Add mechanism for runtime to query host for information

[elinor-fung]

Pass a struct from the host to the runtime as a new property HOST_RUNTIME_CONTRACT. The runtime can use this to query for information from the host.

• get_runtime_property: get the value of a property from the host. The host's current implementation just handles the same properties given to the runtime on initialization. It can be updated to handle/compute additional information on-demand as the need arises.
• bundle_probe: existing function used for single-file
• pinvoke_override: existing function used for single-file

The struct can be extended in the future to handle more specific/structured information in a nicer way than property strings (for example separate function to get or enumerate the TPA / probing paths).

Resolves #77458

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Issue Details

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Author:	elinor-fung
Assignees:	-
Labels:	area-Host
Milestone:	-

[elinor-fung]

Manually verified that we will be able to use this properly for getting diagnostics information during suspension as in #56808 - thanks @davmason for the pointers.

[vitek-karas]

I like this 😄

Just the minor comment about priority of the properties, otherwise looks great.

[vitek-karas]

Would be good to add a short description of this into the docs in the repo - along with "why are we doing this" and "how we see it being used in the future"... and finally "this is the future way of passing more properties to the runtime". Basically document the decisions and design - doesn't have to be long, it's pretty simple at the end.

[elinor-fung]

Failures are known: #79255, #79279

I will do a separate PR for the doc, since that doesn't need all the CI build/test.