{"id":1008873,"date":"2024-12-27T11:06:39","date_gmt":"2024-12-27T03:06:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/ask\/ask-ask\/1008873.html"},"modified":"2024-12-27T11:06:42","modified_gmt":"2024-12-27T03:06:42","slug":"python%e5%a6%82%e4%bd%95%e7%94%a8self%e8%b5%8b%e5%80%bc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/ask\/1008873.html","title":{"rendered":"Python\u5982\u4f55\u7528self\u8d4b\u503c"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Python\u5982\u4f55\u7528self\u8d4b\u503c\"<\/p>\n

\u5728Python\u4e2d\uff0cself<\/code>\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u7c7b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u5f15\u7528\u7c7b\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u81ea\u8eab\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u6b8a\u53c2\u6570<\/strong>\u3001\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528self<\/code>\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u7c7b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u8bbf\u95ee\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u6cd5<\/strong>\u3001self<\/code>\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u7c7b\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u5171\u4eab\u6570\u636e<\/strong>\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0cself<\/code>\u7684\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7528\u6cd5\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u548c\u8d4b\u503c\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u5728\u7c7b\u7684\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570__init__<\/code>\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528self<\/code>\u6765\u8d4b\u503c\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7c7b\u5b9e\u4f8b\u90fd\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u96c6\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u5176\u4ed6\u5b9e\u4f8b\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\u8be6\u7ec6\u63cf\u8ff0\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\u5728Python\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b9a\u4e49\u7c7b\u65f6\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u9700\u8981\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f8b\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c5e\u6027\u7531\u7c7b\u7684\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570__init__<\/code>\u6765\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u3002self<\/code>\u53c2\u6570\u662f__init__<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u5b83\u7528\u4e8e\u5f15\u7528\u5f53\u524d\u5b9e\u4f8b\u3002\u901a\u8fc7self<\/code>\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u4f20\u5165\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u8d4b\u503c\u7ed9\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5728\u7c7b\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728__init__<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528self<\/code>\u4e3a\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5c5e\u6027\u8d4b\u503c\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

class MyClass:<\/p>\n
    def __init__(self, value):<\/p>\n
        self.value = value<\/p>\n
    def display_value(self):<\/p>\n
        print(self.value)<\/p>\n
\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f8b\uff0c\u5e76\u8d4b\u503c<\/strong><\/h2>\n
obj = MyClass(10)<\/p>\n
obj.display_value()  # \u8f93\u51fa\uff1a10<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0cself.value = value<\/code>\u5c06\u4f20\u5165\u7684\u53c2\u6570value<\/code>\u8d4b\u503c\u7ed9\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5c5e\u6027value<\/code>\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0cvalue<\/code>\u5c5e\u6027\u4fbf\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u7c7b\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u901a\u8fc7self<\/code>\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u8ba8Python\u4e2dself<\/code>\u8d4b\u503c\u7684\u66f4\u591a\u7ec6\u8282\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e00\u3001SELF\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5<\/strong><\/h2>\n
self<\/code>\u662fPython\u7c7b\u4e2d\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5b83\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u7c7b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u8bbf\u95ee\u5b9e\u4f8b\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
1\u3001SELF\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u4f5c\u7528<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
\u6bcf\u5f53\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u65f6\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u901a\u5e38\u662fself<\/code>\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u547d\u540d\u4e3aself<\/code>\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u662f\u7ea6\u5b9a\u4fd7\u6210\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u3002self<\/code>\u4ee3\u8868\u7c7b\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bbf\u95ee\u548c\u4fee\u6539\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8be5\u5b9e\u4f8b\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
class Example:<\/p>\n
    def __init__(self, data):<\/p>\n
        self.data = data<\/p>\n
    def show_data(self):<\/p>\n
        print(self.data)<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u4e2d\uff0cself.data = data<\/code>\u5c06\u53c2\u6570data<\/code>\u8d4b\u503c\u7ed9\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5c5e\u6027data<\/code>\u3002show_data<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7self.data<\/code>\u8bbf\u95ee\u8be5\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
2\u3001SELF\u4e0e\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5c5e\u6027<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5c5e\u6027\u662f\u4e0e\u7279\u5b9a\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5173\u8054\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f8b\u90fd\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u96c6\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u901a\u8fc7self<\/code>\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u5f15\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
object1 = Example(5)<\/p>\n
object2 = Example(10)<\/p>\n
object1.show_data()  # \u8f93\u51fa\uff1a5<\/p>\n
object2.show_data()  # \u8f93\u51fa\uff1a10<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0cobject1<\/code>\u548cobject2<\/code>\u662fExample<\/code>\u7c7b\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5b9e\u4f8b\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5404\u81ea\u7684data<\/code>\u5c5e\u6027\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u5bf9\u65b9\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e8c\u3001SELF\u8d4b\u503c\u7684\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5e94\u7528<\/strong><\/h2>\n
\u5728\u7c7b\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528self<\/code>\u8d4b\u503c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u521d\u59cb\u5316\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u573a\u666f\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
1\u3001\u52a8\u6001\u5c5e\u6027\u521b\u5efa<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
Python\u5141\u8bb8\u5728\u7c7b\u5b9e\u4f8b\u4e2d\u52a8\u6001\u5730\u521b\u5efa\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u6839\u636e\u9700\u8981\u6dfb\u52a0\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
class DynamicAttributes:<\/p>\n
    def __init__(self, kwargs):<\/p>\n
        for key, value in kwargs.items():<\/p>\n
            setattr(self, key, value)<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5316\u65f6\u52a8\u6001\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5c5e\u6027\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
obj = DynamicAttributes(name="Alice", age=30)<\/p>\n
print(obj.name)  # \u8f93\u51fa\uff1aAlice<\/p>\n
print(obj.age)   # \u8f93\u51fa\uff1a30<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
2\u3001\u5c5e\u6027\u4fdd\u62a4\u673a\u5236<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5e0c\u671b\u4fdd\u62a4\u5c5e\u6027\u4e0d\u88ab\u5916\u90e8\u76f4\u63a5\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002\u5728Python\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u547d\u540d\u7ea6\u5b9a\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
class ProtectedAttributes:<\/p>\n
    def __init__(self, value):<\/p>\n
        self.__value = value<\/p>\n
    def get_value(self):<\/p>\n
        return self.__value<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c__value<\/code>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d7\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5916\u90e8\u65e0\u6cd5\u76f4\u63a5\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7get_value<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\u83b7\u53d6\u5b83\u7684\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e09\u3001SELF\u5728\u7ee7\u627f\u4e2d\u7684\u4f7f\u7528<\/strong><\/h2>\n
\u5f53\u4f7f\u7528\u7ee7\u627f\u65f6\uff0cself<\/code>\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b50\u7c7b\u9700\u8981\u8bbf\u95ee\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
1\u3001\u8c03\u7528\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728\u5b50\u7c7b\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528super()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u6765\u8c03\u7528\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
class Base:<\/p>\n
    def __init__(self, data):<\/p>\n
        self.data = data<\/p>\n
class Derived(Base):<\/p>\n
    def __init__(self, data, extra):<\/p>\n
        super().__init__(data)<\/p>\n
        self.extra = extra<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0cDerived<\/code>\u7c7b\u7ee7\u627f\u81eaBase<\/code>\u7c7b\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7super()<\/code>\u8c03\u7528Base<\/code>\u7c7b\u7684\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
2\u3001\u91cd\u5199\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
\u5b50\u7c7b\u53ef\u4ee5\u91cd\u5199\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7super()<\/code>\u8c03\u7528\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
class Derived(Base):<\/p>\n
    def __init__(self, data, extra):<\/p>\n
        super().__init__(data)<\/p>\n
        self.extra = extra<\/p>\n
    def show_data(self):<\/p>\n
        super().show_data()<\/p>\n
        print(self.extra)<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0cshow_data<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\u88ab\u91cd\u5199\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u901a\u8fc7super().show_data()<\/code>\u8c03\u7528\u4e86\u7236\u7c7b\u7684show_data<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u56db\u3001SELF\u5728\u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u4f7f\u7528<\/strong><\/h2>\n
self<\/code>\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u5b9e\u4f8b\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u7528\u6cd5\u7a0d\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
1\u3001\u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
\u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f7f\u7528@classmethod<\/code>\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u901a\u5e38\u662fcls<\/code>\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u7c7b\u672c\u8eab\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
class Example:<\/p>\n
    class_attribute = 0<\/p>\n
    @classmethod<\/p>\n
    def increment_class_attribute(cls):<\/p>\n
        cls.class_attribute += 1<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0cincrement_class_attribute<\/code>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7cls<\/code>\u8bbf\u95ee\u548c\u4fee\u6539\u7c7b\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
2\u3001\u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0e\u5b9e\u4f8b\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u533a\u522b<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
\u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0e\u5b9e\u4f8b\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u533a\u522b\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8c03\u7528\u65b9\u5f0f\u548c\u8bbf\u95ee\u6743\u9650\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Example.increment_class_attribute()<\/p>\n
print(Example.class_attribute)  # \u8f93\u51fa\uff1a1<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u7c7b\u672c\u8eab\u8c03\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5316\u3002\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u9700\u8981\u4fee\u6539\u7c7b\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u65f6\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e94\u3001SELF\u5728\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u4f7f\u7528<\/strong><\/h2>\n
\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u8bbf\u95ee\u7c7b\u6216\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
1\u3001\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f7f\u7528@staticmethod<\/code>\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981self<\/code>\u6216cls<\/code>\u53c2\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
class Example:<\/p>\n
    @staticmethod<\/p>\n
    def static_method():<\/p>\n
        print("This is a static method.")<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
2\u3001\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u7528\u9014<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e00\u4e9b\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u903b\u8f91\u4e0e\u7c7b\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u65e0\u5173\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Example.static_method()  # \u8f93\u51fa\uff1aThis is a static method.<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u7c7b\u540d\u76f4\u63a5\u8c03\u7528\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u7c7b\u6216\u5b9e\u4f8b\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u516d\u3001SELF\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5<\/strong><\/h2>\n
\u5728\u4f7f\u7528self<\/code>\u65f6\uff0c\u9075\u5faa\u4e00\u4e9b\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u7f16\u5199\u66f4\u6e05\u6670\u3001\u66f4\u6613\u7ef4\u62a4\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
1\u3001\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u547d\u540d<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
\u867d\u7136self<\/code>\u548ccls<\/code>\u53ea\u662f\u7ea6\u5b9a\u4fd7\u6210\u7684\u540d\u5b57\uff0c\u4f46\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u547d\u540d\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u548c\u7ef4\u62a4\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
2\u3001\u5c3d\u91cf\u51cf\u5c11\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u6570\u91cf<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
\u5c3d\u91cf\u51cf\u5c11\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7c7b\u66f4\u6613\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u9700\u8981\u65f6\u624d\u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
3\u3001\u4f7f\u7528\u5408\u9002\u7684\u5c01\u88c5<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528\u5355\u4e0b\u5212\u7ebf\u6216\u53cc\u4e0b\u5212\u7ebf\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u5bf9\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u5c01\u88c5\uff0c\u9632\u6b62\u5916\u90e8\u76f4\u63a5\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
class Example:<\/p>\n
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        self.__private = value<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
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