When a program needs the lowest-cost way between connected places, it has to compare possible routes. Dijkstra’s algorithm computes the cost of reaching each reachable point in a graph by adding the weights assigned to its edges. In this piece,…
The first `nn.Linear` layer maps two input features to eight hidden values. I find the two feature counts a clear way to see what this layer changes. You’ll place that layer in a model structure that can hold its parameters…
Last quarter I had to plan a 12-stop delivery loop and the route my gut picked came out 38% longer than the version a small Python script returned in under a second. That gap is the travelling salesman problem (TSP):…
I ran into a traffic jam on the Outer Ring Road last month that got me thinking. Hundreds of cars, each driver making their own small decisions — speed up, slow down, change lanes — and from that chaos emerges…
I needed to build an inventory optimization system for a warehouse client last year. The problem was classic: too much working capital tied up in stock, but not enough safety buffer to handle demand spikes. I ended up using a…
I ran into the least cost transportation problem again last week, this time when a small manufacturing client needed help cutting their shipping costs. They had three plants shipping to five distribution centers, and every route had a different price…
I keep coming back to CAPM whenever I need to explain to someone why some stocks are riskier than others. The model is simple enough to implement in an afternoon, but it captures something real about how the market prices…
I have been building delivery route optimization tools in Python for several years now, and I keep running into the same problem when teaching newcomers: most tutorials either oversimplify the problem or jump straight into external solvers like Google OR-Tools…
I remember when I first came across Maximum Likelihood Estimation. I was working on a project that needed to estimate some unknown parameters, and a colleague suggested I look into MLE. honestly, it sounded more complicated than it actually was.…
Fundamental analysis is one of the most important aspects of a company’s financial analysis. It tells us whether to invest in a company in the long run. We will also learn how to compare two companies in terms of finances.…
