AVL Tree program in Java

Last Updated : 17 Mar 2025

Just like the Red-Black Tree, the AVL tree is another self-balancing BST(Binary Search Tree) in Java. In the AVL tree, the difference between heights of the right and left subtree doesn't exceed one for all nodes. It takes O(h) time to perform the search, max, min, insert, and delete BST operations. Here, the h is the height of the Binary Search Tree.

Let's take an example of an AVL tree and a tree that is not AVL to understand the difference between both of them,

Diagram(1) is an example of the AVL tree because the difference between the heights of the left and right sub-tree is 1. Diagram (2) is not an AVL tree because the difference between the heights of the left and right subtree is not 1.

Algorithm

Let's understand the algorithm of inserting a node in the AVL Tree:

Suppose the newNode is the newly inserted node in the AVL Tree.

We will insert the newNode in the AVL Tree by performing the standard BST insert operation.
We will go through the AVL Tree from the newNode and check for that node that is unbalanced. Suppose unBalNode is the first unbalanced node, childNode is the child node of the unBalNode that comes on the path from newNode to unBalNode, and newNode is the grandchild of the unBalNode that comes from the path from newNode to unBalNode.
After that, we perform the appropriate rotations on the subtree rooted with unBalNode to re-balance the AVL Tree. These are the following four cases which we need to be handled.
1. When childNode is the left child of the unBalNode and newNode is the left child of the childNode. This case is known as Left Left Case.
2. When the childNode is the left child of the unBalNode, and the newNode is the right child of the childNode. This case is known as Left Right Case.
3. When the childNode is the right child of the unBalNode, and the newNode is the right child of the childNode. This case is known as Right Right Case.
4. When the childNode is the right child of the unBalNode, and the newNode is the left child of the childNode. This case is known as Right Left Case.
In all the cases which we have discussed above, the subtree rooted with the unBalNode is only needed to be re-balanced. After that, the complete tree will be balanced and the same as it was before insertion.

AVLTreeExample.java

//import classes and packages
import java.util.Scanner;

// create Node class to design the structure of the AVL Tree Node
class Node
{    
	int element;
	int h;	//for height
	Node leftChild;
	Node rightChild;
	
	//default constructor to create null node
	public Node()
	{
		leftChild = null;
		rightChild = null;
		element = 0;
		h = 0;
	}
	// parameterized constructor
	public Node(int element)
	{
		leftChild = null;
		rightChild = null;
		this.element = element;
		h = 0;
	}     
}

// create class ConstructAVLTree for constructing AVL Tree
class ConstructAVLTree
{
	private Node rootNode;     

	//Constructor to set null value to the rootNode
	public ConstructAVLTree()
	{
		rootNode = null;
	}
	
	//create removeAll() method to make AVL Tree empty
	public void removeAll()
	{
		rootNode = null;
	}
	
	// create checkEmpty() method to check whether the AVL Tree is empty or not
	public boolean checkEmpty()
	{
		if(rootNode == null)
			return true;
		else 
			return false;
	}
	
	// create insertElement() to insert element to to the AVL Tree
	public void insertElement(int element)
	{
		rootNode = insertElement(element, rootNode);
	}
	
	//create getHeight() method to get the height of the AVL Tree
	private int getHeight(Node node )
	{
		return node == null ? -1 : node.h;
	}
	
	//create maxNode() method to get the maximum height from left and right node
	private int getMaxHeight(int leftNodeHeight, int rightNodeHeight)
	{
	return leftNodeHeight > rightNodeHeight ? leftNodeHeight : rightNodeHeight;
	}
	
	
	//create insertElement() method to insert data in the AVL Tree recursively 
	private Node insertElement(int element, Node node)
	{
		//check whether the node is null or not
		if (node == null)
			node = new Node(element);
		//insert a node in case when the given element is lesser than the element of the root node
		else if (element < node.element)
		{
			node.leftChild = insertElement( element, node.leftChild );
			if( getHeight( node.leftChild ) - getHeight( node.rightChild ) == 2 )
				if( element < node.leftChild.element )
					node = rotateWithLeftChild( node );
				else
					node = doubleWithLeftChild( node );
		}
		else if( element > node.element )
		{
			node.rightChild = insertElement( element, node.rightChild );
			if( getHeight( node.rightChild ) - getHeight( node.leftChild ) == 2 )
				if( element > node.rightChild.element)
					node = rotateWithRightChild( node );
				else
					node = doubleWithRightChild( node );
		}
		else
			;  // if the element is already present in the tree, we will do nothing 
		node.h = getMaxHeight( getHeight( node.leftChild ), getHeight( node.rightChild ) ) + 1;
		
		return node;
		
	}
	
	// creating rotateWithLeftChild() method to perform rotation of binary tree node with left child      
	private Node rotateWithLeftChild(Node node2)
	{
		Node node1 = node2.leftChild;
		node2.leftChild = node1.rightChild;
		node1.rightChild = node2;
		node2.h = getMaxHeight( getHeight( node2.leftChild ), getHeight( node2.rightChild ) ) + 1;
		node1.h = getMaxHeight( getHeight( node1.leftChild ), node2.h ) + 1;
		return node1;
	}

	// creating rotateWithRightChild() method to perform rotation of binary tree node with right child      
	private Node rotateWithRightChild(Node node1)
	{
		Node node2 = node1.rightChild;
		node1.rightChild = node2.leftChild;
		node2.leftChild = node1;
		node1.h = getMaxHeight( getHeight( node1.leftChild ), getHeight( node1.rightChild ) ) + 1;
		node2.h = getMaxHeight( getHeight( node2.rightChild ), node1.h ) + 1;
		return node2;
	}

	//create doubleWithLeftChild() method to perform double rotation of binary tree node. This method first rotate the left child with its right child, and after that, node3 with the new left child
	private Node doubleWithLeftChild(Node node3)
	{
		node3.leftChild = rotateWithRightChild( node3.leftChild );
		return rotateWithLeftChild( node3 );
	}

	//create doubleWithRightChild() method to perform double rotation of binary tree node. This method first rotate the right child with its left child and after that node1 with the new right child
	private Node doubleWithRightChild(Node node1)
	{
		node1.rightChild = rotateWithLeftChild( node1.rightChild );
		return rotateWithRightChild( node1 );
	}    

	//create getTotalNumberOfNodes() method to get total number of nodes in the AVL Tree
	public int getTotalNumberOfNodes()
	{
		return getTotalNumberOfNodes(rootNode);
	}
	private int getTotalNumberOfNodes(Node head)
	{
		if (head == null)
			return 0;
		else
		{
			int length = 1;
			length = length + getTotalNumberOfNodes(head.leftChild);
			length = length + getTotalNumberOfNodes(head.rightChild);
			return length;
		}
	}

	//create searchElement() method to find an element in the AVL Tree
	public boolean searchElement(int element)
	{
		return searchElement(rootNode, element);
	}

	private boolean searchElement(Node head, int element)
	{
		boolean check = false;
		while ((head != null) && !check)
		{
			int headElement = head.element;
			if (element < headElement)
				head = head.leftChild;
			else if (element > headElement)
				head = head.rightChild;
			else
			{
				check = true;
				break;
			}
			check = searchElement(head, element);
		}
		return check;
	}
	// create inorderTraversal() method for traversing AVL Tree in in-order form
	public void inorderTraversal()
	{
		inorderTraversal(rootNode);
	}
	private void inorderTraversal(Node head)
	{
		if (head != null)
		{
			inorderTraversal(head.leftChild);
			System.out.print(head.element+" ");
			inorderTraversal(head.rightChild);
		}
	}

	// create preorderTraversal() method for traversing AVL Tree in pre-order form
	public void preorderTraversal()
	{
		preorderTraversal(rootNode);
	}
	private void preorderTraversal(Node head)
	{
		if (head != null)
		{
			System.out.print(head.element+" ");
			preorderTraversal(head.leftChild);             
			preorderTraversal(head.rightChild);
		}
	}
	
	// create postorderTraversal() method for traversing AVL Tree in post-order form
	public void postorderTraversal()
	{
		postorderTraversal(rootNode);
	}
	
	private void postorderTraversal(Node head)
	{
		if (head != null)
		{
			postorderTraversal(head.leftChild);             
			postorderTraversal(head.rightChild);
			System.out.print(head.element+" ");
		}
	}     
}

// create AVLTree class to construct AVL Tree
public class AVLTreeExample
{
	//main() method starts
	public static void main(String[] args)
	{            
		//creating Scanner class object to get input from user
		Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);

		// create object of ConstructAVLTree class object for costructing AVL Tree
		ConstructAVLTree obj = new ConstructAVLTree(); 

		char choice;	//initialize a character type variable to choice 
		
		// perform operation of AVL Tree using switch
		do    
		{
			System.out.println("\nSelect an operation:\n");
			System.out.println("1. Insert a node");
			System.out.println("2. Search a node");
			System.out.println("3. Get total number of nodes in AVL Tree");
			System.out.println("4. Is AVL Tree empty?");
			System.out.println("5. Remove all nodes from AVL Tree");
			System.out.println("6. Display AVL Tree in Post order");
			System.out.println("7. Display AVL Tree in Pre order");
			System.out.println("8. Display AVL Tree in In order");

			//get choice from user
			int ch = sc.nextInt();            
			switch (ch)
			{
				case 1 : 
					System.out.println("Please enter an element to insert in AVL Tree");
					obj.insertElement( sc.nextInt() );                     
					break;                          
				case 2 : 
					System.out.println("Enter integer element to search");
					System.out.println(obj.searchElement( sc.nextInt() ));
					break;                                          
				case 3 : 
					System.out.println(obj.getTotalNumberOfNodes());
					break;     
				case 4 : 
					System.out.println(obj.checkEmpty());
					break;     
				case 5 : 
					obj.removeAll();
					System.out.println("\nTree Cleared successfully");
					break;
				case 6 : 
					System.out.println("\nDisplay AVL Tree in Post order");
					obj.postorderTraversal();
					break;
				case 7 : 
					System.out.println("\nDisplay AVL Tree in Pre order");
					obj.preorderTraversal();
					break;
				case 8 : 
					System.out.println("\nDisplay AVL Tree in In order");
					obj.inorderTraversal();
					break;
				default : 
					System.out.println("\n ");
					break;    
			}
			System.out.println("\nPress 'y' or 'Y' to continue \n");
			choice = sc.next().charAt(0);                        
		} while (choice == 'Y'|| choice == 'y');       
	}
}

Output

Next TopicProgram-to-accept-string-starting-with-capital-letter-in-java

← prev next →

We deliver comprehensive tutorials, interview question-answers, MCQs, study materials on leading programming languages and web technologies like Data Science, MEAN/MERN full stack development, Python, Java, C++, C, HTML, React, Angular, PHP and much more to support your learning and career growth.