived from the original on Feb 19, 2015. Retrieved 2015-02-18.
  33. ↑ Seth Borenstein (May 28, 2022). "Weather's unwanted guest: Nasty La Niña keeps popping up". 9news.com.au.com. Retrieved June 4, 2022. Scientists are noticing that in the past 25 years the world seems to be getting more La Niñas than it used to...
  34. 1 2 Gebrechorkos, Solomon H.; Peng, Jian; Dyer, Ellen; Miralles, Diego G.; Vicente-Serrano, Sergio M.; Funk, Chris; Beck, Hylke E.; Asfaw, Dagmawi T.; Singer, Michael B.; Dadson, Simon J. (2023). "Global high-resolution drought indices for 1981–2022". Earth System Science Data. 15 (12): 5449–5466. Bibcode:2023ESSD...15.5449G. doi:10.5194/essd-15-5449-2023. hdl:10754/693396. ISSN 1866-3516. File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px Rubutu an kwafa daga wannan tushe, wanda yake ƙarƙashin lasisin Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
  35. ↑ Zimmer, Katarina (17 August 2023). "Dead trees around the world are shocking scientists". Knowable Magazine. doi:10.1146/knowable-081723-2.
  36. ↑ FAO (2025). The Impact of Disasters on Agriculture and Food Security 2025 (in English). FAO. doi:10.4060/cd7185en. ISBN 978-92-5-140180-4.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  37. ↑ Seka, Ayalkibet Mekonnen; Zhang, Jiahua; Prodhan, Foyez Ahmed; Ayele, Gebiaw Teshome; Finsa, Mekuanenet Mulunhie; Sharma, Til Prasad Pangali; Melesse, Assefa Mekonnen (2022). "Hydrological drought impacts on water storage variations: a focus on the role of vegetation changes in the East Africa region. A systematic review". Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 29 (53): 80237–80256. Bibcode:2022ESPR...2980237S. doi:10.1007/s11356-022-23313-0. hdl:10072/420991. ISSN 0944-1344. PMID 36197619 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 252713722 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  38. ↑ Mosley LM (2014). Drought impacts on the water quality of freshwater systems; review and integration. Earth-Science Reviews. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.11.010.
  39. ↑ Wiggs, Giles F.S. (2011). "Geomorphological hazards in drylands". In Thomas, David S.G. (ed.). Arid Zone Geomorphology: Process, Form and Change in Drylands. John Wiley & Sons. p. 588. ISBN 978-0-470-71076-0.
  40. ↑ Drought Threatens Amazon Basin – Extreme conditions felt for second year running Archived Mayu 27, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  41. ↑ Amazon rainforest 'could become a desert' Archived 2017-08-25 at the Wayback Machine, The Independent, July 23, 2006.
  42. ↑ Dying Forest: One year to save the Amazon Archived 2017-08-25 at the Wayback Machine, The Independent, July 23, 2006.
  43. ↑ Climate change a threat to Amazon rainforest, warns WWF, World Wide Fund for Nature, March 9, 2996.
  44. ↑ Sensitivity of the Australian Monsoon to insolation and vegetation Archived 2010-06-15 at the Wayback Machine, Geological Society of America
  45. ↑ Australian rivers 'face disaster' Archived 2021-08-13 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News
  46. ↑ Australia faces worse, more frequent droughts: study Archived 2021-02-03 at the Wayback Machine, Reuters
  47. ↑ Metropolis strives to meet its thirst Archived 2021-09-06 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News
  48. 1 2 Taye, Meron Teferi; Dyer, Ellen (2024). "Hydrologic Extremes in a Changing Climate: a Review of Extremes in East Africa". Current Climate Change Reports. 10 (1): 1–11. Bibcode:2024CCCR...10....1T. doi:10.1007/s40641-024-00193-9. ISSN 2198-6061.
  49. ↑ "People & the Planet > climate change > newsfile > big melt threatens millions, says un". peopleandplanet.net. Archived from the original on 19 August 2007.
  50. ↑ "Ganges, Indus may not survive: climatologists". Rediff.com.
  51. ↑ "People's Daily Online – Glaciers melting at alarming speed". People's Daily.
  52. ↑ "Science/Nature – Himalaya glaciers melt unnoticed". BBC News. 2004-11-10.
  53. ↑ "Glacier meltdown risks food and water supply of 2 billion people, says UN". The Guardian. 21 March 2025.
  54. ↑ Matt Weiser; Jeremy B. White (2014-06-01). "Should California build dams, reservoirs to help with future droughts?". Fresno Bee. Archived from the original on 2015-03-20. Retrieved 2015-02-18.
  55. ↑ "Cloud seeding helps alleviate drought". China Daily.
  56. ↑ NRC (2003). Critical Issues in Weather Modification Research. Bibcode:2003nap..book10829N. doi:10.17226/10829. ISBN 978-0-309-09053-7.
  57. ↑ "Weather Centre – Features – History and Religion – Weather in the Bible – Drought and Famine". Archived from the original on 10 January 2004. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
  58. ↑ "Ancient Chile Migration Mystery Tied to Drought". National Geographic. Archived from the original on October 28, 2002.
  59. ↑ Drought pushed ancient African immigration [permanent dead link]
  60. ↑ Savelli, Elisa; Rusca, Maria; Cloke, Hannah; Di Baldassarre, Giuliano (May 2022). "Drought and society: Scientific progress, blind spots, and future prospects". WIREs Climate Change. 13 (3). Bibcode:2022WIRCC..13E.761S. doi:10.1002/wcc.761. ISSN 1757-7780. PMC 9286479 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35864922 Check |pmid= value (help). Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  61. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Salite".
  62. ↑ Wrethman, Emily (4 April 2023). "How societies use supernatural forces to explain earthly events". Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences.
  63. ↑ Jackson, Joshua Conrad; Dillion, Danica; Bastian, Brock; Watts, Joseph; Buckner, William; DiMaggio, Nicholas; Gray, Kurt (May 2023). "Supernatural explanations across 114 societies are more common for natural than social phenomena". Nature Human Behaviour. 7 (5): 707–717. doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01558-0. ISSN 2397-3374. PMID 37012368 Check |pmid= value (help).
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