std: make Instant a signed Duration on all platforms

[joboet]

This fixes #156142 for all targets using a very principled solution: representing Instant the same way on all platforms.

Currently, not all platforms have the same range and precision of Instant: while all UNIX platforms (and Hermit) represent Instant using a pair consisting of an 64-bit signed second field and a non-negative nanosecond offset and thus are able to represent timepoints well before the system epoch, most other platforms use a Duration with the result that operations like Instant::now() - Duration::from(/* 100 years */) do not succeed. SOLID even represents Instant using a microsecond counter, which means that nanosecond arithmetic is lossy.

To improve the portability of time arithmetic, I propose using the same representation for Instant on all platforms: a 64-bit signed second field and a non-negative nanosecond offset (i.e. a signed Duration). This means that:

• Since all platform timestamp types can either represent the same time range or a smaller one, Instant::now can never fail due to an out-of-bounds timestamp from the platform.
• Time arithmetic works identically on all platforms, operations like adding or subtracting large but not unreasonable durations do not fail (as long as the platform chooses a reasonable epoch).

Note that this does not add any significant conversion cost since all platforms currently convert to some seconds-based unit anyway.

I've split this PR into two parts: the first makes the actual changes to the implementation, the second adjusts the documentation to remove any mentions of platform-specific representations.

[rustbot]

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[joboet]

This does more than required for the conversion – but the existing implementation was both incorrect (the TSC-based time passed 1000 times slower than real time due to a faulty conversion) and lossy. Since our UEFI code isn't free from issues anyway I took the liberty of adjusting this to what I see as a better algorithm. I can split this out if you'd like.

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[ChrisDenton]

So to state this explicitly, this makes Instant a signed Duration?

[joboet]

So to state this explicitly, this makes Instant a signed Duration?

Yes, exactly.

[Amanieu]

@rfcbot merge libs

[rust-rfcbot]

@Amanieu has proposed to merge this. The next step is review by the rest of the tagged team members:

• @Amanieu
• @cuviper
• @joshtriplett
• @the8472
• @thomcc

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[the8472]

Since this changes the windows implementation to do more work it would be good to have a benchmark how this affects throughput/latency of Instant::now()

[joboet]

Since this changes the windows implementation to do more work it would be good to have a benchmark how this affects throughput/latency of Instant::now()

It doesn't, the Windows implementation already converts to seconds/nanoseconds on every Instant::now. The difference is that between unsigned division and remainder and signed div_euclid/rem_euclid, which I think is safe to assume negligible.

[Darksonn]

@rustbot label -S-waiting-on-review +S-waiting-on-fcp

[rust-bors]

☔ The latest upstream changes made this pull request unmergeable. Please resolve the merge conflicts by rebasing.