upgrade go version to 1.23.2 and update build image

[yeya24]

What this PR does:

Follow up of #6261, update build image and update go version to 1.23.2

Which issue(s) this PR fixes:
Fixes #

Checklist

• Tests updated
• Documentation added
• CHANGELOG.md updated - the order of entries should be [CHANGE], [FEATURE], [ENHANCEMENT], [BUGFIX]

[yeya24]

misspell -error docs
# Configured via .golangci.yml.
golangci-lint run
level=warning msg="[config_reader] The configuration option `output.format` is deprecated, please use `output.formats`"
level=warning msg="[config_reader] The configuration option `linters.errcheck.exclude` is deprecated, please use `linters.errcheck.exclude-functions`."
make: *** [Makefile:176: lint] Killed

Golangci-lint got OOM killed. We might want to see if it was the go version upgrade that caused this. I will see if it helps if upgrading to golangci-lint 1.60.1+

[yeya24]

Umm this one got closed accidentally, reopen now.

[yeya24]

It should be ready for review and merge to unblock updating Thanos and Prometheus version.