{"id":1016452,"date":"2024-12-27T12:16:34","date_gmt":"2024-12-27T04:16:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/ask\/ask-ask\/1016452.html"},"modified":"2024-12-27T12:16:37","modified_gmt":"2024-12-27T04:16:37","slug":"python%e5%89%8d%e7%ab%af%e5%90%8e%e7%ab%af%e5%a6%82%e4%bd%95%e4%ba%a4%e4%ba%92","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/ask\/1016452.html","title":{"rendered":"python\u524d\u7aef\u540e\u7aef\u5982\u4f55\u4ea4\u4e92"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"python\u524d\u7aef\u540e\u7aef\u5982\u4f55\u4ea4\u4e92\"<\/p>\n

Python\u524d\u7aef\u548c\u540e\u7aef\u4ea4\u4e92\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5305\u62ec\uff1aRESTful API\u3001WebSocket\u3001GraphQL\u3002<\/strong>\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\uff0cRESTful API \u662f\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u5b83\u901a\u8fc7HTTP\u8bf7\u6c42\u5728\u524d\u7aef\u548c\u540e\u7aef\u4e4b\u95f4\u4f20\u9012\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528JSON\u683c\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u6570\u636e\u4ea4\u6362\u3002RESTful API\u7684\u4f18\u70b9\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u6613\u7528\uff0c\u5e7f\u6cdb\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u9002\u5408\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5e94\u7528\u573a\u666f\u3002WebSocket\u5219\u7528\u4e8e\u5b9e\u65f6\u901a\u4fe1\uff0c\u9002\u5408\u9700\u8981\u4f4e\u5ef6\u8fdf\u548c\u9ad8\u9891\u6570\u636e\u66f4\u65b0\u7684\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u5982\u5728\u7ebf\u6e38\u620f\u548c\u804a\u5929\u5e94\u7528\u3002GraphQL\u5141\u8bb8\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u6307\u5b9a\u786e\u5207\u7684\u6570\u636e\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u51cf\u5c11\u6570\u636e\u4f20\u8f93\u91cf\uff0c\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u590d\u6742\u7684\u6570\u636e\u67e5\u8be2\u573a\u666f\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u3001RESTful API<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n

RESTful API \u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4f7f\u7528HTTP\u534f\u8bae\u8fdb\u884c\u524d\u540e\u7aef\u901a\u4fe1\u7684\u67b6\u6784\u98ce\u683c\u3002\u5b83\u901a\u8fc7\u5b9a\u4e49\u6e05\u6670\u7684URL\u8def\u5f84\u548cHTTP\u65b9\u6cd5\uff08\u5982GET\u3001POST\u3001PUT\u3001DELETE\uff09\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u524d\u7aef\u548c\u540e\u7aef\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

1. RESTful API\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u7406<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n

RESTful API\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5728\u4e8e\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u3002\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2aURL\u4ee3\u8868\u4e00\u79cd\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0d\u540c\u7684HTTP\u65b9\u6cd5\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d44\u6e90\u8fdb\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002GET\u65b9\u6cd5\u7528\u4e8e\u83b7\u53d6\u8d44\u6e90\uff0cPOST\u65b9\u6cd5\u7528\u4e8e\u521b\u5efa\u8d44\u6e90\uff0cPUT\u65b9\u6cd5\u7528\u4e8e\u66f4\u65b0\u8d44\u6e90\uff0cDELETE\u65b9\u6cd5\u7528\u4e8e\u5220\u9664\u8d44\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

2. Python\u540e\u7aef\u5b9e\u73b0RESTful API<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n

\u5728Python\u4e2d\uff0cFlask\u548cDjango\u662f\u4e24\u79cd\u5e38\u7528\u7684Web\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u6784\u5efaRESTful API\u3002Flask\u8f83\u4e3a\u8f7b\u91cf\uff0c\u9002\u5408\u5c0f\u578b\u9879\u76ee\u6216\u5fae\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u800cDjango\u529f\u80fd\u66f4\u4e3a\u5168\u9762\uff0c\u9002\u5408\u5927\u578b\u9879\u76ee\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684Flask RESTful API\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

from flask import Flask, jsonify, request<\/p>\n
app = Flask(__name__)<\/p>\n
data = []<\/p>\n
@app.route('\/data', methods=['GET'])<\/p>\n
def get_data():<\/p>\n
    return jsonify(data)<\/p>\n
@app.route('\/data', methods=['POST'])<\/p>\n
def add_data():<\/p>\n
    new_item = request.json<\/p>\n
    data.append(new_item)<\/p>\n
    return jsonify(new_item), 201<\/p>\n
if __name__ == '__mAI<\/a>n__':<\/p>\n
    app.run(debug=True)<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
3. \u524d\u7aef\u4e0eRESTful API\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u524d\u7aef\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528AJAX\u3001Fetch API\u6216Axios\u7b49\u6280\u672f\u6765\u4e0eRESTful API\u8fdb\u884c\u4ea4\u4e92\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u53d1\u9001HTTP\u8bf7\u6c42\uff0c\u524d\u7aef\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u53d6\u6216\u53d1\u9001\u6570\u636e\u5230\u540e\u7aef\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f7f\u7528Fetch API\u7684\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
fetch('\/data')<\/p>\n
    .then(response => response.json())<\/p>\n
    .then(data => console.log(data));<\/p>\n
fetch('\/data', {<\/p>\n
    method: 'POST',<\/p>\n
    headers: {<\/p>\n
        'Content-Type': 'application\/json'<\/p>\n
    },<\/p>\n
    body: JSON.stringify({name: 'New Item'})<\/p>\n
})<\/p>\n
.then(response => response.json())<\/p>\n
.then(data => console.log(data));<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e8c\u3001WebSocket<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
WebSocket\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e4b\u95f4\u5efa\u7acb\u5b9e\u65f6\u53cc\u5411\u901a\u4fe1\u7684\u534f\u8bae\u3002\u5b83\u9002\u5408\u9700\u8981\u5b9e\u65f6\u6570\u636e\u66f4\u65b0\u7684\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u5982\u5728\u7ebf\u6e38\u620f\u548c\u804a\u5929\u5ba4\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
1. WebSocket\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u539f\u7406<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
WebSocket\u901a\u8fc7HTTP\u63e1\u624b\u5efa\u7acb\u8fde\u63a5\u540e\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e4b\u95f4\u8fdb\u884c\u5168\u53cc\u5de5\u901a\u4fe1\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6570\u636e\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u65f6\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u4e0a\u4f20\u8f93\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u6bcf\u6b21\u90fd\u91cd\u65b0\u5efa\u7acb\u8fde\u63a5\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
2. Python\u540e\u7aef\u5b9e\u73b0WebSocket<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728Python\u4e2d\uff0cWebSocket\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7Flask-SocketIO\u6216Django Channels\u7b49\u5e93\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f7f\u7528Flask-SocketIO\u7684\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
from flask import Flask<\/p>\n
from flask_socketio import SocketIO, emit<\/p>\n
app = Flask(__name__)<\/p>\n
socketio = SocketIO(app)<\/p>\n
@socketio.on('message')<\/p>\n
def handle_message(message):<\/p>\n
    print('received message: ' + message)<\/p>\n
    emit('response', {'data': 'message received'})<\/p>\n
if __name__ == '__main__':<\/p>\n
    socketio.run(app)<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
3. \u524d\u7aef\u4e0eWebSocket\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728\u524d\u7aef\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528WebSocket API\u4e0e\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9e\u65f6\u901a\u4fe1\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
const socket = new WebSocket('ws:\/\/localhost:5000');<\/p>\n
socket.onopen = function() {<\/p>\n
    console.log('WebSocket is open now.');<\/p>\n
    socket.send('Hello Server!');<\/p>\n
};<\/p>\n
socket.onmessage = function(event) {<\/p>\n
    console.log('Message from server ', event.data);<\/p>\n
};<\/p>\n
socket.onclose = function() {<\/p>\n
    console.log('WebSocket is closed now.');<\/p>\n
};<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e09\u3001GraphQL<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
GraphQL\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7531Facebook\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u6570\u636e\u67e5\u8be2\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u7cbe\u786e\u5730\u8bf7\u6c42\u6240\u9700\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
1. GraphQL\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u7406<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e0eRESTful API\u4e0d\u540c\uff0cGraphQL\u5141\u8bb8\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u6307\u5b9a\u4ed6\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u51cf\u5c11\u8fc7\u591a\u7684\u6570\u636e\u4f20\u8f93\u548c\u591a\u4e2a\u7f51\u7edc\u8bf7\u6c42\u3002GraphQL\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5219\u6839\u636e\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u7684\u8bf7\u6c42\u751f\u6210\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u6570\u636e\u54cd\u5e94\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
2. Python\u540e\u7aef\u5b9e\u73b0GraphQL<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728Python\u4e2d\uff0cGraphQL\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7Graphene\u5e93\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684Graphene\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
import graphene<\/p>\n
class Query(graphene.ObjectType):<\/p>\n
    hello = graphene.String(name=graphene.String(default_value="stranger"))<\/p>\n
    def resolve_hello(self, info, name):<\/p>\n
        return f'Hello {name}!'<\/p>\n
schema = graphene.Schema(query=Query)<\/p>\n
query_string = '{ hello }'<\/p>\n
result = schema.execute(query_string)<\/p>\n
print(result.data['hello'])<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
3. \u524d\u7aef\u4e0eGraphQL\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u524d\u7aef\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528Apollo Client\u6216Relay\u7b49\u5e93\u4e0eGraphQL\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u8fdb\u884c\u901a\u4fe1\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f7f\u7528Apollo Client\u7684\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
import { ApolloClient, InMemoryCache, gql } from '@apollo\/client';<\/p>\n
const client = new ApolloClient({<\/p>\n
    uri: '\/graphql',<\/p>\n
    cache: new InMemoryCache()<\/p>\n
});<\/p>\n
client<\/p>\n
    .query({<\/p>\n
        query: gql`<\/p>\n
            query GetHello($name: String) {<\/p>\n
                hello(name: $name)<\/p>\n
            }<\/p>\n
        `,<\/p>\n
        variables: { name: 'World' }<\/p>\n
    })<\/p>\n
    .then(result => console.log(result));<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u56db\u3001\u603b\u7ed3<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
Python\u524d\u7aef\u4e0e\u540e\u7aef\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u6d89\u53ca\u591a\u79cd\u6280\u672f\u548c\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u5408\u9002\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u573a\u666f\u548c\u9700\u6c42\u3002RESTful API\u9002\u5408\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u6613\u4e8e\u5b9e\u73b0\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\uff1bWebSocket\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5b9e\u65f6\u6027\u8981\u6c42\u9ad8\u7684\u5e94\u7528\uff1bGraphQL\u5219\u9002\u5408\u590d\u6742\u6570\u636e\u67e5\u8be2\u548c\u51cf\u5c11\u6570\u636e\u4f20\u8f93\u7684\u573a\u666f\u3002<\/strong>\u5728\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6280\u672f\u65f6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u8003\u8651\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u3001\u6027\u80fd\u548c\u53ef\u6269\u5c55\u6027\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u548c\u9ad8\u6548\u8fd0\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u76f8\u5173\u95ee\u7b54FAQs\uff1a<\/strong><\/h2>\n
 \u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528Python\u5b9e\u73b0\u524d\u7aef\u4e0e\u540e\u7aef\u7684\u6570\u636e\u4ea4\u4e92\uff1f<\/strong>
\u524d\u7aef\u4e0e\u540e\u7aef\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u901a\u5e38\u901a\u8fc7API\uff08\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u63a5\u53e3\uff09\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u5728Python\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u5982Flask\u6216Django\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u521b\u5efaRESTful API\u3002\u524d\u7aef\u901a\u8fc7AJAX\u6216Fetch API\u53d1\u9001HTTP\u8bf7\u6c42\uff08\u5982GET\u3001POST\uff09\uff0c\u540e\u7aef\u63a5\u6536\u8bf7\u6c42\u5e76\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u5c06\u6570\u636e\u8fd4\u56de\u7ed9\u524d\u7aef\u8fdb\u884c\u5c55\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n
Python\u540e\u7aef\u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7406\u524d\u7aef\u53d1\u9001\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff1f<\/strong>
\u540e\u7aef\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u89e3\u6790\u8bf7\u6c42\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u636e\u6765\u5904\u7406\u524d\u7aef\u53d1\u9001\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002\u5728Flask\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528request.json<\/code>\u6216\u8005request.form<\/code>\u6765\u83b7\u53d6JSON\u6216\u8868\u5355\u6570\u636e\u3002\u5904\u7406\u5b8c\u6bd5\u540e\uff0c\u540e\u7aef\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u7ed3\u679c\u4ee5JSON\u683c\u5f0f\u8fd4\u56de\u7ed9\u524d\u7aef\uff0c\u4f9b\u524d\u7aef\u8fdb\u884c\u540e\u7eed\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5728\u524d\u7aef\u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7406\u6765\u81eaPython\u540e\u7aef\u7684\u54cd\u5e94\u6570\u636e\uff1f<\/strong>
\u524d\u7aef\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528JavaScript\u7684Fetch API\u6216Axios\u5e93\u6765\u53d1\u9001\u8bf7\u6c42\u5e76\u5904\u7406\u54cd\u5e94\u6570\u636e\u3002\u901a\u8fc7.then()\u548c.catch()\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u53d6\u540e\u7aef\u8fd4\u56de\u7684JSON\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u5728\u9875\u9762\u4e0a\u8fdb\u884c\u6e32\u67d3\u6216\u8fdb\u884c\u5176\u4ed6\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u786e\u4fdd\u5904\u7406\u597d\u7f51\u7edc\u5ef6\u8fdf\u548c\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u4ee5\u63d0\u5347\u7528\u6237\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Python\u524d\u7aef\u548c\u540e\u7aef\u4ea4\u4e92\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5305\u62ec\uff1aRESTful API\u3001WebSocket\u3001GraphQL\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d […]","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1016456,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[37],"tags":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1016452"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1016452"}],"version-history":[{"count":"1","href":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1016452\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1016459,"href":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1016452\/revisions\/1016459"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1016456"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1016452"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1016452"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1016452"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}