About Joseph giving to his father and his brethren possession in the land of Egypt and about days drawing near to die

Genesis chapter 47

47:11 11 And Joseph will place his father and his brethren, and will give to them possession in the land of Egypt, in the best of the land, in the land of Rameses, according to what Pharaoh commanded.

district of Rameses. At this period Rameses was not a common name and no city was yet so named. The pharaohs with the names Rameses do not come along until the thirteenth century BC. It is logical to conclude that this geographic name is supplied at a later period. The city of Rameses, Pi-Ramesse, is eventually going to be located at Qantir/Avaris (Tell ed-Dab’a, which has been extensively excavated and provides much evidence of a Semitic population that lived there). The site was founded in the Twelfth Dynasty (1963–1786 BC), the most likely setting for Joseph. Despite the growing Syro-Palestinian population of this town over the next several centuries, no remains permit the identification of descendants of Abraham. The material culture is Canaanite and the religious practices show a syncretism of Canaanite and Egyptian elements.

47:19 19 For what shall we die before thine eyes, also we, also our land? buy us and our land for bread, and we and our land will be servants to Pharaoh: and give seed, and we shall live and not die, and the land shall not be laid waste.

Buy us and our land. Joseph’s policy suggests a shift from privately owned property to centralised ownership of property worked by tenant farmers. The Middle Kingdom and Early New Kingdom (2100–1500 bce) evidence large tracts of crown property administered by government officials. In this way, centralisation is in evidence as is the state-run redistributive economy. In the New Kingdom, much land gradually came under control of the temples. In that period, there was no longer any private property, but only personal rights to the use of property granted in trust for a land-owning institution such as the crown or temple.

Though it may appear as if Joseph’s policies were economically repressive, hard times require hard solutions. The text documents the sequence of how the people were impoverished by the famine (not by the government). First, they spent all their money buying food, then they traded away their livestock, and finally, they gave up their land and worked as tenant farmers. Their rent for the land was 20 percent of the produce — a lower than normal percentage in the ancient world. This was a progressive tax in that it was proportioned according to income. Theoretically, then, a prosperous farmer could have rebuilt his wealth when the famine ended, though it is not clear whether he would have been allowed to buy back the land. This turned Egypt into a state in which all the wealth was centralised in the government. Despite the personal hardship and servitude that resulted, the people were grateful for their lives.

47:22 22 Only the land of the priests he bought not; for to the priests a portion from Pharaoh, and they ate their portion which Pharaoh gave to them; for this they sold not their lands.

priests … received a regular allotment from Pharaoh. Priests did not need to grow their own food, and therefore shortages did not drive them to sell their land. Instead, temples, like the kings, were owners of land and benefited from renting out the land to be farmed by labourers. Temple ownership of land is well documented in Egypt of all periods, but became extensive by the mid-second millennium BCE.

47:29 29 And the days of Israel will draw near to die: and he will call to his son Joseph, and will say to him, If now I found grace in thine eyes, put now thy hand under my thigh, and thou shalt do to me kindness and truth: now thou shalt not bury me in Egypt.

Do not bury me in Egypt. Jacob’s sentiment reflects the extent to which he is tied to the land of Canaan, as it looks to both past and future.

Cultural Backgrounds Study Bible Notes, Bringing to life the Ancient World of Scripture; by Craig Keener; John H. WaltonPublisher: Zondervan, 2016

The statements, views and opinions expressed in this article are solely those of the authors of ‘Cultural Backgrounds Study Bible Notes’ and do not necessarily represent those of the Christadelphians

 

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Additional reading

  1. Today’s thought “Few and evil days” (January 28)
  2. Living stones 3 Jacob and a “living stone”
  3. What Faith looks like: “Joseph”

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Filed under Religious affairs, Welfare matters

Gedachte voor vandaag: Uitkijkend naar Gods voorschriften

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In de Bijbellezing van vandaag krijgen we een zeer lange psalm onder ogen, waarbij de smeekbede van de psalmist opvalt. Deze vraagt namelijk dat God Hem zal nabij zijn en hem zal onderrichten met Zijn Woorden en Voorschriften.

Dagelijks nemen we voedsel en drank binnen zodat we gezond blijven. Maar we mogen niet vergeten dat het ook belangrijk is om onze geest te voeden. Hiervoor zoeken we ook best het beste voedsel. De goddelijke Schepper heeft hierin voorzien. Hij heeft Zijn gedachten en woorden laten optekenen, zodat de vele generaties die na de profeten en schrijvers van God zouden komen, ook die woorden ter harte zouden kunnen nemen.

Volgens de schrijver van Psalm 119 is heerlijk voor je als je leeft zoals Jehovah het wil. Leven volgens de wet van God zal maken dat het goed met je zal gaan. Het houden aan Gods leefregels houdt ons beveiligd van het kwade van deze aarde. Als we met ons hele hart naar de Enige Ware God verlangen zal Jehovah goed voor ons zorgen, als we eerlijk zijn en leven zoals Hij het wil.

“1  Welzalig zij, die onberispelijk van wandel zijn, die in de wet des HEREN gaan. 2 Welzalig zij, die zijn getuigenissen bewaren, die Hem van ganser harte zoeken; 3 die ook geen onrecht plegen, [maar] wandelen in zijn wegen.” (Ps 119:1-3 NBG51)

De Allerhoogste Schepper heeft Zijn wetten gegeven en gezegd dat we ons daaraan moeten houden.

“Gij hebt uw bevelen geboden, opdat men die ijverig onderhoude.” (Ps 119:4 NBG51)

Wij moeten dan wel die wetten kennen om ze te kunnen onderhouden. Hiervoor vraagt de psalmist hulp, die wij evengoed kunnen gebruiken. Wij hebben het voordeel nu dat Gods voorschriften genoteerd zijn in de Heilige Schrift. Door regelmatig de Bijbel te lezen kunnen we het Woord van God in ons laten doordringen en het ons laten vormen.

De psalmist belooft zijn God dat hij zich aan Zijn leefregels zal houden en vraagt daarom dat God hem niet in de steek zal laten.

“Uw inzettingen zal ik onderhouden; verlaat mij niet geheel en al.” (Ps 119:8 NBG51)

Met zijn hele hart verlangt de psalmist naar God en vraagt om hulp om Jehovah God te kunnen gehoorzamen.

“Ik zoek U met mijn ganse hart, laat mij niet van uw geboden afdwalen.” (Ps 119:10 NBG51)

“Geprezen zijt Gij, HERE; leer mij uw inzettingen.” (Ps 119:12 NBG51)

Ook wij moeten nadenken over Gods wetten en moeten bereid zijn om te willen doen wat God van ons verlangt. Hiertoe moeten we wel onze ogen goed openen en bereid zijn om ons te verdiepen in Gods Woord zodat we werkelijk te weten komen wat Jehovah God van ons verlangt.

“Ontdek mijn ogen, opdat ik aanschouwe de wonderen uit uw wet.” (Ps 119:18 NBG51)

Ook wij kunnen God vragen ons te laten weten wat Hij van ons verlangt.

“Ik ben een vreemdeling op aarde, verberg uw geboden niet voor mij.” (Ps 119:19 NBG51)

Als we ons houden aan Gods Wetten, kunnen we er van genieten en geven ze ons raad. Dan kunnen we ervan genieten en hoeven we ons niet hulpeloos te voelen.

“20  Mijn ziel wordt verteerd van verlangen naar uw verordeningen te allen tijde.”

“21  Gij bedreigt de vervloekte overmoedigen, die van uw geboden afdwalen.”

“22  Wentel smaad en verachting van mij af, want ik bewaar uw getuigenissen.”

“23 Al zetten vorsten zich neder, al beraadslagen zij tegen mij, uw knecht overdenkt uw inzettingen.”

“24  Ja, uw getuigenissen zijn mijn verlustiging, zij zijn mijn raadslieden. 25  Mijn ziel kleeft aan het stof, maak mij levend naar uw woord.” (Ps 119:20-25 NBG51)

Als we de Bijbel regelmatig lezen, en het Woord van God en Zijn geboden onderhouden zal God ons helpen om Zijn wetten te begrijpen, zodat we over Zijn wonderen zullen nadenken.

“Doe mij de weg uwer bevelen verstaan, opdat ik uw wonderen overdenke.” (Ps 119:27 NBG51)

“33  Onderwijs mij, HERE, de weg uwer inzettingen, dan zal ik die bewaren ten einde toe. 34 Geef mij verstand, dan zal ik uw wet bewaren, en haar van ganser harte onderhouden. 35  Doe mij het pad uwer geboden betreden, want daarin heb ik lust. 36 Neig mijn hart tot uw getuigenissen en niet tot winstbejag.”

“37  Wend mijn ogen af, zodat zij geen ijdele dingen zien, maak mij levend door uw wegen. 38  Bevestig uw belofte aan uw knecht, die uw vreze toegedaan is.”

“39  Wend mijn smaadheid af, die ik vrees, want uw verordeningen zijn goed. 40  Zie, naar uw bevelen verlang ik, maak mij levend door uw gerechtigheid.” (Ps 119:33-40 NBG51)

Jehovah God is het die ons verstandig kan maken, zodat we me met ons hele hart aan Zijn wet zullen kunnen houden.

Laat ons daarom met heel ons hart verlangen naar de wetten van de God van Abraham, en niet naar rijkdom. Door naar God Zijn Woord te luisteren, dat goed is, zullen we ook leven kunnen ontvangen en ervan genieten. Dan zullen we ook kunnen uitkijken naar een rechtvaardig oordeel.

“43  Neem het woord der waarheid niet geheel van mijn mond, want uw verordeningen verbeid ik, 44 opdat ik uw wet bestendig onderhoude, voor altoos en immer. 45  Dan zal ik wandelen op ruime baan, want ik zoek uw bevelen.” (Ps 119:43-45 NBG51)

“Als ik denk aan uw verordeningen van ouds, o HERE, dan ben ik getroost.” (Ps 119:52 NBG51)

“64  De aarde is vervuld van uw goedertierenheid, o HERE, leer mij uw inzettingen.”

“65  Gij hebt goedgedaan aan uw knecht, o HERE, naar uw woord. 66 Leer mij goed onderscheiden en kennen, want ik stel vertrouwen in uw geboden.”

“67  Eer ik verdrukt werd, dwaalde ik, maar nu onderhoud ik uw woord. 68  Gij zijt goed en goeddoende, leer mij uw inzettingen.” (Ps 119:64-68 NBG51)

“98  Uw gebod maakt mij wijzer dan mijn vijanden, want het is altoos bij mij. 99 Ik ben verstandiger dan al mijn leermeesters, want uw getuigenissen zijn mij tot overdenking. 100 Ik heb meer inzicht dan de ouden, want ik bewaar uw bevelen.”

“101  Ik weerhoud mijn voeten van alle boze paden, opdat ik uw woord onderhoude.”

“102  Ik wijk niet af van uw verordeningen, want Gij onderwijst mij.”

“103  Hoe aangenaam zijn uw redenen voor mijn verhemelte, meer dan honig voor mijn mond. 104 Uit uw bevelen heb ik inzicht ontvangen; daarom haat ik elk leugenpad.”

“105  Uw woord is een lamp voor mijn voet en een licht op mijn pad.”

“106  Ik heb gezworen, en ik zal het gestand doen, dat ik uw rechtvaardige verordeningen zal onderhouden.”

“107 Ik ben al te zeer verdrukt, o HERE, maak mij levend naar uw woord. 108  Heb welbehagen, HERE, in de vrijwillige offers van mijn mond, en leer mij uw verordeningen.” (Ps 119:98-108 NBG51)

Gods woorden zijn geweldig. Daarom houden wij ons er best aan. Zij verspreiden licht in deze donkere tijden. Ze geven wijsheid aan eenvoudige mensen.

“129  Wonderbaar zijn uw getuigenissen, daarom bewaart ze mijn ziel. 130  Het openen van uw woorden verspreidt licht, het geeft de onverstandigen inzicht.” (Ps 119:129-130 NBG51)

Wij kunnen er op aan dat de Almachtige God rechtvaardig is en dat Zijn wetten goed zijn. Jehovah heeft rechtvaardige wetten gegeven. Ze zijn goed en betrouwbaar, zuiver en waar.

“137  Gij zijt rechtvaardig, HERE; uw verordeningen zijn waarachtig. 138 In gerechtigheid hebt Gij uw getuigenissen geboden en in grote trouw.” (Ps 119:137-138 NBG51)

“Uw woord is geheel gelouterd, uw knecht heeft het lief.” (Ps 119:140 NBG51)

“142  Uw gerechtigheid is gerechtigheid voor eeuwig, en uw wet is waarheid.”

“143  Treffen mij nood en verdrukking, dan zijn uw geboden mijn verlustiging. 144 Uw getuigenissen zijn gerechtigheid voor eeuwig; geef mij verstand, opdat ik leve.” (Ps 119:142-144 NBG51)

“Heel uw woord is de waarheid, al uw rechtvaardige verordeningen zijn voor eeuwig.” (Ps 119:160 NBG51)

 

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Voorgaande

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Aanvullend

  1. Overdenking voor vandaag: Maar de wijsheid waar moet je haar zoeken?
  2. Gedachte voor vandaag 11 maart: Naar wat verlangt mijn ziel?
  3. Overdenking voor vandaag: Maar de wijsheid waar moet je haar zoeken?
  4. Vertrouwen, Geloof, Roepen en Toeschrijving aan Jehovah #3 Stem van God #6 Woorden tot voedsel en communicatie
  5. Overdenking: Gelukkig is de mens die vreugde vindt in de wet van God
  6. Laat je verlangen uitgaan naar Gods geboden
  7. De te volgen Weg van God
  8. Bijbel Woord van God tot lering en opvoeding

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Mandragora or mandrake plants to make a barren woman conceive

Genesis chapter 30

30:14  And Reuben will go in the day of the harvest of wheat, and will find apples of mandrakes in the field, and he will bring them to Leah his mother: and Rachel will say to Leah, Give now to me of thy son’s apples of mandrakes.

mandrake plants. The usual identification of this plant is Mandragora, frequently believed in the ancient and classical world to possess magical properties, primarily as an aphrodisiac (see SS 7:13) with the power to make a barren woman conceive. In Egypt it appears to be the aroma that had the erotic powers. Modern study has confirmed that the fruit is a sedative, narcotic and purgative. Unusual characteristics include that the shape of the roots is often reminiscent of the human form and that the plant shines in the dark. Yet there remains some question whether the identification with the fruit in this passage as Mandragora is correct since that plant is not known to grow in Mesopotamia.

30:25 25 And it shall be when Rachel bare Joseph, and Jacob will say to Laban, send me away, and I shall go to my place and to my land.

After Rachel gave birth. A woman’s status in the marriage is not fully attained until she bears a son. In some contracts from the second millennium BC, a time limit is set after which she can be divorced should an heir not be provided. Prior to Joseph’s birth, it would have been inappropriate for Jacob to leave with Rachel since her status would be more secure with family in the area.

30:27 27 And Laban will say to him, If now I found grace in thine eyes, I prognosticated, and Jehovah will praise me because of thee.

learned by divination. The details of the divination are not given here, so we do not know what sort of specialist Laban consulted (if any) or what class of divination was used. Divination is divided into categories labelled “inspired” (divine communication using a human intermediary, e.g., prophecy, dreams) or “deductive” (divine communication through events and phenomena, either provoked situations, such as lots or extispicy using animal entrails, or passive, such as celestial observation). Given Laban’s report of the result of the divination, it is most likely that he consulted an expert in extispicy. In this procedure, a binary (yes/no) question is posed and then the specialist slaughters an animal and examines the entrails (usually the liver) for indications that their experience dictates as being positive or negative. To get the information Laban conveys, he must have asked whether Jacob’s God was the one bringing prosperity.

30:32 32 I will pass over among all thy sheep this day, removing from thence every sheep speckled and patched, and every sheep black among the lambs; and the patched and speckled among the she-goats; and it shall be my hire.

They will be my wages. Shepherds’ wages in the ancient Near East were usually the by-products of the herd (mostly a percentage of the wool and milk). Sometimes the shepherd would also get to keep a percentage of the new births. The percentage is not often stated in the texts, but one text from Ischali indicates that the shepherd was allowed to keep 20 percent. Rather than using a percentage, Jacob requests that his share be those that are marked in their colouring. The Awassi fat-tailed sheep was most common in the region and was usually white. Goats were typically black. Deviations from these norms were relatively uncommon and would certainly have been less than 20 percent in normal circumstances.

30:38 38 And he set the rods which he stripped, in the flowings of channels of water, when the flock shall come to drink before the sheep, and they shall be in heat in coming to drink.

Genesis 30:41-42 41 And it was in every one conceiving of the strong sheep, and Jacob put the rods before the eyes of the sheep in the floorings, to conceive among the rods. 42 And in the sheep being feeble, he will not put in: and those being feeble, were to Laban, and those being strong, to Jacob. 43 And the man will break forth greatly, greatly; and there will be to him many sheep and maids, and servants, and camels and asses.

placed the peeled branches in all the watering troughs. In vv. 41–42 Jacob shows some knowledge of breeding by favouring the stronger animals. The principle of “like breeds like” is common in pastoral societies worldwide.

 

Cultural Backgrounds Study Bible Notes, Bringing to life the Ancient World of Scripture; by Craig Keener; John H. WaltonPublisher: Zondervan, 2016

The statements, views and opinions expressed in this article are solely those of the authors of ‘Cultural Backgrounds Study Bible Notes’ and do not necessarily represent those of the Christadelphians

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Joseph’s status and dreams

And Jacob will dwell in the land of his father’s sojournings, in the land of Canaan.

2 These the generations of Jacob: Joseph the son of seventeen years, was feeding the sheep with his brethren, and this youth with the sons of Bilhah and with the sons of Zilpah, his father’s wives: and Joseph will bring their evil slander to their father.

3 And Israel loved Joseph above all his sons, for to him he was the son of old age: and he made for him a tunic (reaching to the soles of the feet).

4 And his brethren will see that their father loved him above all his brethren, and they will hate him, and will not be able to speak to him for peace.

(Genesis 37:1-4)

Joseph’s Status (37:1–4). When this account begins, Jacob and his family have been back in the land of Canaan for about a decade. They have resumed their vocations as itinerant herders. The favouritism that Jacob felt for Rachel has apparently transferred to her older son, Joseph, for Jacob bestows special status on Joseph. Most scholars acknowledge that status, not just favour, is what the special coat represents. Most commentators favour something along the line of a full-length coat or a long-sleeved coat, either of which would indicate that Joseph is management, not labour.

5 And Joseph will dream a dream, and he will announce to his brethren: and they will add yet to hate him.

6 And he will say to them, Hear, now, this dream which I dreamed.

7 And behold, we binding sheaves in the midst of the field; and behold, my sheaf arose, and also stood; and behold your sheaves will turn about and will worship to my sheaf.

8 And his brethren will say to him, Reigning, shalt thou reign over us? or ruling, shalt thou rule over us? And they will add yet to hate him for his dreams and for his words.

9 And he will dream yet another dream, and he will recount it to his brethren, and he will say, Behold I dreamed a dream yet again: and behold, the sun and the moon and the eleven stars worshipping to me.

10 And he will recount to his father and to his brethren. And his father will rebuke him, and will say to him, What this dream which thou didst dream? Coming, shall I and thy mother and thy brethren come to worship to thee upon the earth?

11 And his brethren will envy him; and his father observed the word. (Genesis 37:5-11)

Joseph’s Dreams (37:5–11). Dreams in the ancient world were considered derived from the divine realm and were thus taken seriously. Dreams by prophets and kings often contained theophanies offering divine revelation. The ordinary dreams of common people were believed to contain omens that communicated information about what the gods were doing, though they usually made no reference to deity. Dreams were often filled with symbolism, necessitating an interpreter, though at times the symbols were reasonably self-evident. The information that came through dreams was not believed to be irreversible. Dreams of a rise to power like the ones Joseph had are known in the ancient Near East. There is nothing in Joseph’s dream that leads them to consider that Joseph’s eventual prominence will extend beyond the confines of the family. It is only his family members who bow down to him. It would not have occurred to any of them that Joseph would rise to the position of second-in-command of a dominant world power.

A curious feature of the second dream (37:9–10) is the symbolic presence of his mother and all eleven brothers. After all, his mother died giving birth to the last brother. The inclusion of his parents is of significance here, because the dream does not just suggest that Joseph will be first among his brothers. It suggests Joseph’s eventual prominence in the ancestral line, superseding even his parents in significance. This justifies the inclusion of family members living or dead.

12 And his brethren will go to feed their father’s sheep in Shechem.

13 And Israel will say to Joseph, Are not thy brethren feeding in Shechem? Come, and I will send thee to them. And he will say, Behold me.

14 And he will say to him, Go, now, see the peace of thy brethren, and the peace of the sheep; and turn back to me word: and he will send him from the valley of Hebron and he will go to Shechem.

15 And a man will find him, and behold, he wandered in the field. And the man will ask him, saying, What wilt thou seek?

16 And he will say, I am seeking my brethren; announce to me now where they are feeding.

17 And the man will say, They removed from this; for I heard them saying, We will go to Dothan. And Joseph will go after his brethren and will find them in Dothan.

18 And they will see him from far off and before he will draw near to them, and they will act deceitfully with him, to kill him.

19 And a man will say to his brother, Behold, this lord of dreams coming.

20 And now, come, and we will kill him, and throw him into one of the pits; and we will say, An evil beast devoured him; and we shall see what will be his dreams.

21 And Reuben will hear, and will take him away out of their hands; and he will say, We will not strike the soul.

22 And Reuben will say to them, Ye shall not pour out blood; cast him into this pit which is in the desert, and ye shall not stretch forth the hand upon him; in order to take him away out of their hands to bring him back to his father.

23 And it shall be as Joseph came to his brethren, and they will strip off his tunic, the tunic reaching to the soles of the feet which was upon him.

24 And they will take him and will throw him into the pit; and the pit empty; water not in it.

25 And they will sit down to eat bread, and they will lift up their eyes, and will see, and behold travellers, Ishmaelites come from Gilead, and their camels bearing perfumes and balsam and myrrh, going to carry down to Egypt.

26 And Judah will say to his brethren, What the profit that we shall kill our brother, and conceal his blood?

27 Come, and we will sell him to the Ishmaelites, and our hand shall not be upon him; for he our brother, our flesh: and his brethren will hear.

28 And men will pass by, Midianites, merchants; and they will draw and bring up Joseph from the pit, and they will sell Joseph to the Ishmaelites for twenty of silver: and they will bring Joseph to Egypt.

29 And Reuben turned back to the pit; and behold, Joseph not in the pit: and he rent his garments.

30 And he will turn back to his brethren, and he will say, The child is not: and I, where shall I go?

31 And they will take Joseph’s tunic, and will slaughter a he-goat of the goats, and will dip the tunic in the blood.

32 And they will send the tunic, reaching down to the soles of the feet, and will bring to their father, and they will say, We found this: recognise now, is this thy son’s tunic or not?

33 And he will recognise it, and will say, My son’s tunic! an evil beast devoured him: tearing in pieces, he tare Joseph in pieces.

34 And Jacob will rend his garments, and will put sackcloth upon his loins, and will mourn for his son many days.

35 And all his sons and all his daughters, will rise up to comfort him; and he will refuse to be comforted; and will say, For I will go down to my son mourning to hades; and his father will weep for him.

36 And the Midianites sold him in Egypt to Potiphar, an eunuch of Pharaoh, chief of the cooks. (Genesis 37:12-36)

Brothers’ Revenge (37:12–36). From the home base in the Valley of Hebron (37:14) Shechem is just over fifty miles, and Dothan is about fourteen more. The journey would have taken Joseph four or five days. Joseph fails to find his brothers at Shechem and receives direction from a stranger (37:15–17).

Joseph’s brothers see him coming and begin to formulate a plan. We can imagine that at first the plan is just an idle suggestion, expressing their hatred of their brother. Even so, it quickly takes a serious turn. The text refrains from indicating which brother or brothers make the initial suggestion and, in so doing, implies that it represents something of a consensus. Reuben is the only objector as he adopts part of their suggestion (the cistern) but seeks to avoid violence. The text reports his intent to get Joseph back to the safety of his father.

The NIV Application Commentary on the Bible: One-Volume Edition; by by Christopher A. Beetham; Nancy L. Erickson

The statements, views and opinions expressed in this article are solely those of the authors of ‘the NIV Application Commentary on the Bible’ and do not necessarily represent those of the Christadelphians

 

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Additional reading

  1. Stories of the beginnings, and one Main book composed of four major sections
  2. A look at Abraham, the man of faith 1 Going away from the city of idolatry
  3. Today’s thought Jacob and Esau (January 15)
  4. Today’s thought Favouritism and prejudice (January 18)
  5. Today’s thought “Sun, moon and stars” (January 22)
  6. Today’s thought “The LORD caused all that he did to succeed” (January 24)
  7. Today’s thought “The lesson of Joseph” (January 25)
  8. Today’s thought “God sent me before you” (January 27)
  9. Today’s thought “Few and evil days” (January 28)
  10. Leading Egyptian Dates
  11. “Let My People Go, that they may serve me!”: The Passover & The Exodus.
  12. Helping others in times of trouble
  13. Forgiveness a command given for our well-being

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Circumcision

Circumcision is well-known in the ancient Near East from as early as the fourth millennium BC, though the details of its practice and its significance vary from culture to culture. Circumcision was practiced in the ancient Near East by many peoples. The Egyptians practised circumcision as early as the third millennium BC. West Semitic peoples, Israelites, Ammonites, Moabites and Edomites performed circumcision. Eastern Semitic peoples did not (e.g., Assyrians, Babylonians, Akkadians) — ​nor did the Philistines, an Aegean or Greek people. Anthropological studies have suggested that the rite always has to do with at least one of four basic themes: fertility, virility, maturity and genealogy. Study of Egyptian mummies demonstrates that the surgical technique in Egypt differed from that used by the Israelites; while the Hebrews amputated the prepuce of the penis, the Egyptians merely incised the foreskin and so exposed the glans penis.

Cultural Backgrounds Study Bible Notes, Bringing to life the Ancient World of Scripture; by Craig Keener; John H. WaltonPublisher: Zondervan, 2016

The statements, views and opinions expressed in this article are solely those of the authors of ‘Cultural Backgrounds Study Bible Notes’ and do not necessarily represent those of the Christadelphians

 

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Preceding

  1. Why was Jesus circumcised at eight days old in accordance with Jewish law?
  2. Do those who want to follow Christ to be Jews
  3. Judaizers finding it so hard to accept that God no longer requires His people to keep the Mosaic Law

 

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Additional reading

  1. the Story of Abraham
  2. The Gospel to Abraham
  3. The Father of a Great Multitude and promises to be fulfilled completely
  4. God sets up the circumcision
  5. CovenantsDo not forget the important sign of beliefFinding the Messiah in Hebrew dictionaries – 1.
  6. Today’s thought “Period of uncleanness and offerings” (March 1)
  7. Today’s thought “Turning to a different gospel” (April 2)
  8. Today’s thought “Things known from of old” (November 4)
  9. Today’s Thought “God who knows the heart …” (May 05)
  10. Today’s thought “Ability to circumcise your heart” (May 13)
  11. Law and justice very important concepts
  12. Circumcising Timothy
  13. Expectations for kashrut to meet individual and contemporary norms
  14. The Gospel at Stake
  15. Not trying to make the heathen live like Jews #2
  16. A non-degrading people

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Wonderen van de Schepping: De albatros

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Photo by Jonathan on Pexels.com

Wonderen van de Schepping: Voorbeelden uit de natuurwereld van Gods’ grote wijsheid: De albatros.

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Short-tailed albatross (Phoebastria albatrus)

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Het opstijgen is het meest energieverslindende deel van de reis van een albatros, waarbij hij met zijn vleugels moet slaan om zowel stuwkracht als lift te genereren.

Van alle vogels die God geschapen heeft, is de albatros wellicht de meest indrukwekkende. Niet alleen heeft hij de grootste vleugelspanwijdte van alle vogels, waardoor hij grote afstanden kan afleggen, maar hij leeft ook lang: tot wel 50 jaar of meer. U heeft misschien op t.v. wel eens beelden gezien van albatrossen ergens op een afgelegen eiland in de Stille Oceaan, elk zittend op een ei. Dan heeft u ook gezien met hoeveel moeite een volwassen vogel van de grond komt – de ‘start’ doet aan die van de reusachtige Airbus A380 denken. Maar eenmaal in de lucht zijn deze enorme vogels supervliegers, die regelmatig om de aarde vliegen. Duizend kilometers op één dag is geen probleem!

Hoe kunnen zij zoiets presteren?

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Photo by Raul Kozenevski on Pexels.com

God heeft ze zo uitgerust dat zij gebruik kunnen maken van de grote golven van vooral het Zuidelijk Halfrond. Zij duiken in een golfkam, draaien zich om en zweven op de luchtbeweging weer omhoog. Hier ontmoeten zij een tegenwind, die de luchtsnelheid boven hun vleugels doet toenemen. Weer draaien zij zich om met de wind achter, om weer in een luwte te duiken.
Deze werkwijze is zo efficiënt, dat ze voor elke meter die zij vallen 22 meter vooruit gaan! Dit heet ‘dynamisch zweven’.
En dat is niet alles. De albatros heeft aan zijn schouder een soort slotmechanisme, waardoor zijn vleugel vast komt te staan wanneer die volledig uitgestrekt wordt. Zo spaart hij veel energie, en kan hij die duizend kilometer in één dag zonder vleugelslag afleggen. Maar om dit goed te doen, moet hij de exacte snelheid van de wind weten. Zijn Maker heeft ook hieraan gedacht en hem neusgaten aan beide kanten van zijn snavel gegeven, waardoor hij aan de nodige informatie komt.

Albatrossen blijven elkaar hun leven lang trouw. Het vrouwtje legt maar één ei per keer, en het broedseizoen van de grootste soort kan wel een jaar duren. Dat maakt de soort kwetsbaar, zeker gezien de vervuiling van de oceanen, maar vooral door overbevissing en het vissen met lange lijnen. Gelukkig wordt er aan gewerkt om deze bedreigingen tegen te gaan.

De albatros is een voorbeeld van Gods wijsheid, en mag daarom gewoonweg niet verdwijnen.

C.T.

 

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Is “hij heeft eeuwig leven” niet een bewijs dat er geen tijd is waarin de mens niet leeft, maar meteen na de dood naar de hemel gaat?

Vragen - Vraagtekens

Vele vragen – Many questions

Een Bijbels antwoord op uw vraag

Vraag: In het Johannes-evangelie staat enkele malen: “ … hij heeft eeuwig leven”. Is dit niet een bewijs dat er geen tijd is waarin de mens niet leeft, maar meteen na de dood naar de hemel gaat?

Antwoord: De hoop op leven, die de apostelen predikten, is de opstanding.

Jezus’ opstanding was voor hen de zekerheid dat hij de dood had overwonnen, en ook allen die in hem geloven zou opwekken. Zonder opstanding uit de doden, schrijft Paulus in 1 Kor 15:12-19, zou zijn evangelie en het geloof van zijn lezers zonder inhoud zijn, en zouden alle ontslapen christenen verloren zijn. Tegenover de dood stelt hij “de opstanding uit de doden” (vs. 21). Elke gedachte aan een mogelijk leven in de hemel, direct na de dood, is in zijn redenering uitgesloten.

De hoop van gelovigen in de eerste eeuw werd bovendien steeds gericht op de komst van Christus (zie vs. 22). Jezus had hun geleerd:

“het zal u terugbetaald worden bij de opstanding van de rechtvaardigen” (Luc 14:14).

Zo’n belofte is onbegrijpelijk, als er vóór die tijd een beloning in de hemel zou zijn. De eerste christenen zagen uit naar

“de komst van onze heer Jezus en onze vereniging met hem”,

en Paulus schrijft dat opgewekten en levenden samen weggevoerd zullen worden hem tegemoet,

“en zó zullen wij altijd met de heer zijn” (2 Tes 2:1; 1 Tes 4:13-17).

Deze woorden zijn moeilijk te verklaren als Paulus doelt op een leven met de heer in de hemel direct na de dood.
Maar wat bedoelde Jezus dan met:

“Wie in de Zoon gelooft, heeft eeuwig leven.”

Is dit een bezit, zoals de meeste mensen menen een onsterfelijke ziel te bezitten?
Kunnen we het weer verliezen?
Is er geen onderbreking van bewustzijn mogelijk, zoals in onze slaap?

Johannes schrijft:

“God heeft ons eeuwig leven gegeven en dit leven is in Zijn zoon. Wie de zoon heeft, heeft het leven; wie de zoon van God niet heeft, heeft het leven niet” (1 Joh 5:11,12).

Zonder Christus zijn mensen “levend dood”, zegt Paulus,

“dood door hun overtredingen en zonden”, “vervreemd van het leven Gods om de onwetendheid die in hen heerst” (1 Tim 5:6; Efez 2:1, 4:18).

Maar van wie zijn zonde belijdt en deze in geloof aflegt in de doop in Christus, zegt hij:

“God echter, die rijk is aan erbarming, heeft … ons, hoewel wij dood waren door de overtredingen mede levend gemaakt met Christus” (Efez 2:4,5).

We worden levend door ‘wedergeboren’ te worden in Christus:

“… niet uit vergankelijk, maar uit onvergankelijk zaad, door het levende en blijvende woord van God” (1 Pet 1:23).

Zo worden wij

“zonen van God, door het geloof, in Christus Jezus. Want u allen, die in Christus ge- doopt bent, hebt u met Christus bekleed” (Gal 3:26,27).

“Wie de Zoon heeft, heeft het leven”,

omdat Christus in hem leeft. Het gaat om een levende relatie met de onsterfelijke* zoon van God. Paulus drukt die uit met het beeld van een lichaam, waarvan alle leden hun leven en groei aan het hoofd, Christus, ontlenen (Efez 4:12,16).

Jezus zelf gebruikte een ander beeld:

“Ik ben de wijnstok, u bent de ranken. Wie in mij blijft, gelijk ik in hem, die draagt veel vrucht, want zonder mij kunt u niets doen. Wie in mij niet blijft, is buitengeworpen als de rank en is verdord, en men verzamelt ze en werpt ze in het vuur en zij worden verbrand” (Joh 15:5,6).

Evenals een rank, die afgesneden is van de bron van leven en vruchtbaarheid, verdort en wordt vernietigd, zo verliest wie niet in Jezus blijft het leven dat hij aan hem ontleende. Het is dus mogelijk het leven in Christus, dat tot eeuwige gemeenschap met hem had kunnen leiden, te verliezen (1 Kor 9:27).

Houdt dit in dat een leven in gemeenschap met Christus niet onderbroken kan worden? Zelf gebruikte hij het beeld van de slaap voor de dood van Lazarus:

“… onze vriend, is ingeslapen, maar ik ga daarheen om hem uit de slaap te wekken”.

De discipelen dachten dat hij

“de rust van de slaap bedoelde”,

maar hij sprak over zijn dood (Joh 11:13). Paulus gebruikt in 1 Kor 15:20 hetzelfde gewone Griekse woord voor ‘in slaap vallen’ als Johannes, als hij Jezus

“de eersteling van hen, die ontslapen (ingeslapen) zijn”

noemt (zie ook 1 Kor 15:51 en 1 Tes 4:13-15). Dit beeld van een slaap waaruit een overledene in Christus wordt opgewekt, doet al een toestand zonder bewustzijn tot de opstandingsdag vermoeden. Dit bevestigen enkele passages waarin Jezus over “eeuwig leven” spreekt.

“Ik ben het levende brood”,

zegt hij in Johannes 6, en alleen door dat brood te eten kunnen wij leven.
De nauwe gemeenschap met hem, die dit inhoudt, drukt hij zeer dramatisch uit:

“Wie mijn vlees eet en mijn bloed drinkt, heeft eeuwig leven en ik zal hem opwekken op de jongste dag” (6:54).

Eeuwig leven hebben in Christus houdt dus in dat een gelovige opgewekt zal worden bij zijn komst. Dit komt eerder in dit hoofdstuk nog sterker tot uitdrukking:

“En dit is de wil van Hem, die mij gezonden heeft, dat ik van alles wat Hij mij gegeven heeft, niets verloren late gaan, maar het opwekke op de jongste dag. Want dit is de wil van mijn Vader, dat een ieder, die de zoon aanschouwt en in hem gelooft, eeuwig leven hebbe, en ik zal hem opwekken op de jongste dag” (6:39,40).

Er is slechts één conclusie mogelijk, namelijk dat iemand verloren zal gaan als Christus hem niet opwekt, en dat eeuwig leven nauw verband houdt met de hoop op de opstanding bij diens wederkomst.

In zijn toespraak in Johannes 5 sprak Jezus al over het leven dat een mens nu kan ontvangen door geloof in Hem, en openbaar zal worden in de toekomst. Hij spreekt eerst in vers 25 van de geestelijke dood waaruit hij mensen tot leven roept:

“het uur komt en is nu, dat de doden naar de stem van de zoon van God zullen horen, en die haar horen, zullen leven”.

En vervolgens dat hij de ingeslapenen wakker zal roepen bij zijn komst:

“het uur komt, dat allen, die in de graven zijn, naar zijn stem zullen horen, en zij zullen uitgaan, wie het goede gedaan hebben, tot de opstanding ten leven …”.

Ons antwoord op Christus’ oproep nu, beslist of wij op die dag tot de levenden zullen behoren. Deze gedachte keert steeds terug in de brieven. Paulus schrijft:

“uw leven is verborgen met Christus in God. Wanneer Christus verschijnt, die ons leven is, zult ook u met hem verschijnen in heerlijkheid” (Kol 3:3,4).

Johannes zegt dat wij nu kinderen van God zijn, en weten dat

“als hij zal geopenbaard worden, wij hem gelijk zullen zijn” (1 Joh 3:2).

Paulus schrijft over het verlangen naar dat moment:

“wij zuchten bij onszelf in de verwachting van het zoonschap: de verlossing van ons lichaam”.

Niet verlossing van de ziel uit het lichaam, maar “de verlossing van ons lichaam” uit de dood zal dat leven van volle gemeenschap met God en Christus brengen waarnaar gelovigen verlangen. Dat volmaakte leven na de opstanding is alleen mogelijk na een leven van gemeenschap met God en met Christus nu:

“indien Christus in u is, dan is wel het lichaam dood vanwege de zonde, maar de Geest is leven vanwege de gerechtigheid … Dan zal Hij, die Christus Jezus uit de doden opgewekt heeft, ook uw sterfelijke lichamen levend maken door zijn Geest, die in u woont” (Rom 8:10,11, 14,23).

Jezus vond het bewijs van de opstanding uit de doden in Gods woorden tot Mozes bij de brandende braamstruik

“Ik ben de God van Abraham en van Izaäk en van Jakob”,

honderden jaren nadat zij gestorven waren. Zijn commentaar was:

“Hij is niet een God van doden, maar van levenden, want voor Hem leven zij allen” (Luc 20:38).

Dit bevestigt dat er geen eeuwig leven vóór de opstanding is, want anders zou de aanhaling uit Exodus (3:6) niet het bewijs zijn dat hij wilde leveren:

“Maar dat de doden opgewekt worden, heeft ook Mozes bij de braamstruik aangeduid” (vs. 37).

Zijn woorden tot wie niet geloofden in een opstanding van doden, tonen opnieuw dat eeuwig leven voortkomt uit een relatie met God: de aartsvaders moeten opstaan, omdat Hij Zich hun God noemt; en iemand die een relatie met Hem heeft, zal leven, ook al ligt hij lange tijd zonder bewustzijn in de doodsslaap.

R.H.

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Broeder Rijkeboer schrijft wel “onsterfelijke zoon van God” maar die zoon van God is weldegelijk gestorven. Jezus was niet onsterfelijk, maar zoals elke mens sterfelijk is, heeft Jezus ook de dood ondergaan toen hij aan de martelpaal genageld is geworden.

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Voorgaande

 

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Aanvullende lectuur

  1. Keuze van levende zielen tot de dood
  2. Voorzieningen voor de keuzes van de mens
  3. Stil staan bij leven en dood
  4. Fundamenten van het Geloof 8 De dood. Gods vonnis over de zonde
  5. Leven gedefinieerd door de dood
  6. Offers van mensen onvolkomen tegenover het volmaakte slachtoffer door God te leveren 2
  7. Offers van mensen onvolkomen tegenover het volmaakte slachtoffer door God te leveren 3 Leven, straf, dood en stof
  8. De doden – Waar zijn ze? 4 Het antwoord van de Bijbel
  9. De doden – Waar zijn ze? 6 Dood voor mens en dier
  10. De doden – Waar zijn ze? 15 Mozes en Elia bij de Transfiguratie
  11. De doden – Waar zijn ze? 16 Elia opgenomen in de hemel
  12. De doden – Waar zijn ze? 17 Enoch Vertaald
  13. De doden – Waar zijn ze? 19 Lichaam, ziel en geest
  14. De doden – Waar zijn ze? 23 De rijke man en de bedelaar
  15. De doden – Waar zijn ze? 24 Verhalen, eerste dood en hemelen
  16. De doden – Waar zijn ze? 25 De Tweede Dood
  17. De doden – Waar zijn ze? 26 Eeuwige Straf
  18. Herfst, Leven en dood, genade, wedergeboorte en heiliging
  19. Onsterfelijkheid – Immortaliteit
  20. Sterfelijkheid en onsterfelijkheid 4 De ziel – een Grieks beeld
  21. Hoe leest u? – Wat leest u?: Eeuwig – eeuwige en eeuwigheid
  22. Niet de hemel, maar de opstanding is de troost bij de dood
  23. Leven in Verwachting en hoop: Geloven in de opstanding
  24. Gedachte voor 3 januari 2018
  25. Een tijd waarin de mens niet leeft
  26. Fundamenten van het Geloof 9 De hoop op eeuwig leven door opstanding uit de doden
  27. Offers van mensen onvolkomen tegenover het volmaakte slachtoffer door God te leveren 3 Leven, straf, dood en stof
  28. Hoe zullen de doden weer levend gemaakt worden?
  29. Verschil in woordbetekenis doorheen de tijd 2 Liefhebben en Geloven

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Oracle and birth

19 And these the generations of Isaak, son of Abraham: Abraham begetting Isaak.

20 And Isaak shall be the son of forty years in his taking Rebekah, daughter of Bethuel the Syrian of Padan Aram, sister of Laban the Syrian, to him for a wife.

21 And Isaak will supplicate to Jehovah for his wife, because she was barren: and Jehovah will be supplicated for him, and Rebekah his wife will conceive.

22 And the sons will struggle within her: and she will say, If so, wherefore am I thus? And she will go to inquire of Jehovah.

23 And Jehovah will say to her, Two nations are in thy womb, and two peoples shall be separated from thy belly: and a people shall be strong above a people, and the great shall serve the small.

24 And her days shall be completed to bring forth; and behold, twins in her belly.

25 And the first shall come forth red, wholly as a mantle of hair: and they will call his name Esau.

26 And after this, his brother will come forth, and his hand having laid hold upon Esau’s heel; and his name was called Jacob: and Isaak the son of sixty years in her bringing them forth.

27 And the boys will become great; and Esau will be a man knowing the chase, a man of the country; and Jacob an upright man, dwelling in tents.

28 And Isaak will love Esau for the chase in his mouth: and Rebekah loved Jacob. (Genesis 25:19-28)

Oracle and Birth (25:19–28). This section begins the toledot* of Isaac. Though the barrenness obstacle that we saw in the Abraham story recurs in this generation, the text does not dwell on it. Instead, the obstacle in immediate focus is that once Rebekah conceives, she is troubled by a problem pregnancy. The terminology “to inquire of the Lord” (25:22) usually indicates the asking of an oracle.

Genesis 25:23 records the content of the oracle, which by its very nature suggests it was provided by a human expert or by a theophany since mechanistic oracles do not give verbal messages. The focus of the text is on the content of the oracle, not its source. The jostling Rebekah feels signifies that she is carrying twins and that there will be conflict between them, with the younger prevailing. It is this conflict and reversal (the younger prevailing) that define the dominant obstacles for the new generation. The oracle concerns the destiny of the descendants but gives no instruction for parenting the individuals.

Names in the ancient world most often made statements about a deity, but they also sometimes offered commentary on circumstances surrounding one’s birth. A creative name might do both — one directly and the other through wordplay. This is apparently the case in Jacob’s name. The name Yaqub-el is common in West Semitic and means “May the God El protect.” At the same time the noun using the same three root letters (ʿqb) means “heel.” Thus, the name combines the standard sentence name with a comment on the circumstances of Jacob’s birth.

The contrast between the two continues in their preferred lifestyles, and the conflict between them is energised by the favouritism shown by the parents. The verb translated “love” (25:28) is indicative of favour, choice, and preference. Rebekah undoubtedly loves both her children, but Jacob is her favourite and receives preferential treatment from her.

The qualities that endear Jacob to Rebekah are summarised in 25:27. The description of Jacob likely has to do with being an organised, administrative type of person who is conscientious, detail-oriented, well-rounded, and efficient. Such can only be speculation from what we observe about Jacob, for there are no occurrences of the adjective sufficiently nuanced in context to clarify these alternatives. The second description of him, staying “among the tents” (25:27), identifies him as engaged in seminomadic pastoralism rather than being a hunter like Esau.

29 And Jacob will boil a boiling, and Esau will come from the country, and he faint.

30 And Esau will say to Jacob, Give me now to eat from the red; this red, for I faint: for this he called his name Edom.

31 And Jacob will say, Sell this day thy birth-right to me.

32 And Esau will say, Behold, I am going to die, and what to me this birth-right?

33 And Jacob will say, Swear to me this day: and he will swear to him: and he will sell his birth-right to Jacob.

34 And Jacob gave Esau food, and the boiling of lentiles; and he will eat and drink and will rise and go forth: and Esau will despise the birth-right. (Genesis 25:29-34)

Birthright (25:29–34). The prize. We must first be clear about what is at stake. The birthright was the oldest son’s share of the material estate of the family. In the ancient world the firstborn typically received a double share of the inheritance. The fewer the number of sons, the greater the discrepancy. In the case of Esau and Jacob, Esau would receive two-thirds — twice what Jacob would receive. The sense of injustice would be substantially increased when the second born is a twin.

The NIV Application Commentary on the Bible: One-Volume Edition; by by Christopher A. Beetham; Nancy L. Erickson

The statements, views and opinions expressed in this article are solely those of the authors of ‘the NIV Application Commentary on the Bible’ and do not necessarily represent those of the Christadelphians

 

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The toledot formula, occurring eleven times in the book of Genesis, serves as a heading which marks a transition to a new subject.

  1. Genesis 1:1–2:3 In the beginning (prologue)
  2. Genesis 2:4–4:26 Toledot of Heaven and Earth (narrative)
  3. Genesis 5:1–6:8 Toledot of Adam (genealogy, see Generations of Adam)
  4. Genesis 6:9–9:29 Toledot of Noah (Genesis flood narrative)
  5. Genesis 10:1–11:9 Toledot of Noah’s sons Shem, Ham, and Japheth (genealogy)
  6. Genesis 11:10–26 Toledot of Shem (genealogy)
  7. Genesis 11:27–25:11 Toledot of Terah (Abraham narrative)
  8. Genesis 25:12–18 Toledot of Ishmael (genealogy)
  9. Genesis 25:19–35:29 Toledot of Isaac (Jacob narrative)
  10. Genesis 36:1–36:8 Toledot of Esau (genealogy)
  11. Genesis 36:9–37:1 Toledot of Esau “the father of the Edomites” (genealogy)
  12. Genesis 37:2–50:26 Toledot of Jacob (Joseph narrative)

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Preceding

 

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Additional reading

  1. Keturah concubine of patriarch Abraham
  2. Today’s thought “Promise and prayer” (January 14)
  3. Today’s thought Jacob and Esau (January 15)
  4. Today’s thought “Forgive … from your heart” (January 16)
  5. Weekly World Watch for the end of April to beginning of May 2024

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Abram, Abraham, El Shaddai, God Almighty and the naming of a person

Genesis 17

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Drawing of the Deir ‘Alla inscription or Balaam inscription, listed as KAI 312, discovered during a 1967 excavation in Deir ‘Alla, Jordan.

17:1 God Almighty. Translates the epithet El-Shaddai. Much controversy surrounds the meaning of the name El-Shaddai. One Ugaritic text refers to “El of the field” (il sh) while Akkadian refers to the “Lord of the Mountain/Steppe” (belu shadu), though these may be descriptions rather than divine epithets. The only extra-Biblical use of the divine epithet occurs in the Balaam text of Deir Alla, where the shdyn are the beings of the heavenly council.

17:5 Abraham. Personal names in the ancient world provided much more than a moniker. Sometimes they preserved recognition of a distinguishing characteristic or reflected circumstances at the time of the person’s birth. Often they made statements about deity (e.g., Isaiah = Yahweh saves). Names generally offered information, at some level, about the person’s identity and in a variety of ways names were believed to be intertwined with a person’s destiny. Knowing a person’s name created a relationship with that person—i.e., the person was further known by knowing the name. Knowing a person’s name also provided potential power over that person, most radically when used in spells or hexes. The naming of a person was one of the most dramatic impositions of authority over another individual. Since the name of a person was believed to be intertwined with their destiny, to name a person meant that you controlled their identity and directed their destiny. In this verse, it is not that God is demonstrating his authority over Abram (though the fact that he can change his name is not insignificant), but more important, he is designating Abram’s destiny — to be the father of a multitude. The name Abram meant “the father is exalted.” Reference to “father” (ab) in personal names usually indicated veneration of an ancestor, so this name looked to the past. His new name Abraham designates him as the significant ancestor as it looks to future generations yet to be born.

 

Cultural Backgrounds Study Bible Notes, Bringing to life the Ancient World of Scripture; by Craig Keener; John H. WaltonPublisher: Zondervan, 2016

The statements, views and opinions expressed in this article are solely those of the authors of ‘Cultural Backgrounds Study Bible Notes’ and do not necessarily represent those of the Christadelphians

 

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Preceding

  1. God’s name on Seder Night
  2. Christopher Hitchens says God is not great

 

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Additional reading

  1. El-Shaddai God Almighty Who no-one may see and live
  2. Creator and Blogger God 5 Things to tell
  3. The Memorial Title
  4. Bible sayings about God
  5. Main verses in the Bible telling us Who God is #2 Some outstanding qualities of God
  6. El Shaddai Who appeared unto Abraham
  7. God Our Refuge
  8. Trusting, Faith, calling and Ascribing to Jehovah #2 Calling upon the Name of God
  9. Extra verses to remember by The Name to be proclaimed
  10. Use of /Gebruik van Jehovah or/of Yahweh in Bible Translations/Bijbel vertalingen
  11. A look at the figure of Abram, who became the patriarch Abraham
  12. Jeruzalem Gods city
  13. A Prayer based on Deuteronomy 4:5–8

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Looking at Abram and his homeland

27 And these the generations of Terah: Terah begetting Abram, Nahor, and Haran: and Haran begetting Lot.

28 And Haran will die at the face of Terah his father in the land of his birth, in Ur of the Chaldees.

29 And Abram and Nahor will take to them wives, the name of Abram’s wife Sarai; and the name of Nahor’s wife, Milcah, the daughter of Haran, the father of Milcah, and the father of Iscah.

30 And Sarai shall be barren; to her not a child.

31 And Terah will take Abram his son, and Lot the son of Haran, his son’s son, and Sarai his daughter-in-law, his son Abram’s wife, and they shall come forth with them from Ur of the Chaldees, to move to the land of Canaan; and they will come to Haran, and will dwell there.

32 And the days of Haran shall be five years and two hundred years; and Terah shall die in Haran. (Genesis 11:27-30)

Chronology of Abraham (11:27–30, 32). Abram’s entry into Canaan can be plausibly placed somewhere between 2100 and 1875 BC. Since the narrator elsewhere ties up loose ends further in time before moving along his chosen course, it is not unusual for him to report Terah’s death before turning all his attention to Abram, even though Terah died long after Abram left his hometown.

Abram’s Homeland (11:31). A quick check of the maps at the back of most Bibles confirms a consensus in popular circles concerning the identification of Abram’s hometown, Ur of the Chaldeans. This consensus is the result of the spectacular archaeological excavations done at the Sumerian site of Ur in southern Mesopotamia by Sir Leonard Woolley from 1922 to 1934. Though it makes for a convenient identification and there is no other archaeological site that carries the ancient name of Ur, there are reasons to remain skeptical about this identification. The question ought to be considered an open one, unresolved until further information comes to light.

And Jehovah will say to Abram, Go for thyself from thy land, and from thy kindred, and from thy father’s house, to the land which I will shew thee.

2 And I will make thee into a great nation, and I will bless thee, and I will make thy name great; and thou shalt be blessed.

3 And I will praise them praising thee, and I will curse him cursing thee, and in thee shall all the families of the earth be praised. (Genesis 12:1-3)

Covenant Offer (12:1–3). Though Terah leads a portion of his clan to Haran, Yahweh makes the covenant initiative offer to Abram (12:1–3). He must decide whether to abandon his land in favour of the land Yahweh offers. He must decide whether to abandon what family he still has in favour of the family Yahweh promises. Abram must trust Yahweh to deliver what he has offered in order to give up so much that Abram already has to gain.

4 And Abram went according to which Jehovah spake to him, and Lot went with him: and Abram the son of five years and seventy years in his coming out of Haran.

5 And Abram will take Sarai his wife, and Lot his brother’s son, and all their riches which they acquired, and the souls which they acquired in Haran, and they came forth to go into the land of Canaan; and they shall come into the land of Canaan.

6 And Abram shall pass over the land to the place Sichem, to the erect oak tree. And the Canaanite then in the land.

7 And Jehovah shall be seen to Abram, and will say, To thy seed will I give this land, and he will build there an altar to Jehovah, being seen to him.

8 And he will remove from thence to the mountain from the east of the house of God, and shall stretch forth his tent; Bethel from the sea, and Hai from the east, and he shall build there an altar to Jehovah, and will call upon the name of Jehovah.

9 And Abram will remove, going and removing to the desert. (Genesis 12:4-9)

Abram’s Itinerary and Offerings (12:4–9). The trip from Haran to Canaan is about five hundred miles and takes the better part of a month, even if Abram travels at normal caravan pace (about twenty miles per day). The stops indicated by the text, Shechem and Bethel, both become major sacred sites in later Israelite history. At each one Abram builds an altar. What function do these altars serve? It is of interest that the text makes no specific reference to offering a sacrifice at either site (though that may be implied in his calling on the name of Yahweh in 12:8).

18 And Abram will pitch his tent, and will come and will dwell by the oaks of Mamra which is in Hebron, and he will build there an altar to Jehovah.(Genesis 13:18)

It is not possible that the altar is simply built so that the clan can conduct their worship during the time they remain there. When he builds the altar at Hebron in 13:18, its purpose seems simply to service his worship needs while he is there.

Shechem and Bethel are both located in the central hill country, thirty-five miles north of Jerusalem. Perhaps because of its proximity to Mount Gerizim and Mount Ebal, it has had a long history as a sacred site. The strategic position of Shechem, at the east entrance to the pass between these mountains, also made it an important trading centre. Bethel is usually identified with Beitin just over ten miles north of Jerusalem. There was a major fortified city on the site during the Middle Bronze Age.

10 And there shall be a famine in the land; and Abram will go down to Egypt to sojourn there; for the famine was strong in the land.

11 And it shall be when he came near to go to Egypt, he will say to Sarai his wife, Behold, now I knew that thou wert a fair woman to see.

12 And it shall be when the Egyptians shall see thee, they shall say, This is his wife; and they will kill me, and thee they will permit to live.

13 Say, now, thou my sister, that it shall be well to me because of thee, and my soul shall live by means of thee.

14 And it shall be when Abram goes to Egypt, and the Egyptians will see the woman that she was very fair.

15 And Pharaoh’s rulers will see her, and will praise her to Pharaoh, and the woman shall be taken into Pharaoh’s house.

16 And he will do good to Abram on account of her; and there shall be to him sheep and oxen and he-asses, and servants and maids, and she-asses and camels.

17 And Jehovah will touch Pharaoh with great strokes, and his house on account of Sarai, Abram’s wife.

18 And Pharaoh will call to Abram, and will say, What this thou didst to me? why didst thou not declare to me that she is thy wife? (Genesis 12:10-18)

Abram in Egypt (12:10–18). Move to Egypt. Modern archaeologists and geologists have found evidence of a massive three-hundred-year drought cycle that occurred during the end of the third millennium

 

The NIV Application Commentary on the Bible: One-Volume Edition; by by Christopher A. Beetham; Nancy L. Erickson

The statements, views and opinions expressed in this article are solely those of the authors of ‘the NIV Application Commentary on the Bible’ and do not necessarily represent those of the Christadelphians

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Preceding

  1. 12 Verses: Where Is the Promised Land? and 4 Other Questions
  2. How Christian Zionism distorts scripture to serve empire

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Additional reading

  1. A look at Abraham, the man of faith 1 Going away from the city of idolatry
  2. the Story of Abraham
  3. The Call of Abraham
  4. Bible verses about Abraham’s calling
  5. Bible sayings on How to have faith like Abraham
  6. How to have faith like Abraham? 3 What does Scripture say about Abraham?
  7. Promises made by man and by God
  8. The Way of God or the way of the world?
  9. Today’s thought “We be brethren” (January 07)
  10. Looking at or dreaming of that land of honey and milk
  11. How Christian Zionism distorts scripture to serve empire
  12. Blessing from America to Israel

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The Lunar Effect

The Lunar Effect

Today a holy period starts for two of the world’s major religions, as Muslims mark the first day of Ramadan and Roman Catholics observe Ash Wednesday, which kicks off Lent, a 40-day period of penitential preparation for Easter —a coincidence that occurs only about every 33 years.
Today is also the second of the 15-day festival of Chinese New Year, which began on the same day as Mardi Gras, often called “Fat Tuesday. Its traditions emerged in Europe within the broader pre-Lenten festival known as Carnival (or Carnaval), incorporating elements of earlier seasonal festivities associated with the coming of spring.
That these diverse events occur about the same time is no accident. Ramadan commences with the sighting of the waxing crescent moon, Chinese New Year begins with the new moon, and Lent is determined by counting backward from Easter, the timing of which is tied to the lunar calendar.
Discover the myth behind the Chinese zodiac.

The Myth Behind the Chinese Zodiac

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Did You Know? Ramadan. Learn about the customs and significance of Ramadan.

Why Ramadan Is So Significant for Muslims

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

From Ashes to Resurrection: The Story of Easter

Photograph by Moira Burke. Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh, Pa., gift of Henry Clay Frick, 98.5

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Preceding

  1. From the Ramadan into the eid
  2. Saudi Arabia Calls On Muslims To Sight Ramadan Crescent Moon On Friday Evening
  3. About fasting by monotheists
  4. Lent, Holi, Purim, and Palm Sunday observed, and Ramadan entering its third week
  5. Pope Francis I making another passionate appeal for peace in Ukraine
  6. Aalst Carnival and Unia analyses reports
  7. Easter: Origins in a pagan Christ

 

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Discover More

  1. Religious Practices around the world
  2. Al-Fatiha [The Opening] Süra 1: 4-7 Merciful Lord of the Creation to show us the right path
  3. How Is the End of Ramadan Celebrated?
  4. Why Do Roman Catholics Eat Fish on Fridays?
  5. What would be your reason to fast
  6. No necessity for fasting
  7. Hezbollah’s retribution pulls Middle East to edge of all-out war
  8. The New Arab: Israeli protests seek to uphold the settler colonial status quo, Palestinian resistance is the means of liberation
  9. Lent, 40 days, meditation and repentance (Some View on the World)Lent, 40 days, meditation and repentance (Our World)
  10. Lenten Season and our minds and hearts the spiritual temple in which God seeks to live
  11. Is “Holy Week” the most sacred time of the year
  12. Irminsul, dies natalis solis invicti, birthday of light, Christmas and Saturnalia
  13. Looking at 13 Adar until 16 Adar 5781 February 25-28 2021
  14. Days to be open to others
  15. Spoken in the name of Jehovah God for an example of suffering affliction, and of patience
  16. Not able to see Jesus working wonders
  17. The meek one riding on an ass
  18. Worthy partakers of the body of Christ
  19. Trying to Get Rid of Holy Days for a Long Time

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The Historical setting of Genesis

Genesis 10

The Historical Setting of Genesis

Mesopotamia: Sumer Through Old Babylonia

Sumerians. It is not possible at this time to put Genesis 1–11 into a specific place in the historical record. Our history of the ancient Near East begins in earnest after writing has been invented, and the earliest civilisation known to us in the historical record is that of the Sumerians. This culture dominated southern Mesopotamia for over 500 years during the first half of the third millennium BC (2900–2350 BC), known as the Early Dynastic Period.*1

The Sumerians have become known through the excavation of several of their principal cities, which include Eridu, Uruk and Ur. The Sumerians are credited with many of the important developments in civilisation, including the foundations of mathematics, astronomy, law and medicine. Urbanisation is also first witnessed among the Sumerians. By the time of Abraham, the Sumerians no longer dominate the ancient Near East politically, but their culture continues to influence the region. Other cultures replace them in the political arena but benefit from the advances they made.

Dynasty of Akkad. In the middle of the twenty-fourth century BC, the Sumerian culture was overrun by the formation of an empire under the kingship of Sargon I, who established his capital at Akkad. He ruled all of southern Mesopotamia and ranged eastward into Elam and northwest to the Mediterranean on campaigns of a military and economic nature. The empire lasted for almost 150 years before being apparently overthrown by the Gutians (a barbaric people from the Zagros Mountains east of the Tigris), though other factors, including internal dissent, may have contributed to the downfall.

Ur III. Of the next century little is known as more than 20 Gutian kings succeeded one another. Just before 2100 BC, the city of Ur took control of southern Mesopotamia under the kingship of Ur-Nammu, and for the next century there was a Sumerian renaissance in what has been called the Ur III period. It is difficult to ascertain the limits of territorial control of the Ur III kings, though the territory does not seem to have been as extensive as that of the dynasty of Akkad. Under Ur-Nammu’s son Shulgi, the region enjoyed almost a half century of peace. Decline and fall came late in the twenty-first century BC through the infiltration of the Amorites and the increased aggression of the Elamites to the east. The Elamites finally overthrew the city.

It is against this backdrop of history that the OT patriarchs emerge. Some have pictured Abraham as leaving the sophisticated Ur that was the centre of the powerful Ur III period to settle in the unknown wilderness of Canaan, but that involves both chronological and geographic speculation. By the highest chronology (i.e., the earliest dates attributed to him), Abraham probably would have travelled from Ur to Harran during the reign of Ur-Nammu, but many scholars are inclined to place Abraham in the later Isin-Larsa period

Cultural Backgrounds Study Bible Notes, Bringing to life the Ancient World of Scripture; by Craig Keener; John H. WaltonPublisher: Zondervan, 2016

The statements, views and opinions expressed in this article are solely those of the authors of ‘Cultural Backgrounds Study Bible Notes’ and do not necessarily represent those of the Christadelphians

 

*Intro

Sumer was first settled between 4500 and 4000 bce by a non-Semitic people who did not speak the Sumerian language. These people now are called proto-Euphrateans or Ubaidians, for the village Al-ʿUbayd, where their remains were first discovered. The Ubaidians were the first civilising force in Sumer, draining the marshes for agriculture, developing trade, and establishing industries, including weaving, leatherwork, metalwork, masonry, and pottery. After the Ubaidian immigration to Mesopotamia, various Semitic peoples infiltrated their territory, adding their cultures to the Ubaidian culture and creating a high pre-Sumerian civilisation.

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Early Dynastic Period may refer to:

Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)

The 1st dynasty (c. 2900–c. 2730 bce)

The beginning of the historical period is characterised by the introduction of written records in the form of regnal year names — the records that later were collected in documents such as the Palermo Stone. The first king of Egyptian history, Menes, is therefore a creation of the later record, not the actual unifier of the country; he is known from Egyptian king lists and from classical sources and is credited with irrigation works and with founding the capital, Memphis.

In the late Predynastic period and the first half of the 1st dynasty, Egypt extended its influence into southern Palestine and probably Sinai and conducted a campaign as far as the Second Cataract. The First Cataract area, with its center on Elephantine, an island in the Nile opposite the present-day town of Aswān, was permanently incorporated into Egypt, but Lower Nubia was not.

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bronze head of a king from Nineveh

Bronze head of a king from Nineveh Bronze head of a king, perhaps Sargon of Akkad, from Nineveh (now in Iraq), Akkadian period, c. 2300 bce; in the Iraq Museum, Baghdad.

Akkad, ancient region in what is now central Iraq. Akkad was the northern (or northwestern) division of ancient Babylonia.

The name Akkad was taken from the city of Agade, which was founded by the Semitic conqueror Sargon about 2300 bce. Sargon united the various city-states in the region and extended his rule to encompass much of Mesopotamia. After the fall of Sargon’s dynasty about 2150 bce, the central Iraq region was ruled by a state jointly composed of Sumerians and Akkadians.

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Divine rest and temple buildings

Image

Photo by Skyler Ewing on Pexels.com

2 And God will complete in the seventh day his work which he made, and he will rest in the seventh day from all his work which he made. (Genesis 2:2)

Rest

The concept of divine rest is prominent in ancient Near Eastern literature. Deity’s rest is achieved in a temple, generally as a result of order having been established. The rest, while it represents disengagement from any process of establishing order (whether through conflict with other deities or not), is more importantly an expression of engagement as the deity takes his place at the helm to maintain an ordered, secure and stable cosmos. The following aspects of divine rest can be found in literature of the ancient Near East:

1. The divine rest can be disturbed by rebellion.

2. The divine rest is achieved after conflict.

3. The divine rest is achieved after order-bringing acts of creation.

4. The divine rest is achieved in the temple.

5. The divine rest is achieved in part by creating people to work in their place and on their behalf.

6. The divine rest is characterised by ongoing control and stability.

Only point 3 is transparent in Genesis, though points 4 and 6 can also be defended. Given the connection between temple and rest in the ancient Near East, it becomes natural to see the Biblical creation of the cosmos as being configured in temple-building and dedication terms; the seven-day creation account culminating in divine rest should be understood as somehow parallel to the building of temples for divine rest. This course of analogy and logic results in the understanding that Ge 1 is framed in terms of the creation of a cosmic temple in which Yahweh takes up his repose. The seven days are comparable to seven-day temple dedications at the end of which the deity takes up his rest in the temple.

The temple on earth was considered only a type of the larger, archetypal cosmic temple, and there are many images and symbols that evoke the relationship between temple and cosmos. The temple is considered the centre of the cosmos and is itself a microcosmos. In Egypt the temple contained within its sacred precincts a representation of the original primeval hillock that emerged from the cosmic waters. In Mesopotamia, the primary imagery of the temple was that it was the centre of the cosmos. In Syro-Palestine, the temple is the architectural embodiment of the cosmic mountain. This concept is represented in Ugaritic literature as well as in the Bible, where Mount Zion is understood as the mountain of the Lord (e.g., Ps 48) and the place where his temple, a representation of Eden, was built. In Isa 66:1 the Lord indicated:

“Heaven is my throne, and the earth is my footstool. Where is the house you will build for me? Where will my resting place be?”

Here God indicates that the man-made temple cannot be considered the true temple (cf. 1Ki 8:27). It is only a micro-scale representation of the cosmic temple. Ps 78:69 communicates a similar idea by indicating that the temple was built on the model of the cosmos.

 

Cultural Backgrounds Study Bible Notes, Bringing to life the Ancient World of Scripture; by Craig Keener; John H. WaltonPublisher: Zondervan, 2016

The statements, views and opinions expressed in this article are solely those of the authors of ‘Cultural Backgrounds Study Bible Notes’ and do not necessarily represent those of the Christadelphians

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Whirlpools and despair

We can find in the Holy Scriptures that despair is useless and never ends. Some poets and storytellers also want to make this clear.

In this world, we have so many things to take into account and we must be careful not to get caught up in a whirlwind or a whirlpool that drags everything down into the depths.

Desperation often ends in disaster, whether individually or nationally. People who are close to despair become dangerous not only to themselves but also to others. That is why it is important that those around them ensure that no one has to become desperate.

Negative thoughts often cause people to fall into a downward spiral, where they risk losing faith in the future and becoming desperate. When you feel downcast or discouraged, try to lift yourself up with positive writings from the Bible and other positive sources. Try to find a way to live and love in more peaceful ways, and find happiness and energy in those you surround yourself with.

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Image

 

Desperation seldom works…

Like chasing the wind, it is a fleeting effort at best

At worst it’s a painful and humiliating defeat

Reality bites

Leaving us lost and alone

searching for answers that elude us at every turn

Desperation is an instinctive reaction

hoping to protect ourselves from the truth

that is clearly right in front of us

 

Painting: Dwight L.Roth

You can check out Dwight Roth’s books on Amazon Kindle here:

Top Dwight Roth titles

 

 

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Preceding

  1. Are you right down in the dumps? Stop digging!
  2. A Glory followed by Despair
  3. Within despair
  4. Do not take that gift of hope lightly
  5. The Person Who Cannot Despair
  6. Strength Surfaces in Times of Unheaval. Be the Catalyst!
  7. Tending to develop a genuine confidence in our Higher Power
  8. Strength Surfaces in Times of Unheaval. Be the Catalyst!

 

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Additional reading

  1. Companionship
  2. Old age
  3. Dealing with worries in our lives
  4. Today’s thought “And they feared greatly” (February 6)
  5. Tenderness and kindness are not signs of weakness and despair
  6. A pilgrimage not exactly without obstacles or obstacles #2 Not a cheap or easy flight but a life journey
  7. Honest-hearted people are losing faith in humanity and humanity losing faith in God
  8. A Living Faith #4 Effort
  9. Thinking ahead before Rosh Hashanah

 

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Further related

  1. I Need to Go
  2. You step out of your depth and out of your mind
  3. Desperation Leads to Faulty Decisions
  4. Feelings of Faith & Despair
  5. you don’t …
  6. On Unbearable Torments
  7. Solaritude by Robert Reece
  8. Thirsty
  9. Teadia
  10. A Faith Strong Enough to Carry Someone Else
  11. A cup of hope! (Part 2)
  12. Bible help for depression
  13. Considering Teach Me to Feel- Day 5
  14. Changing Circumstances, Unchanging God
  15. The Divine Usefulness of Trouble
  16. No Other Choice (Park Chan-wook, 2025)
  17. ‘Yesterday I turned 75; too many people my age hold onto positions
  18. Escape From The Dangers Of Desperation
  19. Abandoned

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Reminding yourself that God is talking

Remind yourself that God is talking. The catechism says we are to receive the Word “with readiness of mind, as the word of God.” When the Thessalonians heard the Word preached from Paul, they

“accepted it not as the word of men but as what it really is, the word of God, which is at work in you believers” (1 Thess. 2:13).

On Sunday as you turn the pages in your Bible to the passage announced by the preacher, quietly confess the truth to yourself once again:

“God is about to speak. The Lord is talking. I have an audience with the great King of Kings.”

The Lord declares,

“This is the one to whom I will look: he who is humble and contrite in spirit and trembles at my word” (Isa. 66:2).

If you cannot get your head and heart to feel the weight of what is happening in the preaching of the Word, you will not likely tremble under its weighty glories.

 

Expository Preaching (Blessings of the Faith), David Strain

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Cultivation of godly affections that correspond to the truth

Cultivate godly affections that correspond to the truth. The catechism mentions three in particular. We are to receive the word “with faith, love, meekness.” If listening to preaching is a vital part of our worship, then our attitude toward the message really matters.
We’re not to be critical judges, assessing the message and comparing its delivery to that of our favorite celebrity preachers. We are not to be self-appointed doctrinal police, constantly scanning for error so that we can pounce with glee on the poor pastor’s mistakes. Let’s avoid imitating the scribes and the Pharisees who constantly tested Jesus, “lying in wait for him, to catch him in something he might say” (Luke 11:54). We are to hear the Word with godward affections.

The catechism mentions faith first. Hebrews 4:2 reminds us that the generation of Israelites who perished in the wilderness failed to enter the land of Canaan because

“the message they heard did not benefit them, because they were not united by faith with those who listened.”

Faith is necessary if we are to benefit from the Word. Ask God to help you to truly believe what he has said and to trust in it today and tomorrow and in the years ahead.

Next, the catechism mentions love. Jesus said,

“If anyone loves me, he will keep my word” (John 14:23).

Love obeys the Word of God. It takes what faith believes and puts it to work. It keeps Christ’s commandments (see John 14:15). It’s not good enough merely to know the Word. We must learn to love it and to say with the psalmist,

“I find my delight in your commandments, which I love” (Ps. 119:47).

Finally, the catechism mentions meekness. James 1:21 reminds us that we are to

“put away all filthiness and rampant wickedness and receive with meekness the implanted word, which is able to save your souls.”

Meekly receiving the Word, James is telling us, is basic to dealing with the deep festering sins of our hearts. Meekness means refusing to presume that we know better than God. It is the one essential ingredient in a teachable spirit.

Expository Preaching (Blessings of the Faith), David Strain

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Expositional preaching Guards against hobby horses

Nothing can prevent a preacher with enough will and creativity from insisting on his hobby horses. John Stott retells the story of the Baptist preacher

“who had such pronounced views about baptism that he simply could not leave the subject alone. One morning he announced his text, ‘Adam, where art thou?’ He then continued, ‘There are three lines we shall follow. First, where Adam was; secondly, how he was to be got from where he was; and thirdly and lastly, a few words about baptism.’ ”

Even the best preachers are tempted to emphasize their favored subjects or to skip over the hard texts! But systematic expositional preaching does impose some much-needed discipline upon the pulpit and the preacher … and on the congregation too for that matter. After all, we may want our pet subjects addressed. We may believe that our priorities ought to be the priorities of every sermon (and of every other church member). But when preacher and hearer alike learn to submit themselves to the text, and the next, and to the one after that, we are spared from imbalance and idiosyncrasy. Peter Adam put it well when he said,

“Expository sermons help us to let God set the agenda for our lives. The danger of topical preaching is that it implies that we know what is important! Expository preaching lets God set the agenda in an obvious and public way.”

Expository Preaching (Blessings of the Faith), David Strain

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Expositional preaching models How to read the Bible

Preaching shapes those who listen to it, not just by what is being taught but, over time, by the way in which it is taught. When preachers give weight to the authority of Scripture and devote themselves to understanding the details of each text and the scope of the whole, they train their hearers to do the same. Faithful exposition works to avoid imposing meanings upon the text. It strives to avoid spiritualizing or reducing historical narrative to an arbitrary allegory. It shuns proof texts and mystical “words from the Lord” that care nothing for literary context. It nails the spiritual and ethical and doctrinal and pastoral and evangelistic burdens of the preacher and the hearers to the text itself. Furthermore, it disciplines us to patiently listen to God in his Word in the confidence that if we simply follow the teaching that is already there, rather than rush on to our own preoccupations and priorities, we will find the wisdom we need. The preacher is not just a Bible teacher and an evangelist and a pastor in the pulpit. He is also a model Bible reader. Regularly sitting under consistent scriptural exposition trains our interpretive muscles, informs our instincts as readers, and equips us to read both responsibly and profitably.

Expository Preaching (Blessings of the Faith), David Strain

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Godly living a means for God’s light to shine

Jesus said,

“Let your light shine before others, so that they may see your good works and give glory to your Father who is in heaven” (Matt. 5:16).

Consistent godly living is a means for God’s light to shine, which brings him glory. Therefore, we want to encourage this response in our pastoral preaching. We also want to exhort our hearers to prove Paul’s words in their own experience:

“We all, with unveiled face, beholding the glory of the Lord, are being transformed into the same image from one degree of glory to another” (2 Cor. 3:18).

The gospel brings us to see God’s glory in Jesus, which has transforming power, making us increasingly like him as the image of God is restored in his redeemed people. That is why we “proclaim … Jesus Christ as Lord,” since he is the source of “the light of the knowledge of the glory of God,” which is to shine from our “jars of clay” (2 Cor. 4:5–7). The more we and our hearers grow in Christlikeness, the more God will be glorified in our ministries.

God’s glory is further enhanced by the exaltation of the Lord Jesus and the eclipse of the messenger, as John the Baptist emphasized:

“He must increase, but I must decrease” (John 3:30).

For Paul, this meant that what people thought of him was of no great significance. He points out that he is only a servant and a steward in whom faithfulness is the essential requirement (1 Cor. 4:1–2). Human judgment is irrelevant because heart motives are hidden from human eyes; the day of the Lord’s coming will be the only valid time for assessment (1 Cor. 4:3–5). His aim is to bring glory to God by his faithfulness. An example of this is recorded in Acts 13:44–48. In turning from the unbelieving synagogue congregation in Antioch to the Gentiles, Paul quotes Isaiah:

I have made you a light for the Gentiles,

that you may bring salvation to the ends of the earth.

(Acts 13:47, quoting Isa. 49:6)

Luke adds that

“when the Gentiles heard this, they began rejoicing and glorifying the word of the Lord, and as many as were appointed to eternal life believed” (Acts 13:48).

God’s glory is enhanced by faithful gospel preaching and its outcome in repentance and faith.

Finally, additional texts illustrate ways by which God’s word at work in the lives of his people brings greater glory to him. These passages provide us with worthy, biblical aims to keep pursuing in our preaching ministry. In John 15:8 Jesus speaks of “much fruit” in the lives of his disciples bringing glory to the Father. The fruit is produced by the vine’s life flowing through the branches, so godly character is primarily in view. Romans 15:5–7 shows that God is glorified when the church lives in “harmony with one another,” declares God’s truth in unity “with one voice,” and “welcome[s] one another” in love. This is the gift of the “God of endurance and encouragement” .

Planting by Pastoring, A Vision for Starting a Healthy Church, Nathan Knight

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5 And may the God of patience and consolation give you to mind the same in one another according to Christ Jesus:
6 That unanimously in one mouth ye should glorify the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ.
7 Wherefore receive ye one another, as also Christ received us to the glory of God.

The Holy Bible: Containing the Old and New Testaments; Translated Literally from the Original Tongues (J. E. Smith, trans.; Ro 15:5–7). (1876). American Publishing Company.

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Putting together the pieces of a jigsaw puzzle

For many who try to understand the Bible, the process is rather like attempting to put together the pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. Certain pieces stand out and are easy to spot — identifiable by their bright colours and distinctive images. Others are obscure; where they fit into the whole is much more difficult to interpret. The Bible is a collection of sixty-six books, written over many centuries. Can they actually fit together into a coherent whole? If so, how?

….

Because each of the biblical authors was divinely inspired by the one divine mind, we should expect to find a consistency of content and corresponding unity of purpose through the whole biblical revelation from beginning to end. There are two testaments, but they form one united story. As my theological tutor, Alec Motyer used to say, there is only one uninspired page in your Bible, which is the one the translators have inserted between the Old and New Testaments, so tear it out! Far from the Old Testament being for the Jews and the New Testament for Christians, the whole Bible is for the whole people of God and, indeed, for the whole world in every place and at every time.

The unifying principle is found in our Lord Jesus Christ himself. After his resurrection, he taught his disciples,

“Everything written about me in the Law of Moses and the Prophets and the Psalms must be fulfilled” (Luke 24:44).

This does not mean that there is some reference to Christ in every verse of the Old Testament, but that he is the key to understanding the Bible’s central message — God’s great plan of salvation foretold in the Old and fulfilled in the New.

“Thus it is written, that the Christ should suffer and on the third day rise from the dead, and that repentance for the forgiveness of sins should be proclaimed in his name to all nations, beginning from Jerusalem” (Luke 24:46–47).

When we speak about Christ in all the Scriptures, we mean that his person and work are the very centre and substance of God’s purposes in time and for eternity. By using this as our key interpretative principle, we are able to see how every part of Scripture contributes to the grand metanarrative and magnifies the glories of our Saviour.

Planting by Pastoring, A Vision for Starting a Healthy Church, Nathan Knight

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