[C++] Refactor internal array sorting code to use ArraySpan

[asfimport]

I won't be tackling this in ARROW-16824 since this code will require more work to port. See compute/kernels/vector_sort_internal.h

Reporter: Wes McKinney / @wesm

Related issues:

• [C++] Improve array expression and kernel evaluation performance on small inputs (relates to)

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-16827. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}

[github-actions]

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