{"id":1153379,"date":"2025-01-13T17:38:00","date_gmt":"2025-01-13T09:38:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/ask\/ask-ask\/1153379.html"},"modified":"2025-01-13T17:38:03","modified_gmt":"2025-01-13T09:38:03","slug":"python%e5%a6%82%e4%bd%95%e5%ae%9e%e7%8e%b0%e6%89%b9%e9%87%8f%e6%8a%93%e5%8f%96","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/ask\/1153379.html","title":{"rendered":"python\u5982\u4f55\u5b9e\u73b0\u6279\u91cf\u6293\u53d6"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"python\u5982\u4f55\u5b9e\u73b0\u6279\u91cf\u6293\u53d6\"<\/p>\n

Python\u5b9e\u73b0\u6279\u91cf\u6293\u53d6\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6709\u591a\u79cd\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4f7f\u7528requests\u5e93\u3001BeautifulSoup\u5e93\u3001Scrapy\u6846\u67b6\u7b49\u3002<\/strong>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0cScrapy\u662f\u4e00\u6b3e\u975e\u5e38\u5f3a\u5927\u4e14\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u722c\u866b\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u9ad8\u6548\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u6279\u91cf\u6293\u53d6\u3002\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\uff0c\u6279\u91cf\u6293\u53d6\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5728\u4e8e\u7f16\u5199\u5408\u9002\u7684\u722c\u866b\u4ee3\u7801\u6765\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u83b7\u53d6\u5e76\u5904\u7406\u5927\u91cf\u6570\u636e\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\uff0c\u6211\u5c06\u8be6\u7ec6\u4ecb\u7ecd\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528Scrapy\u6846\u67b6\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u6279\u91cf\u6293\u53d6\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u3001\u5b89\u88c5\u548c\u8bbe\u7f6eScrapy<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n

1. \u5b89\u88c5Scrapy<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n

\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u4f60\u7684Python\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b89\u88c5\u4e86Scrapy\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u5b89\u88c5\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

pip install scrapy<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
2. \u521b\u5efaScrapy\u9879\u76ee<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u5b89\u88c5\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528Scrapy\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684Scrapy\u9879\u76ee\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
scrapy startproject myproject<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u5c06\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3amyproject<\/code>\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u6587\u4ef6\u5939\uff0c\u5305\u542bScrapy\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u76ee\u5f55\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e8c\u3001\u7f16\u5199\u722c\u866b<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
1. \u521b\u5efa\u722c\u866b\u6587\u4ef6<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u8fdb\u5165\u9879\u76ee\u76ee\u5f55\u540e\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u722c\u866b\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
scrapy genspider myspider example.com<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u5c06\u5728spiders<\/code>\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3amyspider.py<\/code>\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7f16\u5199\u722c\u866b\u4ee3\u7801\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
2. \u7f16\u5199\u722c\u866b\u4ee3\u7801<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728myspider.py<\/code>\u4e2d\uff0c\u7f16\u5199\u722c\u866b\u4ee3\u7801\u6765\u6293\u53d6\u76ee\u6807\u7f51\u7ad9\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u793a\u4f8b\uff0c\u6f14\u793a\u5982\u4f55\u6293\u53d6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f51\u7ad9\u7684\u6807\u9898\u548c\u94fe\u63a5\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
import scrapy<\/p>\n
class MySpider(scrapy.Spider):<\/p>\n
    name = 'myspider'<\/p>\n
    start_urls = ['http:\/\/example.com']<\/p>\n
    def parse(self, response):<\/p>\n
        for item in response.css('a'):<\/p>\n
            yield {<\/p>\n
                'title': item.css('::text').get(),<\/p>\n
                'link': item.css('::attr(href)').get(),<\/p>\n
            }<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e09\u3001\u8fd0\u884c\u722c\u866b<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u8fd0\u884c\u722c\u866b\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
scrapy crawl myspider<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u5c06\u5f00\u59cb\u6293\u53d6start_urls<\/code>\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u5217\u51fa\u7684\u7f51\u7ad9\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u6293\u53d6\u5230\u7684\u6570\u636e\u6253\u5370\u5728\u63a7\u5236\u53f0\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u56db\u3001\u4fdd\u5b58\u6293\u53d6\u6570\u636e<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
1. \u4fdd\u5b58\u4e3aJSON\u6587\u4ef6<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u6293\u53d6\u5230\u7684\u6570\u636e\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e3aJSON\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
scrapy crawl myspider -o output.json<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
2. \u4fdd\u5b58\u4e3aCSV\u6587\u4ef6<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u6570\u636e\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e3aCSV\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
scrapy crawl myspider -o output.csv<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e94\u3001\u5904\u7406\u52a8\u6001\u5185\u5bb9<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
1. \u4f7f\u7528Splash<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9700\u8981\u5904\u7406\u52a8\u6001\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u7f51\u7ad9\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528Splash\u6765\u6e32\u67d3JavaScript\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5b89\u88c5Splash\u5e76\u542f\u52a8Splash\u670d\u52a1\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
docker run -p 8050:8050 scrapinghub\/splash<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
2. \u914d\u7f6eScrapy-Splash<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728Scrapy\u9879\u76ee\u4e2d\u5b89\u88c5Scrapy-Splash\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
pip install scrapy-splash<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u9879\u76ee\u7684settings.py<\/code>\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u914d\u7f6e\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
SPLASH_URL = 'http:\/\/localhost:8050'<\/p>\n
DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {<\/p>\n
    'scrapy_splash.SplashCookiesMiddleware': 723,<\/p>\n
    'scrapy_splash.SplashMiddleware': 725,<\/p>\n
    'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.httpcompression.HttpCompressionMiddleware': 810,<\/p>\n
}<\/p>\n
SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {<\/p>\n
    'scrapy_splash.SplashDeduplicateArgsMiddleware': 100,<\/p>\n
}<\/p>\n
DUPEFILTER_CLASS = 'scrapy_splash.SplashAwareDupeFilter'<\/p>\n
HTTPCACHE_STORAGE = 'scrapy_splash.SplashAwareFSCacheStorage'<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
3. \u7f16\u5199\u4f7f\u7528Splash\u7684\u722c\u866b<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728\u722c\u866b\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528SplashRequest\u6765\u6293\u53d6\u52a8\u6001\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
import scrapy<\/p>\n
from scrapy_splash import SplashRequest<\/p>\n
class MySpider(scrapy.Spider):<\/p>\n
    name = 'myspider'<\/p>\n
    start_urls = ['http:\/\/example.com']<\/p>\n
    def start_requests(self):<\/p>\n
        for url in self.start_urls:<\/p>\n
            yield SplashRequest(url, self.parse, args={'wAI<\/a>t': 2})<\/p>\n
    def parse(self, response):<\/p>\n
        for item in response.css('a'):<\/p>\n
            yield {<\/p>\n
                'title': item.css('::text').get(),<\/p>\n
                'link': item.css('::attr(href)').get(),<\/p>\n
            }<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u516d\u3001\u907f\u514d\u88ab\u5c01<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
1. \u4f7f\u7528User-Agent<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728settings.py<\/code>\u4e2d\u8bbe\u7f6eUser-Agent\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
USER_AGENT = 'my-cool-project (http:\/\/example.com)'<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
2. \u4f7f\u7528\u4ee3\u7406<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u53ef\u4ee5\u914d\u7f6eScrapy\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee3\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u88ab\u5c01\u7981\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {<\/p>\n
    'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.httpproxy.HttpProxyMiddleware': 110,<\/p>\n
    'myproject.middlewares.MyProxyMiddleware': 100,<\/p>\n
}<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728middlewares.py<\/code>\u4e2d\u7f16\u5199\u4ee3\u7406\u4e2d\u95f4\u4ef6\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
class MyProxyMiddleware(object):<\/p>\n
    def process_request(self, request, spider):<\/p>\n
        request.meta['proxy'] = 'http:\/\/your.proxy:port'<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
3. \u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e0b\u8f7d\u5ef6\u8fdf<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728settings.py<\/code>\u4e2d\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e0b\u8f7d\u5ef6\u8fdf\uff0c\u4ee5\u51cf\u7f13\u6293\u53d6\u901f\u5ea6\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 2<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e03\u3001\u5904\u7406\u6293\u53d6\u6570\u636e<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
1. \u6570\u636e\u6e05\u6d17<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u6293\u53d6\u5230\u7684\u6570\u636e\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u542b\u5f88\u591a\u566a\u97f3\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u6570\u636e\u6e05\u6d17\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u53bb\u9664HTML\u6807\u7b7e\u3001\u5904\u7406\u7f3a\u5931\u503c\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
import re<\/p>\n
def clean_html(raw_html):<\/p>\n
    cleanr = re.compile('<.*?>')<\/p>\n
    cleantext = re.sub(cleanr, '', raw_html)<\/p>\n
    return cleantext<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
2. \u6570\u636e\u5b58\u50a8<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u6e05\u6d17\u540e\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5b58\u50a8\u5230\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c06\u6570\u636e\u5b58\u50a8\u5230SQLite\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
import sqlite3<\/p>\n
conn = sqlite3.connect('mydatabase.db')<\/p>\n
c = conn.cursor()<\/p>\n
c.execute('''CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS data<\/p>\n
             (title text, link text)''')<\/p>\n
def save_to_db(item):<\/p>\n
    c.execute("INSERT INTO data (title, link) VALUES (?, ?)", (item['title'], item['link']))<\/p>\n
    conn.commit()<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728\u722c\u866b\u4ee3\u7801\u4e2d\u8c03\u7528save_to_db<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
def parse(self, response):<\/p>\n
    for item in response.css('a'):<\/p>\n
        data = {<\/p>\n
            'title': item.css('::text').get(),<\/p>\n
            'link': item.css('::attr(href)').get(),<\/p>\n
        }<\/p>\n
        save_to_db(data)<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u516b\u3001\u9519\u8bef\u5904\u7406<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
1. \u6355\u6349\u5f02\u5e38<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728\u722c\u866b\u4ee3\u7801\u4e2d\u6355\u6349\u5f02\u5e38\uff0c\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5d29\u6e83\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
def parse(self, response):<\/p>\n
    try:<\/p>\n
        for item in response.css('a'):<\/p>\n
            yield {<\/p>\n
                'title': item.css('::text').get(),<\/p>\n
                'link': item.css('::attr(href)').get(),<\/p>\n
            }<\/p>\n
    except Exception as e:<\/p>\n
        self.logger.error(f'Error parsing response: {e}')<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
2. \u91cd\u8bd5\u673a\u5236<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728settings.py<\/code>\u4e2d\u914d\u7f6e\u91cd\u8bd5\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u4ee5\u5728\u6293\u53d6\u5931\u8d25\u65f6\u81ea\u52a8\u91cd\u8bd5\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
RETRY_ENABLED = True<\/p>\n
RETRY_TIMES = 3<\/p>\n
RETRY_HTTP_CODES = [500, 502, 503, 504, 522, 524, 408]<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e5d\u3001\u5e76\u53d1\u6293\u53d6<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
1. \u914d\u7f6e\u5e76\u53d1\u8bf7\u6c42<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728settings.py<\/code>\u4e2d\u914d\u7f6e\u5e76\u53d1\u8bf7\u6c42\u6570\uff0c\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u6293\u53d6\u6548\u7387\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 16<\/p>\n
CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN = 8<\/p>\n
CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP = 8<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
2. \u4f7f\u7528Twisted<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
Scrapy\u57fa\u4e8eTwisted\u5f02\u6b65\u7f51\u7edc\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5904\u7406\u5927\u91cf\u5e76\u53d1\u8bf7\u6c42\u3002\u786e\u4fdd\u4f60\u7684\u722c\u866b\u4ee3\u7801\u662f\u5f02\u6b65\u7684\uff0c\u4ee5\u5145\u5206\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u4e00\u7279\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u5341\u3001\u6269\u5c55\u529f\u80fd<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
1. \u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u8c03\u5ea6<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528Scrapy\u7684\u8c03\u5ea6\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u81ea\u52a8\u7ba1\u7406\u6293\u53d6\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528Scrapy-RT\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u5b9e\u65f6\u6293\u53d6\u8c03\u5ea6\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
pip install scrapyrt<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u542f\u52a8Scrapy-RT\u670d\u52a1\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
scrapyrt<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
2. \u6570\u636e\u53ef\u89c6\u5316<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u6293\u53d6\u5230\u7684\u6570\u636e\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u6570\u636e\u53ef\u89c6\u5316\u5de5\u5177\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528Matplotlib\u6216Seaborn\u5e93\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt<\/p>\n
import seaborn as sns<\/p>\n
def visualize_data(data):<\/p>\n
    sns.countplot(x='title', data=data)<\/p>\n
    plt.show()<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u5341\u4e00\u3001\u9879\u76ee\u5b9e\u6218<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
1. \u786e\u5b9a\u76ee\u6807\u7f51\u7ad9<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u6807\u7f51\u7ad9\uff0c\u5e76\u5206\u6790\u5176\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u786e\u5b9a\u8981\u6293\u53d6\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6293\u53d6\u65b0\u95fb\u7f51\u7ad9\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u6807\u9898\u548c\u94fe\u63a5\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
2. \u7f16\u5199\u722c\u866b\u4ee3\u7801<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u6839\u636e\u76ee\u6807\u7f51\u7ad9\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u7f16\u5199Scrapy\u722c\u866b\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u6293\u53d6\u6240\u9700\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
3. \u6570\u636e\u5904\u7406\u4e0e\u5b58\u50a8<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u5bf9\u6293\u53d6\u5230\u7684\u6570\u636e\u8fdb\u884c\u6e05\u6d17\u3001\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u5e76\u5b58\u50a8\u5230\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
4. \u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790\u4e0e\u53ef\u89c6\u5316<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u5bf9\u5b58\u50a8\u7684\u6570\u636e\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u751f\u6210\u53ef\u89c6\u5316\u62a5\u544a\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u5341\u4e8c\u3001\u603b\u7ed3<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
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