A Christian humanist tradition of mentoring

Image

Photo by RDNE Stock project on Pexels.com

Christian humanist mentoring blends faith with human potential, emphasising spiritual growth through mentorship, focusing on applying Scripture to real life, developing character (virtues like wisdom, compassion), seeing God in human experience, and fostering holistic growth (mind, heart, service) to become fully Christ-like. It uses models like Jesus’ discipleship to build up individuals to glorify God and serve others, not just for personal piety but for public good.

Mentors strive to embody Christ’s character, becoming positive examples (not perfect people). The process is often initiated and sustained through prayer for the mentee and the relationship. Mentoring isn’t just for church; it’s about transforming all aspects of life and society through godly individuals.

In essence, Christian humanist mentoring is about partnering with God to help someone become the unique, faithful, and impactful person He created them to be, using wisdom, relationship, and biblical truth.

The authors of the book “Mentoring, Biblical, Theological, and Practical Perspectives” (Edited by Dean K. Thompson and D. Cameron Murchisonare) looked at mentoring in part by a Christian humanist tradition with roots in John Calvin, a Protestant who linked true knowledge of self with knowledge of God and who also regarded the arts and sciences as God’s good gifts.

The activity they call mentoring (or else something very much like it) has been critical for liberal arts education as well as for theological education. Certainly, it can be connected with instruction in various subject matters and practices, but it primarily has to do with existential self-knowledge and with a broader context of commitments. It concerns the building of character and sensibility and the cultivating of human imagination for the sake of a deeper life and a wider community, more so than technical training in a given subject or solely for individual or commercial success.

From this perspective, much contemporary usage seems reductive. Sharon Daloz Parks, the commentator on faith development, business ethics, and leadership, made an observation nearly thirty years ago that still rings true today:

“We are haunted by the awareness that we are vulnerable to mirroring instead of mentoring our society at this time in our culture’s history.”

Image

Photo by cottonbro studio on Pexels.com

“Mirroring” simply reflects the dominant norms and values of our society without thinking critically about their origin or their impact upon individuals, institutions, society, and culture. The hypnotic force of the commercial market in the contemporary United States encourages us to use the terms mentor and mentoring in ways that become synonymous with coaching or training for successful careers and building one’s own personal success and wealth, often at the expense of a larger community.

Image

Photo by Ann H on Pexels.com

A utilitarian commercial mentality comes to the fore that risks losing the integrity of life by abstracting one, comparatively self-serving goal, purpose, or task from the welter of interdependent relationships and responsibilities in which we live and move.

Within the theological frame of reference that we favour, a more appropriate view of mentoring will build on the earlier and more classical picture. Mentoring names a deeply personal and broadly educational relationship that often takes place at a critical and formative time in the life of the mentee. Perhaps this will be a time that is also especially significant with reference to an important life-defining role, skill, or activity. Thus, mentoring may be intertwined with preparation for a specific profession, such as medicine, teaching, or ministry, or a with specific activity, such as managing an office or playing soccer, but it just as easily may have to do with a more general preparation for other aspects of life.

.

+

Preceding

  1. A long tradition of mentoring in the spiritual life
  2. Framework and vehicle for Christian Scholasticism and loss of confidence
  3. Confucian perspectives on mentoring
  4. Team Learning and Personal Accountability
  5. The Pastor Theologian
  6. Public Communication
  7. Closeness and distance of mentors

 

++

Additional reading

Confucian perspectives on mentoring

Image

Photo by nappy on Pexels.com

In East Asia, the Confucian tradition has influenced teaching, learning, and mentoring for millennia. It was traditionally believed that Confucius *1 had three thousand students, and he was a mentor to seventy-two disciples who belonged to his inner circle. Confucius’s disciples and followers later compiled the Analects*2 to preserve the teachings of the master, a book that has played a foundational role in understanding the Confucian tradition.

 The Analects is a record of conversation between Confucius and his disciples within the context of a mentoring relationship. In the Confucius tradition, mentoring involves the development of the whole person: intellectual capacity, moral formation, interpersonal and communal relationships, and contribution to society. One does not exist as an autonomous individual, but exists in a network of relationships, extending from the family and the nation to the whole universe. A central focus of the Confucian tradition is self-cultivation (xiushen)*3, which means a self-reflective understanding of the self. Through the process of self-cultivation, a person develops his or her moral virtues and character and harmonises his or her network of relationships. The key virtues of being a human are benevolence (ren), righteousness (yi), ritual propriety (li), and wisdom (zhi).

The Analects is in the form of conversation and dialogue. Confucius’s teaching was not didactic, but conversational in style, and he used many concrete examples. When he described his teaching, he used the word hui, which means “by way of imparting light” or “throwing light.” The term xun, which refers to teaching “by means of giving a lesson or a lecture,” does not appear in the Analects. It is possible that Confucius was not disposed toward making long lectures or speaking in front of an audience. Instead, his students would bring questions and problems to the master, but sometimes Confucius initiated questions.

Within a mentoring relationship, Confucius would encourage active discussion of ethics in practice*4, with participants offering opinions and receiving correction or encouragement. Confucius paid attention to the individual disciples, and his answers were tailored to their needs. A group of researchers said,

“Taking both the knowledge level and personality traits of individual students into account, [Confucius] would often give different responses to the same question, or advise contrary courses of action for the same problem posed.”

 Thus, Confucius practised individualised teaching and customised curriculum long before our time, as he mentored according to the disciples’ potential.

The Confucian tradition emphasises teaching and mentoring by example. In The Courage to Teach, Parker Palmer argues that it is the inner life and the integrity of the teacher, rather than teaching techniques or skills, that make teaching effective. Confucian scholars would agree completely.

 

Mentoring, Biblical, Theological, and Practical Perspectives, Edited by Dean K. Thompson and D. Cameron Murchison

 

*1

Image

Depiction of Confucius by Wu Daozi, 8th century CE

Confucius or Kǒngzǐ (born 551, Qufu or Kong Qiu, state of Lu [now in Shandong province, China]—died 479 bce, Lu) was China’s most famous teacher, philosopher, and political theorist, of the Spring and Autumn period, who is traditionally considered the paragon of Chinese sages. His ideas have profoundly influenced the civilisations of China and other East Asian countries.

*2

The Lunyu (Analects), the most-revered sacred scripture in the Confucian tradition, was probably compiled by the succeeding generations of Confucius’s disciples. Based primarily on the Master’s sayings, preserved in both oral and written transmissions, it captures the Confucian spirit in form and content in the same way that the Platonic dialogues embody Socratic pedagogy.

*3

Xiushen > xiu “embellish, decorate; repair, overhaul; study, cultivate; build, construct; trim, prune; write, compile” + zhen “true; real; genuine” or (Daoist) “original, unspoiled character of a person; ultimate reality; a xian transcendent”.

*4

Confucius encouraged active ethical discussion by posing probing questions, using dialogues in his teaching (Analects), modeling virtuous conduct (ren, li), and linking moral practice to specific social roles. All to cultivate self-cultivation (xue) and restore societal harmony through reflection, debate, and sincere internal states rather than just abstract theory.
Confucius frequently used questions (rhetorical, ironic, probing) in the Analects, prompting students to articulate, debate, and construct knowledge, balancing deference with critical thought. He held discussions and debates, even if sometimes limited by reverence for his own views, to explore ethical problems and build understanding collaboratively.
Tao

Taoism

The Chinese master teacher stressed that a ruler’s (or teacher’s) personal moral example (virtue/de) was more transformative than mere command, encouraging others to emulate goodness. He taught ethics through the framework of the Five Cardinal Relationships (father/son, ruler/minister, etc.), requiring individuals to understand their specific roles and duties (li/propriety). His learning (“xue“) which is far more profound than mere book knowledge, wasn’t just abstract; it was a practical path to moral virtue, requiring active effort and self-cultivation, linking words with deeds. Learning is the essential method to become a junzi (exemplary person) and achieve moral excellence. It includes studying the classics (Odes, Rites, Changes), understanding the Dao or Tao, (pinyin / Jyutping), the fundamental concept of Chinese philosophy, and acquiring practical cultural knowledge (like xue wen, learning culture). Xue is how one approaches and embodies the Dao (the fundamental principle of the universe and human life). It extends to “arts of life,” aesthetic appreciation, and creative participation in nature, making it an “ecological humanism”. In essence, xue is the transformative journey of a person developing their full moral and human potential, guided by ancient wisdom and applied to daily life, as seen in texts like the Great Learning (Da Xue)
Confucius believed that he was restoring the dao of the ancient sage-kings. Mencius (flourished 4th century bce) was subsequently considered the orthodox interpreter of Confucius’s dao.

*5

The Mosaic religious system was neither the product of cold intellect like the Greek religious philosophy, nor an ardent emotional evolution like Brahmanism or Buddhism; nor was it the result of over-subtle cogitation like the teachings of Confucius and Zoroaster. It consisted of the imperative commands of an Omnipotent Will speaking in mandatory accents. The religions of intellect addressed their followers in the subjunctive; emotional religions in the optative; Mosaism, a Will or Law-religion, admonished its believers in terse, unconditional imperatives.

The philosophy emphasising social harmony, order, and filial piety, Confucianism, relates to modern concepts like “Mosaic Familialism” in China, where intense family reliance (like mosaic pieces) becomes a social safety net due to weak state support, echoing Confucian interdependence but under new economic pressures. There’s no direct link between the genetic condition and Confucian philosophy, but the term “mosaic” is used metaphorically to describe complex family dynamics shaped by Confucian ideals in contemporary times.

Mosaicism cannot be confused with Mosaism when it comes to following the Will of God. At Mosaism, it is trying to fulfil God’s Will is paramount. Foremost, it is a believer’s task to follow the commandments of the Divine Creator, Elohim Hashem Jehovah.

In Mosaism there is also a belief in a natural order how and why the Bore or Divine Creator constructed human beings and had a plan for them. According to the plan of God individuals have to fulfil roles within family and society and have to find and follow the path of God.

In order to avoid breaking discussions and schism or tearing, it is important that there is proper monitoring and that the leadership of a community gives very clear Biblical guidelines that should steer the community in the right direction.

+

Preceding

  1. Being Religious and Spiritual 1 Immateriality and Spiritual experience
  2. Framework and vehicle for Christian Scholasticism and loss of confidence
  3. The Immeasurable Grace bestowed on humanity
  4. Team Learning and Personal Accountability
  5. The Pastor Theologian
  6. Public Communication
  7. Closeness and distance of mentors
  8. Why God permits evil

 

++

Additional reading

  1. Inspired Word
  2. A Book to trust #27 Also words from ordinary and foolish men
  3. Faith, storms and actions to be taken
  4. Avoiding friction and distraction in the body of Christ
  5. The Realm of profession in Christianity
  6. What is happening in America to religion and to the language of faith
  7. As near to God as you want Him to be

Fundamenten van het Geloof 21. De duivel in het Nieuwe Testament (1)

In de vorige artikelen over het fundament van het geloof hebben de figuur Satan toegelicht.

We zagen dat het Hebreeuwse woord of groep van woorden, dat op vele plaatsen in Bijbelvertalingen vertaald is als de naam Satan, eigenlijk een Bijbelse aanduiding is voor elke tegenstander van de hemelse Vader, Jehovah God. Omdat de taal van het Nieuwe Testament een weerklank is van die van het Oude Testament, keken we daarom aan de hand daarvan die betekenis van ‘de satan’ naar het gebruik in het Nieuwe Testament.

De duivel in het Nieuwe Testament (1)

De betekenis van woorden

Na alles rond satan te hebben onderzocht, vraagt het begrip duivel onze aandacht. Zoals we al zagen, kent het Aramees/Hebreeuws dit begrip niet. Het komt dan ook niet voor in de geschriften van het Oude Testament.

Toen veel Joden in de Grieks sprekende wereld woonden, werden verschillende Griekse vertalingen gemaakt van de Schriften. De ons meest bekende is de Septuaginta, waarin het woord satan slechts één maal onvertaald werd gelaten (1 Koningen 11:14).

In de meeste andere gevallen werd het vertaald met diabolos. In het (klassieke) Grieks is het soms een wat sterker woord dan satan; maar als we de Oudtestamentische betekenis in gedachten houden, is het geschikt als equivalent. Ook de schrijvers van de Nieuwtestamentische geschriften dachten er kennelijk zo over, want de meeste van hen (Matteüs, Marcus, Lucas, Johannes, Paulus en Jacobus) gebruiken de begrippen door elkaar. Petrus, Judas en de schrijver van de Hebreeënbrief bezigen alleen diabolos.

Ons probleem is dat wij de oorspronkelijke woorden meestal niet kennen, laat staan hun inhoud en betekenis. Soms heeft een woord in de loop der tijd een zodanig andere inhoud gekregen, en kan zelfs zo beladen geworden zijn, dat we beter het oorspronkelijke woord zouden kunnen gebruiken, om duidelijker voor ogen te hebben waar het om gaat. Dat heeft men al gedaan met satan, en zou ook beter zijn wat betreft daimōn/demonen, en misschien ook wel diabolos. Dan kunnen we uitgaan van wat er staat, en voorkomen we te lezen wat wij erin menen te zien of willen zien. Wij geven nogmaals de betekenis van diabolos en verwante woorden, zoals gebruikt in de Septuaginta:

Image
Verschillen in vertalingen

Bij ons onderzoek naar het begrip duivel stuiten we al direct op een moeilijkheid. Want als we uit zouden gaan van de Statenvertaling, vraagt dit de bestudering van veel meer passages dan wanneer we de NBG’51 of NBV 2004 vertalingen gebruiken. Het gaat hierbij om het begrip daimōn of daimonion. In de Septuaginta is dit de vertaling van twee verschillende woorden in het Hebreeuws, die betrekking hebben op dieren en afgoden. In de Statenvertaling wordt dit woord onbegrijpelijkerwijs een aantal malen vertaald met duivel(en).
De NBG’51 en de NBV 2004 doen dit echter terecht niet. Wat het Nieuwe Testament betreft wordt in de SV consequent het begrip duivel gebruikt voor diamon(ion) en de aanverwante woorden daimoniodes en daimonizomai (op Handelingen 17:18 na, waar ‘goden’ wordt gebruikt). Wat duivel ook moge betekenen, als vertaling voor de hier genoemde woorden is het niet juist. De NBV 2004 bezigt in bijna alle gevallen de vrijwel onvertaalde term demon(en) en in een aantal gevallen bezeten(e). Bezeten(e) met wat in de NBG’51 ‘boze geest(en)’ wordt/worden genoemd. Toch komen we ook in de NBG’51 twee maal duivelen tegen, en wel in Openbaring 16:14 en 18:2, waar het toch echt gaat om demonen, wat dit ook mogen zijn, en niet om diabolos. Een voorbeeld dat vertalers niet altijd letterlijk (neutraal) vertalen, maar ook interpreteren – met het gevaar van het inleggen van eigen opvattingen.

Diabolos in de brieven van Paulus aan Timoteüs en Titus

Vanaf nu beperken we ons tot het enige Griekse woord in het Nieuwe Testament, dat zou kunnen worden weergegeven met duivel: diabolos. Het eerste dat opvalt bij het opzoeken van alle passages waarin diabolos voorkomt, is dat zowel de Statenvertaling, de NBG’51 en De NBV 2004 op drie plaatsen afwijken van het gebruik van duivel. We vinden ze in 1 Timoteüs 3:11, 2 Timoteüs 3:3 en Titus 2:3, waar gesproken wordt van lasteren, kwaadspreken. De vertalers konden daar niet onderuit, omdat Paulus duidelijk spreekt over mensen, vrouwen – en hoewel het consequent zou zijn, kun je vanuit de heersende opvatting over wie de duivel is of wat duivelen zijn, hen moeilijk duivels noemen.
Maar als we die opvatting loslaten, past het woord duivel heel goed bij hen!

Laten we consequent zijn en kijken of het woord op andere plaatsen dezelfde inhoud en betekenis kan hebben. Als we in hoofdstuk 3 van deze eerste brief aan Timoteüs blijven, zien we dat daar in de verzen 6 en 7 ook het woord duivel voorkomt. De eerste vraag is: ‘waarom zou Paulus in vers 11 een vrouw bedoelen en in de verzen 6 en 7 een bovennatuurlijk wezen?’. De tweede vraag is: ‘waarom niet eerst kijken naar wat het meest voor de hand ligt, namelijk of het om hetzelfde gaat?’. De derde vraag is: ‘waar gaat het Paulus om; wat heeft hij voor ogen?’. In vers 7 zegt Paulus dat hij niet wil dat een dienaar van God in opspraak komt. Anders gezegd: een dienaar van God mag niets doen dat mensen buiten de gemeente aanleiding tot kwaadsprekerij en laster geeft over een gelovige of gemeente. Petrus schrijft over het gevaar van verkeerd gedrag van leden van de gemeente:

“zodat door hun schuld de weg van de waarheid gelasterd zal worden” (2 Pet 2:2).

Het gaat bij wat Paulus schrijft aan Timoteüs en in deze brief van Petrus dus om dezelfde gedachte: in het ene geval vrouwen in de gemeente die kwaadspreken over anderen, in het andere mensen buiten de gemeente die kwaadspreken over (leden van) de gemeente.
En als het in twee verzen in dezelfde passage gaat over mensen, is het dan redelijk te stellen dat de duivel vers 6 een kwade bovennatuurlijke macht is?

De werkwoordsvorm peirazo van het Griekse woord peirasmos, heeft de betekenis van testen, beproeven, proberen. Beide worden in de Bijbel gebruikt voor het op de proef stellen van gelovigen. Het ligt aan de bedoeling van de beproever hoe we dat moeten opvatten. Bij goede bedoelingen is het op de proef stellen, om vast te stellen of de ander bruikbaar is en om hem of haar te verbeteren. Dit is hoe God werkt. Hij heeft een positief, levenbrengend doel voor ogen.

Jacobus zegt nadrukkelijk dat God een mens niet verzoekt (Jac 1:13); en de schrijver van de Hebreeënbrief toont mensen die vasthielden aan hun geloof, toen zij op de proef werden gesteld (11:37). Bij kwade bedoelingen is het verzoeking, in de hoop dat de ander zwicht voor de verleiding. Dan is het negatief, dodelijk bedoeld. Toen koning Balak van Moab aan Bileam vroeg hoe hij van de Israëlieten af kon komen

“leerde hij hem de kinderen van Israël een strik te spannen, dat zij afgodenoffers zouden eten en hoereren” (Op 2:14).

Lucas stelt de komst van schriftgeleerden om Jezus te verzoeken voor als het spannen van een strik, met de bedoeling hem

“te vangen in iets, dat hij zich zou laten ontvallen” (Luc 11:53),

zodat zij hem konden aanklagen. Datzelfde beeld gebruikt Paulus in 1 Timoteüs 3:7

“opdat hij niet in opspraak komt en in een strik van de duivel valt”.

Ook in 2 Timoteüs 2:26 vinden we dit terug. Wat Paulus hier zegt, is het best te begrijpen vanuit wat Petrus schrijft in zijn tweede brief. Hij zegt dat er mensen zijn die gelovigen – “die zich ternauwernood aan degenen die in dwaling verkeren, ontrekken” (2:18) – verleiden tot zonde. Wie toegeeft, zegt hij, is er daarna erger aan toe dan voordat hij of zij tot geloof kwam:

“Wanneer men immers door de kennis van Jezus Christus, onze heer en verlosser, de besmetting van de wereld is ontvlucht, maar er weer in verstrikt raakt en het onderspit delft, dan is voor zo iemand het laatste erger nog dan het eerste” (2:20 Petrus Canisius Vertaling).

De duivel waar Paulus over spreekt, moet evenals satan gelezen worden als de belasteraar, (valse) aanklager, de hater, de vijand. En dan valt alles op zijn plaats. In dat licht kan ook 1 Timoteüs 3:6 worden begrepen. Jezus viel in het oordeel of vonnis van ‘de duivel’ – de hem vijandig gezinde Joodse leiders – toen hij erkende dat hij de Christus was:

“Waarvoor hebben wij nog getuigen nodig? Zie, nu hebt u de godslastering gehoord. Wat dunkt u? Zij antwoordden en zeiden: Hij is de dood schuldig” (Mat 26:65,66).

Zij hadden hem een strik gezet, en in hun ogen hadden zij hem daar nu in gevangen.

Diabolos in andere brieven

Nu zijn andere uitspraken over ‘de duivel’ niet moeilijk meer te begrijpen. Paulus waarschuwt:

“geef de duivel geen voet” (Efez 4:27).

Dat wil zeggen: Doe en zeg niets dat onze vijanden aanleiding geeft tot laster, smaad of een aanklacht.
En zijn woorden

“Doe de wapenrusting van God aan, om te kunnen standhouden tegen de verleidingen van de duivel” (6:11),

passen bij het oppassen voor de ‘strik van de duivel’ waar Paulus en Petrus over schrijven. Daarbij kunnen we de oproep van Jacobus voegen:

“biedt weerstand aan de duivel, en hij zal van u vlieden” (4:7).

Daar hebben we die ‘wapenrusting’ voor nodig; en wie die gebruikt is zeker van de overwinning. Dit is een weerklank van wat God zei tegen Kaïn, toen hij met moordplannen rondliep:

“indien u niet goed handelt, ligt de zonde als een belager aan de deur, wiens begeerte naar u uitgaat, maar waarover u moet heersen” (Gen 4:7).

Bij hem ging het om zijn eigen vijandige gedachten (vanuit jaloerse haat) tegen Abel, waardoor hij zich liet verleiden zijn broer te doden. Dus zijn ’ik’, geen vijand van buitenaf, en zeker geen machtige bovennatuurlijke. Want hoe had hij daarover kunnen ‘heersen’?

Voor de gelovigen nu zijn er vaak wel verleidingen van buitenaf: mensen die ons willen laten meedoen met wat gewoon is in de wereld, of ons ‘chanteren’ door te dreigen iets te doen dat voor ons onaangenaam is, als wij Christus willen navolgen en trouw willen zijn aan het woord van de apostelen. Dat is hoe God ons test: kiezen wij voor Hem, of voor een ‘probleemloos’ bestaan nu.

Ook Petrus schrijft de gelovigen dat zij de vijand weerstand moeten bieden:

“Uw tegenpartij, de duivel, gaat rond als een brullende leeuw, zoekende wie hij zal verslinden. Weerstaat hem, vast in het geloof, wetende dat aan uw broederschap in de wereld hetzelfde lijden wordt toegemeten” (1 Pet 5:8).

Maar hier gaat het om iets levensbedreigends: vervolging. Hij noemt ‘de tegenpartij’ niet bij name, maar het is duidelijk wie hij bedoelt: de Joden, Herodes, en de Romeinse overheid (zie Hand 4:27). De vijand zoekt de zwakke plekken (‘wie hij kan verslinden’). ‘Weerstaan’ betekent niet ‘met geweld ertegen verzetten’, maar niet toegeven aan hun eisen. Want wie aan vervolging ontkomt door te doen wat de aardse vijand vraagt, wordt een vijand van Christus. De Joodse Raad eiste van de apostelen dat zij zouden ophouden met te spreken over Christus Jezus; maar zij zeiden:

“Beslist zelf, of het recht is voor God, meer aan u dan aan God gehoor te geven”.

Zij dreigden hen, maar lieten hen vrij, omdat zij

“geen vorm konden vinden om hen te straffen” (Hand 4:18-21).

Korte tijd later werden zij gegeseld, omdat zij niet zwegen (Hand 5:40). Jezus zegt tegen gelovigen in Smyrna:

“Zie, de duivel zal sommigen van u in de gevangenis werpen, opdat u verzocht wordt … Wees getrouw tot de dood en ik zal u geven de levenskroon” (Op 2:10).

Het is dus zaak stevig in de schoenen te staan, en vol overtuigd te zijn van de waarheid, zodat we de proef doorstaan.

J.K.D.

+

Voorgaande

  1. Fundamenten van het Geloof 17 De satan in het Nieuwe Testament (1) Zonde als koning heersend in de dood
  2. Fundamenten van het Geloof 18 De satan in het Nieuwe Testament (2) Personificatie en boze geesten
  3. Fundamenten van het Geloof 19 De satan in het Nieuwe Testament (3) Een engel van het licht en vrijlating voor gevangenen
  4. Fundamenten van het Geloof 20 Fundamentele begrippen van het Kwaad

 

++

Aanvullend

  1. Taal van de Bijbel onder ogen zien
  2. Bereshith 3:1-5 De grote misleiding
  3. Rosj Hasjana om na te denken wat wij met de wondere schepping van God doen
  4. Eerste gedachte voor vandaag “De wereld is misschien slecht” (16 januari)
  5. God meester van goed en kwaad
  6. Duivel, Satan, Lucifer, Demon, Goed en Kwaad en God
  7. Begrippen satan en duivel in de Bijbel
  8. Zonde en rekenschap
  9. Zonde en rekenschap
  10. Lucifer
  11. Satan of Duivel
  12. De duivel kan de Schrift aanhalen voor zijn doel
  13. Wat betreft het “Getal van de duivel”
  14. Wie zijn de genoemde « zonen van God » in Genesis 6
  15. Voor het geval er gevallen engelen zouden zijn, waarom zouden ze dan niet vernietigd geworden zijn door de zondvloed
  16. Gevallen engelen en hun verblijf
  17. Hoe de Satan vandaag rond toert
  18. Satan het kwaad in ons
  19. Media geen werk van Satan, een duivelse engel
  20. Schapen en bokken 4 Addendum 2: Eeuwig branden in de hel
  21. Achtergrondverzen bij “Het Onze Vader” 7 Verzoeking
  22. Waarom is er zo veel kwaad in de wereld?
  23. Dominee Bekker verdreef Duitse duivels
  24. Op weg naar het eindstation

A long tradition of mentoring in the spiritual life

Image

Photo by Vibhavari Bellutagi on Pexels.com

The Long Tradition

Image

Photo by Mikhail Nilov on Pexels.com

Catholic mentoring in the spiritual life — before and after the Protestant Reformation — continued to take place almost entirely within the frame of religious vows, among men and women who, like ancient philosophers, chose to commit themselves to (what they regarded as) a higher and more difficult expression of Christian identity. Whether in Benedictine monasteries (male and female) and in the families of monks in the West that derived from the Benedictines (Cistercians, Trappists), or in male and female religious orders that sprang up in the Middle Ages and beyond — Dominicans, Franciscans, Carmelites, and many others — the basic pattern set by the monastic life continued.

Image

Teresa of Ávila (born Teresa Sánchez de Cepeda Dávila y Ahumada;[c] 28 March 1515 – 4 or 15 October 1582) a Carmelite nun and prominent Spanish mystic and religious reformer.

From one perspective, such religious life was remarkably stable and predictable, with monks and mendicants passing through stages of postulancy, novitiate, simple vows, and solemn vows while living out their obedience to the order’s rules and authority structure.
From another perspective, those driven by the desire for unity with God entered upon an arduous journey of the soul that required careful guidance. The role of the individual “spiritual director” was therefore a key element in the mentoring process.
Patriarchal arrangements obtained: male monks and mendicants often served as spiritual directors as well as confessors for women religious (as, in the sixteenth century, John of the Cross was for Teresa of Avila, even though he was a follower of her reform movement). Among the many classics of mysticism written over this long span of time, several of them are noteworthy for adopting a mentoring stance toward the reader, leading him or her along on the path of mystical ascent: the anonymous Cloud of Unknowing (late fourteenth century), Teresa of Avila’s Way of Perfection (late sixteenth century), and John of the Cross’s Ascent of Mount Carmel (late sixteenth century).

When the Council of Trent, seeking to reform the clergy who did not belong to religious orders, mandated the establishment of seminaries for the training of priests (session 23 in 1563), the model of spiritual formation in monasteries and religious orders was transposed to the preparation of diocesan clergy. Seminary life in many ways imitated the routine of monasteries. A formal position within Roman Catholic seminaries * was therefore that of spiritual director, whose responsibilities included conferences on the spiritual life. In addition to the official spiritual director, seminarians were encouraged to choose a personal director, who would serve both as confessor and as spiritual guide. Depending on the individual gifts of such directors, personal advice could range from the obtuse and purely formal to the personally engaging and psychologically discerning. Just as the monastery’s novice master was to “test spirits,” so in the Roman Catholic seminary, the spiritual director played a key role in helping the seminarian (and institution) to discern the authenticity of his vocation.

 

Mentoring, Biblical, Theological, and Practical Perspectives, Edited by Dean K. Thompson and D. Cameron Murchison

 

*

Image

Catholic clergy at the consecration of the Sacred Heart Cathedral, Sarajevo (1889).

In addition to its impact on Roman Catholic doctrine, the legislation of Trent also reformed the internal life and discipline of the church. Two of its most far-reaching provisions were the requirement that every diocese provide for the proper education of its future clergy in Catholic seminaries and the requirement that the clergy, and especially the bishops, give more attention to the task of preaching. Financial abuses were brought under control, and strict rules requiring the residency of bishops in their dioceses were established. The council also established specific prescriptions about the form of the mass and liturgical music.

A Constant struggle for communities of African descent

Image

Photo by Abduljaleel tijjani Muhammad on Pexels.com

A Constant Struggle

For communities of African descent there is no historical closure to our freedom movement but rather ongoing continuities. Over the last fifty years the struggle in the United States has dialectically waxed and waned and deepened and expanded. Challenges facing this resurgent freedom movement include Africa, the Diaspora and global communities, apartheid, gender justice, lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, intersectional and transgender people’s rights, the HIV/AIDS epidemic, mass incarceration, human trafficking, social stigma, bullying, misogyny, healthcare equity, reproductive freedoms, diverse religiosity, immigration, globalization, gun control, living wages, sustainable community, ecology, and so much more.

One of the core elements of mentoring Black boys and men for magnificence in the present generation, now more than ever, must be the care and respect for all persons and advocacy for all creation, human and nonhuman alike. Holistic, intergenerational, and multifaceted, our mentoring work has only just begun. In the prescient words of Black feminist and activist Angela Davis:

“Freedom is a constant struggle.”

There is a pervasive myth that the United States is comprised of a common citizenry living in a postracial, colour-blind, and inclusive society. It is a persistent myth, one that has especially gained traction since the administration of the first African American president, whose very election was heralded as proof positive that we live in a just and democratic society. In point of fact, the oppressive legacies of the past are far from ended, and they are never so easily dismissed.

Disparity and death, violence and abuse, stigma and structural unemployment, food deserts and unhealthy dietary options, educational malfeasance and urban disinvestment, the War on Drugs and the economics of mass incarceration, racial profiling and anti-immigration xenophobia, voter identification and vigilante justice — all function as contemporary forms of hegemonic social control grounded in but certainly not limited to the machinations of race.

Twenty-first-century life in the United States also seems favourable to those whose principal interpretation of the world is seen through a postmodern lens. Postmodernity is a term loosely associated with progressive social and political views arguably without a hegemonic worldview or empirical agenda.

A litany of prominent themes includes the shift from industrial to information-technology and service-sector economies; the ascendancy of market capitalist forces in India, Brazil, South Africa, and particularly China, and other so-called developing or developed countries; the reshaping of Western Europe and the United States by the children of the once colonised; old and new forms of domestic and global extremism; the decline of mainline Protestant Christian churches and the concomitant rise of “spiritual but not religious” (frequently interpreted as cultural beliefs rooted in religion) 

 

Mentoring, Biblical, Theological, and Practical Perspectives, Edited by Dean K. Thompson and D. Cameron Murchison

 

*

In Belgium we have to conclude that while the churches of the whites are emptying, the ‘African churches’ are filling up. The evangelical communities in particular, are far out of this and can attract many more people than the churches of the whites.

In our Beit Kneset and in the house churches of Anderlecht, Aalst and Verviers we have mostly all coloured churchgoers. Strangely enough, the white inhabitants of those municipalities do not seem to find our community.

It is striking that there is little or nothing to hear about those full churches in the media. However, they tacitly conquer the hearts of many African descendants.

Expanding the perimeters of feminist mentoring

Image

Photo by RDNE Stock project on Pexels.com

Expanding the Perimeters of Feminist Mentoring

Every now and then, at our faculty meetings at Austin Seminary, President Ted Wardlaw turns to a member of the faculty and asks:

“Dr. So-and-So, what is recruitment?”

And the person responds:

“Recruitment is everyone’s business.”

Every time this little ritual occurs, everyone present is reminded that the day is over when academic institutions can rely on a person or small team of persons to go out and spread the word about a school to prospective students who have a range of ministerial callings and very different educational backgrounds and who represent a variety of ages, ethnicities, races, genders, and economic classes. All of us are needed if the message is to get out that our doors are open wide.

There may have been a day when “feminist mentoring” was the work of one or two wise women privately advising up-and-coming women about how to sustain themselves and their work in largely patriarchal church and academic cultures. Such mentoring will always be invaluable, of course.

Cynthia L. Rigby

Mentoring, Biblical, Theological, and Practical Perspectives, Edited by Dean K. Thompson and D. Cameron Murchison

 

*

Church recruitment is part of the necessity to provide a leading figure for the Church, but also to provide for certain activities, such as Bible classes, study days, or to hear another voice preach during services.

Church recruitment involves attracting new members, volunteers, and staff by focusing on community engagement, shared faith, authentic connection, and providing opportunities for service and spiritual growth, using methods like personalised invitations, social media, interest groups, and strong relational outreach, while also strategically hiring for roles like pastors using ministerial exceptions.

Church recruitment also involves encouraging current members to invite friends and family personally and to make worship inviting, offering welcome kits, and creating diverse, culturally-friendly services.

We must be careful not to box our understanding of feminist mentoring that we leave the work of feminist mentoring to others. We must also be careful not to adopt a chauvinistic male attitude and exclude a woman from giving leadership or teaching anyway. Unfortunately, we have to conclude that in many countries there is an ‘extreme right wind’ blowing where it is felt that the woman should stay by the hearth (at home) and that she certainly cannot take charge.

We should not be blind to those who are more clearly qualified to do the work of monitoring, teaching and leadership. We must also remember that in the first century of Christianity, there were also courageous women who taught their slaves and masters biblically. Even now, women like those first-century ladies can take control and ensure that faith is further spread.

 

+

Preceding

  1. Paul’s relationship to a single member of one of his churches
  2. Closeness and distance of mentors

Closeness and distance of mentors

Image

Photo by ICSA on Pexels.com

Closeness and distance of mentors

Barth has been my mentor, and he has guided me along the way in life, but not in ways like the advice of a wise investment counsellor pointing out a good opportunity in Brazilian mining shares or a dance instructor trying to guide my leaden feet through the steps of a waltz. No, Barth’s mentorship has been more enchanted than mere advice and instruction, and like all good mentorship, our relationship has involved a blending of closeness and distance. For me, Barth has been at just the right distance to exert figurative influence. Who knows, if the space between us had been compressed, if, say, I had been a student in Basel and had actually taken a class from old Barth, I might have been disappointed and the force of his mentorship diminished. But Barth stands close enough to me to be known but far enough away to be a symbol of much that I desire to be as a minister, a thinking Christian, and a teacher. Laurent A. Daloz, in his fine book Mentor, argues that

“mentors are creations of our imaginations, designed to fill a psychic space somewhere between lover and parent. Not surprisingly they are suffused with magic.”2

So Barth has been for me a kind of magical presence. As John Updike’s fictional pastor Thomas Marshfield puts it in A Month of Sundays:

“I did not become a Barthian in blank recoil, but in positive love of Barth’s voice, his wholly masculine, wholly informed, wholly unfrightened prose. In his prose thorns become edible, as for the giraffe. In Barth I heard, at the age of eighteen, the voice my father should have had.”

There have been, of course, other mentors along the way: among them a high school history teacher who somehow thought I had a brain worth challenging, a pastor in my South Carolina college town who stood tall in his preaching for civil rights in the 1960s at great personal expense, a ruggedly honest supervisor in a Clinical Pastoral Education program who told me truths about myself that cause me to shiver still. Each of these was close enough to exert influence in my life and yet distant enough from me in age, experience, and status to assume symbolic significance. As such, each of them in their own ways shone a light for me on an as-yet-untraveled path, opened up for me experience and wisdom I had not yet acquired, and modelled brave ways I had not yet imagined of navigating life and being human.

Heaven knows, we all need mentors, especially in a time when the public markers along the narrow way of wisdom have faded and it seems that our society has a clearer picture of what constitutes the good life than what makes for a good life. Sometimes we think of mentors as guides we need mostly in our youth, but every phase of life has its unexplored territory and, thus, the need for someone to take us by the hand through the darkness.

Mentoring, Biblical, Theological, and Practical Perspectives, Edited by Dean K. Thompson and D. Cameron Murchison

 

+

Preceding

Paul’s relationship to a single member of one of his churches

Paul’s relationship to a single member of one of his churches

Image

Photo by nappy on Pexels.com

Mentoring

A Case Study: Philemon

In the Letter to Philemon we have a unique instance of Paul’s relationship to a single member of one of his churches, Philemon. As we see how Paul deals with Philemon, we get a sense of what kind of wisdom we might find for mentoring from his example.

Philemon is a brief letter with a clear purpose, but some of the details of the story behind the letter are still somewhat unclear. Paul is in prison and has there met Onesimus. Onesimus is a slave who has run away from his owner, Philemon. Philemon is a member of one of the churches Paul has founded, probably in Colossae. He is clearly a leader of the church that meets in his house.

It is clear that Paul wants Philemon to welcome Onesimus back as a Christian brother, forgiving him for any perceived wrong. It is not clear whether Paul implicitly believes that Philemon should recognise his brotherhood with Onesimus by setting him free, or whether Paul asks only that he treat Onesimus with mercy and generosity.

In any case, we can see in the following features of the short letter some of the strategies Paul uses to try to persuade Philemon to open his heart to his departed slave.

First, and this may be more a matter of clever strategy than mentoring on Paul’s part, Paul addresses the letter not only to Philemon but also to Apphia, probably Philemon’s wife, and to Archippus, a friend, and then of course to the whole church.

Second, Paul addresses Philemon as “friend and co-worker,” acknowledging the kind of partnership that trusts Philemon but also entrusts him to Paul’s guidance.

As with all of Paul’s letters, except to the Galatians, Paul begins with a prayer of thanksgiving. The prayer mentions Paul’s close ties to Philemon, but more than that, the prayer is a manifestation of those close ties. Philemon is one for whom Paul prays.

The reasons for Paul’s gratitude point toward the request that he will make:

“I pray that the sharing of your faith may become effective when you perceive all of the good that we may do for Christ.

I have indeed received much joy and encouragement from your love, because the hearts of the saints have been refreshed through you my brother” (Philem. 6–7).

The New Revised Standard Version phrase the sharing of your faith translates the Greek word koinonia that we saw in Philippians 1.

Paul and Timotheus, servants of Jesus Christ, to all the holy in Christ Jesus at Philippi, with the overseers and servants:

2 Grace to you, and peace, from God our Father, and the Lord Jesus Christ.

5 For your mutual participation in the good news from the first day until now;

6 Confident of this same, that he having begun a good work in you will complete till the day of Jesus Christ:

7 As it is just for me to think this concerning you all, for my having you in the heart; both in my bonds, and in the justification and confirmation of the good news, ye all being partakers of grace with me.

9 And this I pray, that your love may abound yet more and more in knowledge and all intelligence;

10 For you to try things differing; that ye may be pure and not stumbling to the day of Christ;

11 Filled with the fruits of justice, by Jesus Christ, to the glory and praise of God.

14 And many of the brethren in the Lord, having trusted to my bonds, more abundantly dared to speak the word fearlessly.

15 And some truly by envy and strife, and some also by kindness of disposition, proclaim Christ.

16 Some truly of hired labor announce Christ, not purely, thinking to bring pressure upon my bonds:

17 And some of love, knowing that I am placed for justification of the good news:

(Philippians 1)

This sharing, this fellowship, this partnership includes fellowship with Christ, with Paul, with the community of Philemon’s church. Paul will soon reveal that Onesimus is now also a believer, joined in that fellowship. Surely this partner who has refreshed the hearts of the saints will also refresh the heart of his returning slave.

 

Mentoring, Biblical, Theological, and Practical Perspectives, Edited by Dean K. Thompson and D. Cameron Murchison

 

*

In the letters of the New Testament we can find several examples of mentoring of providing guidance and support to someone.

Mentoring and mentorship is an important part of the formation of an ecclesia and religious community. Not only can it make new churchgoers quickly feel at home in their new environment, but they will also be able to adapt more easily to their seemingly strange beliefs.

It is up to the leaders of the Church, elders, and preachers to receive and guide people regarding the Word of God. They must endeavour to provide insight into God’s Word and guide the newbies to come to faith according to Jesus Christ.
Sharing faith is crucial for spiritual growth, community building, and fulfilling a divine calling, as it deepens one’s own understanding, offers hope and transformation to others, strengthens believers during trials, and spreads love, purpose, and eternal life, bringing a piece of heaven to earth and fostering deeper connections. It’s not just about giving, but also about receiving wisdom, seeing God’s work, and encouraging others in their spiritual journeys, while purifying one’s own soul from materialism.

The mentor should help his student grow in the faith. He has to plant seeds for a deeper relationship with God, leading to eternal life, joy, and peace. Providing wisdom and direction, the mentor can help people become their best selves. He himself can also force himself to examine and solidify his own beliefs and why he holds them.

Faith-sharing builds courage and motivates action, even when there are difficulties to encounter. Sharing struggles and joys builds irreplaceable closeness and unity.

Whether on the street, in public transport, a school, a house, house church, small or larger church, every place is enough to be a space where one can share faith. One should only dare to speak about it. And that is the commission that Jesus Christ gave his followers.

 

+

Preceding

  1. Every Believer Must Do Good Works and Proclaim the Gospel
  2. Being in tune with God
  3. Public Communication
  4. Public forums
  5. Team Learning and Personal Accountability

 

++

Additional reading

  1. Are you religious, spiritual, or do you belong to a religion, having a faith or interfaith
  2. Words to push and pull
  3. Need to inspire others
  4. Being in isolation #3 Gathering and Sharing
  5. Being in isolation #4 Man’s greediness, slackness, internet, friends and social contacts
  6. Ability (part 5) Thought about the abilities to be under God’s Spirit
  7. Ability (part 7) Thought about the ability to grow as a member of the Body of Christ
  8. Not withholding the Good News
  9. On the way to the altar of the world
  10. Priest, scribes and others with authority
  11. Preachers should know and continue the task Jesus has given his followers
  12. Christoph Heilig on “What makes a good Biblical Scholar or Theologian?”
  13. a Path to explore more
  14. The Realm of profession in Christianity
  15. Different approach in organisation of services #3
  16. The gift of joy
  17. Today’s thought “A blessing and a curse” (April 25)
  18. Meeting in a house
  19. Monday September 1: Looking forward to a church revival
  20. As a small church needing encouragement

Public forums

Image

Photo by Henri Mathieu-Saint-Laurent on Pexels.com

Communication is never one directional. While it is important to keep the congregation informed about decisions, it is equally important to solicit their feedback. In one church I served, we closed the monthly business meetings sessions with a public comments time. During this agenda item, any member of the church could give a public commendation or air a complaint. I suspect some readers are asking right now, “You did what?” Yes, we gave a time for any appropriate public comments. It never turned ugly.

A few years ago, I served Valencia Hills Community Church, a church going through a difficult time, as their transitional pastor. Their average attendance had plummeted from over a thousand to fewer than four hundred in a period of two years, including many of their staff members and founding pastor. I came in on a six-month contract to help them navigate through this season of high anxiety and uncertainty. One of the things we did in the opening months was open up feedback lines. We hosted several town-hall meetings where I listened to the concerns, hopes, and dreams of the people. Staff members took notes and I circulated a

“Did I hear you right?” questionnaire

during the weekend services where participants could provide a 1–5 scale on the questionnaire statements to enhance the feedback loop.

At first, some on the leadership team asked me not to have the meetings, thinking they could become volatile. However, I felt transparency was especially important because of the anxious environment. Please note: I did not listen and ignore what I heard. I listened, made sure I was hearing them correctly, and then considered their feedback as I led the church through the anxiety back to focusing on their mission.

Disagreement was okay. People did not have to agree with me and I did not have to agree with them. What was important was that we communicated in a respectful way and worked out a strategy for the future.

 

Pastoral Ministry in the Real World: Loving, Teaching, and Leading God’s People, © 2015 by Jim L. Wilson

*

Communication is essential because it’s how we connect, share, understand, and influence others, forming the foundation for all relationships, learning, problem-solving, and career success by building trust, resolving conflicts, expressing needs, and fostering collaboration in personal, academic, and professional life. Without it, we become isolated; with it, we grow, build communities, and navigate the complexities of daily existence.

Public comments are crucial for citizen input on government rules, providing direct influence, transparency, and data for agencies to understand public concerns, needs, and potential impacts before laws are finalised, while also serving researchers as rich data for analysing public opinion and participation. For a church, it is also a good asset to come to know what people want and if they agree with how the matters are going. They help spot unintended consequences, foster deliberation, and ensure more inclusive policymaking.

For a church community, it is very important to keep the members alive, that enough work is done to communicate frequently and not just without the members making decisions beyond the heads of the believing congregation.

Real-world experiences, research, and community impacts have to be provided. A forum makes it possible for the local members of the ecclesia to advocate for action, but also to register complaints, if necessary, or learn how to get more involved in local aid of the community.

What strikes us when forums are held about the church, that many people have wrong ideas about certain denominations. Unknown is unloved.
If we explain more about the history and development of the church during a forum, plus explain why there are certain churches that distance themselves from the larger standard churches, it becomes clearer to several people what those churches stand for and why.
In this way, a lot of opposition to certain churches can often be removed.

It is always very important that discussions and exchanges of views are held in a respectful manner. Only in this way can satisfactory progress be made.

+

Preceding

  1. Public Communication
  2. Philosophy hand in hand with spirituality
  3. Science, belief, denial and visibility 1
  4. Being Religious and Spiritual 5 Gnostic influences
  5. Being Religious and Spiritual 8 Spiritual, Mystic and not or well religious
  6. Framework and vehicle for Christian Scholasticism and loss of confidence
  7. Team Learning and Personal Accountability
  8. The Pastor Theologian
  9. Counterfeit Gospels

 

++

Additional reading

  1. Meeting – Vergadering
  2. Parish, local church community – Parochie, plaatselijke kerkgemeenschap
  3. Church indeed critical in faith development
  4. The Ecclesia in the churchsystem
  5. Being Christian in Western Europe at the beginning of the 21st century #1
  6. What does it mean to belong to a church community
  7. Manifests for believers #5 Christian Union
  8. Illuminating our minds and watching out
  9. Personal thoughts, communication, establishing ecclesia and guest writings
  10. Expectations for obtaining certain positions in the church community
  11. Preaching as Public Speaking
  12. What part of the Body am I?
  13. United people under Christ
  14. A deconstruction journey
  15. Planting and watering in Belgium
  16. Thought for today “Being our brother’s keeper” (December 10)
  17. To find ways of Godly understanding
  18. Two synods and life in the church community
  19. 72 Synod Fathers on the topic “The vocation and mission of the family in the Church and the contemporary world”
  20. Main churches losing population share
  21. Unhappy people in empty churches
  22. Not everyone in the churches of Christ are “ungodly”
  23. As a small church needing encouragement
  24. Being religious has benefits even in this life
  25. Offering words of hope
  26. Small churches of the few Christadelphians
  27. Hypersensitive is the word that best describes me