{"id":1163134,"date":"2025-01-15T14:51:41","date_gmt":"2025-01-15T06:51:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/ask\/ask-ask\/1163134.html"},"modified":"2025-01-15T14:51:43","modified_gmt":"2025-01-15T06:51:43","slug":"python%e5%a6%82%e4%bd%95%e6%9f%a5%e7%9c%8b%e6%88%90%e5%91%98%e4%bb%a3%e7%a0%81","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/ask\/1163134.html","title":{"rendered":"Python\u5982\u4f55\u67e5\u770b\u6210\u5458\u4ee3\u7801"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Python\u5982\u4f55\u67e5\u770b\u6210\u5458\u4ee3\u7801\"<\/p>\n

\u4f7f\u7528dir()\u51fd\u6570\u3001\u4f7f\u7528vars()\u51fd\u6570\u3001\u4f7f\u7528inspect\u6a21\u5757\u3001\u4f7f\u7528__dict__\u5c5e\u6027<\/strong>\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u67e5\u770bPython\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6210\u5458\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8be6\u7ec6\u63cf\u8ff0\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528dir()\u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\u4f7f\u7528dir()\u51fd\u6570<\/strong>\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5e38\u89c1\u4e14\u4fbf\u6377\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002dir()\u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u6392\u5e8f\u597d\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5217\u8868\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u5305\u62ec\u7c7b\u548c\u5b9e\u4f8b\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3001\u65b9\u6cd5\u4ee5\u53ca\u5185\u7f6e\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u8c03\u7528dir()\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5feb\u901f\u67e5\u770b\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6210\u5458\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

class MyClass:<\/p>\n
    def __init__(self):<\/p>\n
        self.variable = "Hello"<\/p>\n
    def method(self):<\/p>\n
        return "This is a method"<\/p>\n
obj = MyClass()<\/p>\n
print(dir(obj))<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u793a\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0cdir(obj)<\/code>\u4f1a\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u5217\u8868\uff0c\u5217\u51fa\u5bf9\u8c61obj<\/code>\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5305\u62ecvariable<\/code>\u548cmethod<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e00\u3001\u4f7f\u7528dir()\u51fd\u6570<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
1\u3001\u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
dir()\u51fd\u6570\u662f\u6700\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5b83\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u67e5\u770b\u6a21\u5757\u3001\u7c7b\u3001\u5b9e\u4f8b\u7b49\u5404\u79cd\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6210\u5458\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u975e\u5e38\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u5c06\u5bf9\u8c61\u4f20\u5165dir()\u51fd\u6570\u5373\u53ef\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
class MyClass:<\/p>\n
    def __init__(self, value):<\/p>\n
        self.value = value<\/p>\n
    def display(self):<\/p>\n
        print(f"Value: {self.value}")<\/p>\n
obj = MyClass(10)<\/p>\n
print(dir(obj))<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0cdir(obj)<\/code>\u4f1a\u5217\u51faobj<\/code>\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u5305\u62ecvalue<\/code>\u5c5e\u6027\u548cdisplay<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u4e9b\u5185\u7f6e\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
2\u3001\u8fc7\u6ee4\u7ed3\u679c<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u6709\u65f6\u5019\uff0cdir()\u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u542b\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u5185\u7f6e\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u606f\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5217\u8868\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u8fc7\u6ee4\uff0c\u53ea\u4fdd\u7559\u7528\u6237\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
class MyClass:<\/p>\n
    def __init__(self, value):<\/p>\n
        self.value = value<\/p>\n
    def display(self):<\/p>\n
        print(f"Value: {self.value}")<\/p>\n
obj = MyClass(10)<\/p>\n
members = [member for member in dir(obj) if not member.startswith('__')]<\/p>\n
print(members)<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\u4ec5\u5305\u542b\u7528\u6237\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684value<\/code>\u548cdisplay<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e8c\u3001\u4f7f\u7528vars()\u51fd\u6570<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
1\u3001\u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
vars()\u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684__dict__\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c5e\u6027\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u5178\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5c5e\u6027\u53ca\u5176\u503c\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7c7b\u5b9e\u4f8b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u975e\u5e38\u65b9\u4fbf\u5730\u67e5\u770b\u548c\u64cd\u4f5c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
class MyClass:<\/p>\n
    def __init__(self, value):<\/p>\n
        self.value = value<\/p>\n
    def display(self):<\/p>\n
        print(f"Value: {self.value}")<\/p>\n
obj = MyClass(10)<\/p>\n
print(vars(obj))<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0cvars(obj)<\/code>\u4f1a\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u5178\uff0c\u5305\u542bvalue<\/code>\u5c5e\u6027\u53ca\u5176\u5f53\u524d\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
2\u3001\u4fee\u6539\u5c5e\u6027<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u901a\u8fc7vars()\u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u5b57\u5178\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u4fee\u6539\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u503c\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
class MyClass:<\/p>\n
    def __init__(self, value):<\/p>\n
        self.value = value<\/p>\n
    def display(self):<\/p>\n
        print(f"Value: {self.value}")<\/p>\n
obj = MyClass(10)<\/p>\n
print(vars(obj))<\/p>\n
\u4fee\u6539\u5c5e\u6027<\/strong><\/h2>\n
vars(obj)['value'] = 20<\/p>\n
print(vars(obj))<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7vars()\u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u5b57\u5178\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u8bbf\u95ee\u548c\u4fee\u6539\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e09\u3001\u4f7f\u7528inspect\u6a21\u5757<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
1\u3001\u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
inspect\u6a21\u5757\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u5173\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6df1\u5165\u4e86\u89e3\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u4f7f\u7528inspect\u6a21\u5757\u53ef\u4ee5\u67e5\u770b\u7c7b\u7684\u6210\u5458\u3001\u65b9\u6cd5\u7b7e\u540d\u7b49\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
import inspect<\/p>\n
class MyClass:<\/p>\n
    def __init__(self, value):<\/p>\n
        self.value = value<\/p>\n
    def display(self):<\/p>\n
        print(f"Value: {self.value}")<\/p>\n
obj = MyClass(10)<\/p>\n
members = inspect.getmembers(obj)<\/p>\n
print(members)<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0cinspect.getmembers(obj)<\/code>\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u542b\u5bf9\u8c61\u6240\u6709\u6210\u5458\u7684\u5217\u8868\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6210\u5458\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a(name, value)\u5143\u7ec4\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
2\u3001\u8fc7\u6ee4\u6210\u5458<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528inspect\u6a21\u5757\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u51fd\u6570\u6765\u8fc7\u6ee4\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u53ea\u83b7\u53d6\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
import inspect<\/p>\n
class MyClass:<\/p>\n
    def __init__(self, value):<\/p>\n
        self.value = value<\/p>\n
    def display(self):<\/p>\n
        print(f"Value: {self.value}")<\/p>\n
obj = MyClass(10)<\/p>\n
methods = inspect.getmembers(obj, predicate=inspect.ismethod)<\/p>\n
print(methods)<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\u4ec5\u5305\u542b\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u56db\u3001\u4f7f\u7528__dict__\u5c5e\u6027<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
1\u3001\u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5bf9\u8c61\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u7c7b\u548c\u5b9e\u4f8b\uff09\uff0c__dict__\u5c5e\u6027\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u5178\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5c5e\u6027\u53ca\u5176\u503c\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u8bbf\u95ee__dict__\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u67e5\u770b\u548c\u64cd\u4f5c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
class MyClass:<\/p>\n
    def __init__(self, value):<\/p>\n
        self.value = value<\/p>\n
    def display(self):<\/p>\n
        print(f"Value: {self.value}")<\/p>\n
obj = MyClass(10)<\/p>\n
print(obj.__dict__)<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0cobj.__dict__<\/code>\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u5178\uff0c\u5305\u542bvalue<\/code>\u5c5e\u6027\u53ca\u5176\u5f53\u524d\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
2\u3001\u4fee\u6539\u5c5e\u6027<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7__dict__\u5c5e\u6027\u76f4\u63a5\u4fee\u6539\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u503c\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
class MyClass:<\/p>\n
    def __init__(self, value):<\/p>\n
        self.value = value<\/p>\n
    def display(self):<\/p>\n
        print(f"Value: {self.value}")<\/p>\n
obj = MyClass(10)<\/p>\n
print(obj.__dict__)<\/p>\n
\u4fee\u6539\u5c5e\u6027<\/strong><\/h2>\n
obj.__dict__['value'] = 20<\/p>\n
print(obj.__dict__)<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7__dict__\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u8bbf\u95ee\u548c\u4fee\u6539\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e94\u3001\u4f7f\u7528__slots__\u5c5e\u6027<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
1\u3001\u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u7c7b\u53ef\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528__slots__\u5c5e\u6027\u6765\u9650\u5236\u5b9e\u4f8b\u53ef\u4ee5\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u8282\u7701\u5185\u5b58\u5e76\u63d0\u9ad8\u8bbf\u95ee\u901f\u5ea6\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8bbf\u95ee__slots__\u5c5e\u6027\u6765\u67e5\u770b\u7c7b\u5141\u8bb8\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
class MyClass:<\/p>\n
    __slots__ = ['value']<\/p>\n
    def __init__(self, value):<\/p>\n
        self.value = value<\/p>\n
obj = MyClass(10)<\/p>\n
print(obj.__slots__)<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0cobj.__slots__<\/code>\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u5217\u8868\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u7c7b\u5141\u8bb8\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
2\u3001\u9650\u5236\u5c5e\u6027<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u4f7f\u7528__slots__\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u9650\u5236\u7c7b\u5b9e\u4f8b\u53ea\u80fd\u62e5\u6709\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8282\u7701\u5185\u5b58\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
class MyClass:<\/p>\n
    __slots__ = ['value']<\/p>\n
    def __init__(self, value):<\/p>\n
        self.value = value<\/p>\n
obj = MyClass(10)<\/p>\n
print(obj.value)<\/p>\n
\u8bd5\u56fe\u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u4f1a\u5f15\u53d1\u9519\u8bef<\/strong><\/h2>\n
obj.new_attribute = 20  # AttributeError: 'MyClass' object has no attribute 'new_attribute'<\/strong><\/h2>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528__slots__\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u9650\u5236\u7c7b\u5b9e\u4f8b\u53ea\u80fd\u62e5\u6709\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u516d\u3001\u4f7f\u7528getattr()\u548chasattr()\u51fd\u6570<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
1\u3001\u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
getattr()\u51fd\u6570\u7528\u4e8e\u83b7\u53d6\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u503c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5c5e\u6027\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u3002hasattr()\u51fd\u6570\u7528\u4e8e\u68c0\u67e5\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u5426\u5177\u6709\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
class MyClass:<\/p>\n
    def __init__(self, value):<\/p>\n
        self.value = value<\/p>\n
obj = MyClass(10)<\/p>\n
print(getattr(obj, 'value'))  # \u8f93\u51fa: 10<\/p>\n
print(getattr(obj, 'non_existent', 'default'))  # \u8f93\u51fa: default<\/p>\n
print(hasattr(obj, 'value'))  # \u8f93\u51fa: True<\/p>\n
print(hasattr(obj, 'non_existent'))  # \u8f93\u51fa: False<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0cgetattr(obj, 'value')<\/code>\u8fd4\u56deobj<\/code>\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684value<\/code>\u5c5e\u6027\u503c\uff0chasattr(obj, 'value')<\/code>\u68c0\u67e5obj<\/code>\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u5426\u5177\u6709value<\/code>\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
2\u3001\u52a8\u6001\u8bbf\u95ee\u548c\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5c5e\u6027<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u901a\u8fc7getattr()\u548csetattr()\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u52a8\u6001\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\u548c\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
class MyClass:<\/p>\n
    def __init__(self, value):<\/p>\n
        self.value = value<\/p>\n
obj = MyClass(10)<\/p>\n
print(getattr(obj, 'value'))  # \u8f93\u51fa: 10<\/p>\n
\u52a8\u6001\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5c5e\u6027<\/strong><\/h2>\n
setattr(obj, 'value', 20)<\/p>\n
print(getattr(obj, 'value'))  # \u8f93\u51fa: 20<\/p>\n
\u52a8\u6001\u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u5c5e\u6027<\/strong><\/h2>\n
setattr(obj, 'new_attribute', 'new value')<\/p>\n
print(getattr(obj, 'new_attribute'))  # \u8f93\u51fa: new value<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7getattr()\u548csetattr()\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u52a8\u6001\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\u548c\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e03\u3001\u4f7f\u7528__annotations__\u5c5e\u6027<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
1\u3001\u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4f7f\u7528\u7c7b\u578b\u6ce8\u89e3\u7684\u7c7b\uff0c__annotations__\u5c5e\u6027\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u5178\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u5c5e\u6027\u540d\u79f0\u548c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6620\u5c04\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8bbf\u95ee__annotations__\u5c5e\u6027\u6765\u67e5\u770b\u7c7b\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u6ce8\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
class MyClass:<\/p>\n
    value: int<\/p>\n
    name: str<\/p>\n
print(MyClass.__annotations__)<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0cMyClass.__annotations__<\/code>\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u5178\uff0c\u5305\u542bvalue<\/code>\u548cname<\/code>\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
2\u3001\u7ed3\u5408\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f7f\u7528<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ed3\u5408\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f7f\u7528__annotations__\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u83b7\u53d6\u66f4\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
import inspect<\/p>\n
class MyClass:<\/p>\n
    value: int<\/p>\n
    name: str<\/p>\n
    def __init__(self, value, name):<\/p>\n
        self.value = value<\/p>\n
        self.name = name<\/p>\n
obj = MyClass(10, "example")<\/p>\n
print(MyClass.__annotations__)<\/p>\n
print(inspect.getmembers(obj))<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u65f6\u83b7\u53d6\u7c7b\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u6ce8\u89e3\u548c\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6210\u5458\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u516b\u3001\u4f7f\u7528\u7c7b\u7ee7\u627f\u548c\u591a\u6001<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
1\u3001\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u7c7b\u7ee7\u627f\u5141\u8bb8\u5b50\u7c7b\u7ee7\u627f\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u589e\u5f3a\u4ee3\u7801\u590d\u7528\u6027\u3002\u591a\u6001\u662f\u6307\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u589e\u5f3a\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
class Animal:<\/p>\n
    def speak(self):<\/p>\n
        rAI<\/a>se NotImplementedError("Subclass must implement this method")<\/p>\n
class Dog(Animal):<\/p>\n
    def speak(self):<\/p>\n
        return "Woof!"<\/p>\n
class Cat(Animal):<\/p>\n
    def speak(self):<\/p>\n
        return "Meow!"<\/p>\n
animals = [Dog(), Cat()]<\/p>\n
for animal in animals:<\/p>\n
    print(animal.speak())<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0cDog\u548cCat\u7c7b\u7ee7\u627f\u81eaAnimal\u7c7b\uff0c\u5e76\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86speak\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u591a\u6001\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u8c03\u7528\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
2\u3001\u67e5\u770b\u7ee7\u627f\u5c42\u6b21<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528inspect\u6a21\u5757\u67e5\u770b\u7c7b\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u5c42\u6b21\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u89e3\u6790\u987a\u5e8f\uff08MRO\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
import inspect<\/p>\n
class Animal:<\/p>\n
    def speak(self):<\/p>\n
        raise NotImplementedError("Subclass must implement this method")<\/p>\n
class Dog(Animal):<\/p>\n
    def speak(self):<\/p>\n
        return "Woof!"<\/p>\n
class Cat(Animal):<\/p>\n
    def speak(self):<\/p>\n
        return "Meow!"<\/p>\n
print(inspect.getmro(Dog))<\/p>\n
print(inspect.getmro(Cat))<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7inspect.getmro()\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u67e5\u770b\u7c7b\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u5c42\u6b21\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u89e3\u6790\u987a\u5e8f\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e5d\u3001\u4f7f\u7528__dir__\u65b9\u6cd5\u5b9a\u5236\u6210\u5458\u5217\u8868<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
1\u3001\u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u91cd\u5199\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684__dir__\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5b9a\u5236dir()\u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u6210\u5458\u5217\u8868\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a7\u5236\u54ea\u4e9b\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u5bf9\u5916\u90e8\u53ef\u89c1\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
class MyClass:<\/p>\n
    def __init__(self, value):<\/p>\n
        self.value = value<\/p>\n
        self.hidden = "hidden"<\/p>\n
    def display(self):<\/p>\n
        print(f"Value: {self.value}")<\/p>\n
    def __dir__(self):<\/p>\n
        return ['value', 'display']<\/p>\n
obj = MyClass(10)<\/p>\n
print(dir(obj))<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u91cd\u5199\u4e86__dir__\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97dir(obj)\u53ea\u8fd4\u56devalue<\/code>\u548cdisplay<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
2\u3001\u9690\u85cf\u5185\u90e8\u5b9e\u73b0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u901a\u8fc7\u91cd\u5199__dir__\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u9690\u85cf\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u5b9e\u73b0\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u53ea\u66b4\u9732\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u63a5\u53e3\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
class MyClass:<\/p>\n
    def __init__(self, value):<\/p>\n
        self.value = value<\/p>\n
        self._internal = "internal"<\/p>\n
    def display(self):<\/p>\n
        print(f"Value: {self.value}")<\/p>\n
    def __dir__(self):<\/p>\n
        return ['value', 'display']<\/p>\n
obj = MyClass(10)<\/p>\n
print(dir(obj))<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u91cd\u5199__dir__\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a7\u5236\u54ea\u4e9b\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u5bf9\u5916\u90e8\u53ef\u89c1\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u5341\u3001\u4f7f\u7528__slots__\u5b9e\u73b0\u9ad8\u6548\u5c5e\u6027\u7ba1\u7406<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
1\u3001\u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
__slots__\u5c5e\u6027\u7528\u4e8e\u9650\u5236\u7c7b\u5b9e\u4f8b\u53ef\u4ee5\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8282\u7701\u5185\u5b58\u5e76\u63d0\u9ad8\u8bbf\u95ee\u901f\u5ea6\u3002\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u9700\u8981\u521b\u5efa\u5927\u91cf\u5b9e\u4f8b\u7684\u573a\u666f\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
class MyClass:<\/p>\n
    __slots__ = ['value']<\/p>\n
    def __init__(self, value):<\/p>\n
        self.value = value<\/p>\n
obj = MyClass(10)<\/p>\n
print(obj.value)<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528__slots__\u5c5e\u6027\u9650\u5236\u7c7b\u5b9e\u4f8b\u53ea\u80fd\u62e5\u6709value<\/code>\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
2\u3001\u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u5316<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u4f7f\u7528__slots__\u5c5e\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u663e\u8457\u51cf\u5c11\u5185\u5b58\u5360\u7528\u548c\u63d0\u9ad8\u5c5e\u6027\u8bbf\u95ee\u901f\u5ea6\uff0c\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6027\u80fd\u654f\u611f\u7684\u5e94\u7528\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
class MyClass:<\/p>\n
    __slots__ = ['value', 'name']<\/p>\n
    def __init__(self, value, name):<\/p>\n
        self.value = value<\/p>\n
        self.name = name<\/p>\n
obj = MyClass(10, "example")<\/p>\n
print(obj.value)<\/p>\n
print(obj.name)<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528__slots__\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u9ad8\u6548\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u8282\u7701\u5185\u5b58\u5e76\u63d0\u9ad8\u6027\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u5341\u4e00\u3001\u603b\u7ed3<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0a\u8ff0\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5168\u9762\u4e86\u89e3\u548c\u64cd\u4f5cPython\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6210\u5458\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4f7f\u7528dir()\u51fd\u6570\u3001\u4f7f\u7528vars()\u51fd\u6570\u3001\u4f7f\u7528inspect\u6a21\u5757\u3001\u4f7f\u7528__dict__\u5c5e\u6027\u3001\u4f7f\u7528__slots__\u5c5e\u6027\u3001\u4f7f\u7528getattr()\u548chasattr()\u51fd\u6570\u3001\u4f7f\u7528__annotations__\u5c5e\u6027\u3001\u4f7f\u7528\u7c7b\u7ee7\u627f\u548c\u591a\u6001\u3001\u91cd\u5199__dir__\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u4f7f\u7528__slots__\u5b9e\u73b0\u9ad8\u6548\u5c5e\u6027\u7ba1\u7406<\/strong>\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u5404\u6709\u7279\u70b9\u548c\u9002\u7528\u573a\u666f\u3002\u6839\u636e\u5177\u4f53\u9700\u6c42\u9009\u62e9\u5408\u9002\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u4ee3\u7801\u8c03\u8bd5\u3001\u4f18\u5316\u548c\u7ef4\u62a4\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u76f8\u5173\u95ee\u7b54FAQs\uff1a<\/strong><\/h2>\n
 \u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528Python\u67e5\u770b\u7c7b\u7684\u6210\u5458\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1f<\/strong>
\u8981\u67e5\u770bPython\u7c7b\u7684\u6210\u5458\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u5185\u7f6e\u7684dir()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u4f20\u5165\u7c7b\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u6570\uff0cdir()<\/code>\u5c06\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u542b\u8be5\u7c7b\u6240\u6709\u6210\u5458\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u5c5e\u6027\uff09\u7684\u5217\u8868\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528help()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u53d6\u66f4\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u6587\u6863\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6210\u5458\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u548c\u7528\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n
Python\u4e2d\u5982\u4f55\u83b7\u53d6\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u4fe1\u606f\uff1f<\/strong>
\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528__dict__<\/code>\u5c5e\u6027\u6765\u83b7\u53d6\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002__dict__<\/code>\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u5178\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5b9e\u4f8b\u53d8\u91cf\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u503c\u3002\u82e5\u8981\u67e5\u770b\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ed3\u5408\u4f7f\u7528dir()<\/code>\u548ccallable()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u7b5b\u9009\u51fa\u53ef\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5728Python\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u67e5\u770b\u6a21\u5757\u7684\u6210\u5458\u548c\u51fd\u6570\uff1f<\/strong>
\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6a21\u5757\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528dir(module_name)<\/code>\u6765\u5217\u51fa\u6a21\u5757\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6210\u5458\u548c\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528help(module_name)<\/code>\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c06\u663e\u793a\u6a21\u5757\u7684\u6587\u6863\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4ee5\u53ca\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u7528\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bf4\u660e\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5feb\u901f\u4e86\u89e3\u6a21\u5757\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u53ca\u5176\u7528\u9014\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u4f7f\u7528dir()\u51fd\u6570\u3001\u4f7f\u7528vars()\u51fd\u6570\u3001\u4f7f\u7528inspect\u6a21\u5757\u3001\u4f7f\u7528__dict__\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765 […]","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1163139,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[37],"tags":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1163134"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1163134"}],"version-history":[{"count":"1","href":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1163134\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1163142,"href":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1163134\/revisions\/1163142"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1163139"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1163134"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1163134"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1163134"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}