MIGRATION: Update the documentation to include the new GitHub issue workflow

[AlenkaF]

Describe the enhancement requested

As we are moving towards GitHub issues for Arrow issue reports, the documentation needs to be updated so that the contributors have a place to look if they need the information about the workflow we are/will be having.

The issue will be divided into multiple subtasks (parts of the documentation) so that the review process will be easier:

• [Docs] Make changes to arrow/ and arrow/r/README.md #14854
• Update Apache Arrow website references to Jira arrow-site#284
• [Docs] Make changes to the New Contrib Guide (Jira -> GitHub) #14885
• [Docs] Make changes to developers section of the docs (Jira -> GitHub) #14918
• Version specific project docs warnings https://arrow.apache.org/docs/
  Tracked here: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-18363
  ARROW-18363: [Docs] Include warning when viewing old docs (redirecting to stable/dev docs) arrow-site#275
  ARROW-18363: [Docs] Include warning when viewing old docs (redirecting to stable/dev docs) #14839

Component(s)

Documentation

[assignUser]

Anyone can now self-assign issues by commenting "take": #14785