lib: improve async_context_frame structure

[Qard]

This is a followup to #48528 to deal with some unresolved feedback and to try a prototype-swap improvement to speed up AsyncResource performance a bit. Here's the benchmark numbers:

                                                                                          confidence improvement accuracy (*)   (**)  (***)
async_hooks/async-local-storage-getstore-nested-resources.js n=500000 resourceCount=10          ***      0.65 %       ±0.20% ±0.27% ±0.34%
async_hooks/async-local-storage-getstore-nested-resources.js n=500000 resourceCount=100                  0.05 %       ±0.24% ±0.32% ±0.40%
async_hooks/async-local-storage-getstore-nested-resources.js n=500000 resourceCount=1000        ***      1.07 %       ±0.27% ±0.35% ±0.45%
async_hooks/async-local-storage-getstore-nested-run.js n=10000 storageCount=1                     *     -0.81 %       ±0.66% ±0.87% ±1.11%
async_hooks/async-local-storage-getstore-nested-run.js n=10000 storageCount=10                          -0.45 %       ±0.65% ±0.85% ±1.09%
async_hooks/async-local-storage-getstore-nested-run.js n=10000 storageCount=100                          0.46 %       ±0.67% ±0.88% ±1.13%
async_hooks/async-local-storage-propagate-asyncresource.js n=1000 storageCount=0                ***      4.35 %       ±0.68% ±0.90% ±1.14%
async_hooks/async-local-storage-propagate-asyncresource.js n=1000 storageCount=1                ***      5.27 %       ±0.58% ±0.77% ±0.98%
async_hooks/async-local-storage-propagate-asyncresource.js n=1000 storageCount=10               ***      1.28 %       ±0.63% ±0.83% ±1.06%
async_hooks/async-local-storage-propagate-asyncresource.js n=1000 storageCount=100               **      0.37 %       ±0.23% ±0.30% ±0.38%
async_hooks/async-local-storage-propagate-promise.js n=100000 storageCount=0                    ***      0.59 %       ±0.34% ±0.45% ±0.57%
async_hooks/async-local-storage-propagate-promise.js n=100000 storageCount=1                    ***      0.27 %       ±0.15% ±0.20% ±0.25%
async_hooks/async-local-storage-propagate-promise.js n=100000 storageCount=10                            0.11 %       ±0.12% ±0.16% ±0.20%
async_hooks/async-local-storage-propagate-promise.js n=100000 storageCount=100                          -0.17 %       ±0.19% ±0.26% ±0.33%
async_hooks/async-local-storage-run.js n=10000000                                                        0.29 %       ±0.39% ±0.51% ±0.66%

Be aware that when doing many comparisons the risk of a false-positive result increases.
In this case, there are 15 comparisons, you can thus expect the following amount of false-positive results:
  0.75 false positives, when considering a   5% risk acceptance (*, **, ***),
  0.15 false positives, when considering a   1% risk acceptance (**, ***),
  0.01 false positives, when considering a 0.1% risk acceptance (***)

[nodejs-github-bot]

CI: https://ci.nodejs.org/job/node-test-pull-request/60919/

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 93.02326% with 3 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 87.09%. Comparing base (d1229ee) to head (604d429).
Report is 514 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
lib/internal/async_context_frame.js	92.30%	3 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #54239      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   87.09%   87.09%   -0.01%     
==========================================
  Files         647      647              
  Lines      181836   181778      -58     
  Branches    34917    34882      -35     
==========================================
- Hits       158376   158320      -56     
- Misses      16743    16766      +23     
+ Partials     6717     6692      -25     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
lib/async_hooks.js	99.65% <100.00%> (ø)
...nternal/async_local_storage/async_context_frame.js	78.72% <ø> (ø)
lib/internal/process/task_queues.js	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
lib/internal/timers.js	99.45% <100.00%> (ø)
src/api/async_resource.cc	95.83% <100.00%> (ø)
lib/internal/async_context_frame.js	79.72% <92.30%> (-20.28%)	⬇️

... and 50 files with indirect coverage changes

[nodejs-github-bot]

CI: https://ci.nodejs.org/job/node-test-pull-request/60922/

[nodejs-github-bot]

CI: https://ci.nodejs.org/job/node-test-pull-request/60948/

[nodejs-github-bot]

CI: https://ci.nodejs.org/job/node-test-pull-request/60980/

[nodejs-github-bot]

CI: https://ci.nodejs.org/job/node-test-pull-request/60990/

[nodejs-github-bot]

Landed in 7366808