Synapsida

Synapsida; Rentang waktu: 320-100Ma. Takson keturunan Mammalia masih hidup sampai sekarang. PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Dimetrodon grandis skeleton at the National Museum of Natural History of U.S.A.
Klasifikasi ilmiah
Kerajaan:	Animalia
Filum:	Chordata
Superkelas:	Tetrapoda
Klad:	Reptiliomorpha
Klad:	Amniota
Klad:	Synapsida; Osborn, 1903
Subkelompok
	†Diadectomorpha?; †Echinerpeton; †Protoclepsydrops?; †Caseasauria †Caseidae; †Eothyrididae; †Phreatophasma?; ; Eupelycosauria †Ophiacodontidae; †Varanopidae?; Haptodontiformes †Edaphosauridae; Sphenacodontia; ; ;
Sinonim
	Theropsida Seeley, 1895

Synapsida (Sinapsida; 'busur tergabung'), atau theropsida ('wajah hewan'), adalah kelompok hewan yang termasuk mamalia dan segala kerabat dekatnya. Sinapsida merupakan percabangan takson klad dari amniota, selain dari kelompok Sauropsida.^[4] Anggota sinapsida non-mamalia disebut sebagai reptil-mirip-mamalia dalam sistematika klasik,^[5]^[6] tetapi disebut "mamalia punca" atau "proto-mammalia" dalam terminologi kladistika. Hal yang membedakan sinapsida dengan kelompok hewan amniota lainnya adalah adanya temporal fenestra, sebuah bukaan pada tengkorak yang terletak di belakang lubang mata, membentuk satu gabungan tulang yang berbentuk busur di bawahnya.

Taksonomi

Klasifikasi

Klad Amniota
- Klad Sinapsida *
  - Bangsa Pelycosauria *
    - Upawangsa Caseasauria
    - Upawangsa Eupelycosauria *
      - Suku Varanopseidae
      - Suku Ophiacodontidae
      - Suku Edaphosauridae
      - Suku Sphenacodontidae *
  - Bangsa Therapsida *
    - Upawangsa Biarmosuchia *
    - Upawangsa Dinocephalia
    - Upawangsa Anomodontia
    - Upawangsa Gorgonopsia
    - Upawangsa Therocephalia
    - Upawangsa Cynodontia *
      - Suku Probainognathidae
      - Adisuku Chiniquodontoidea *
  - Kelas Mamalia

Filogeni

Synapsida

	Eotitanosuchus

Eutherapsida

Neotherapsida

Eutheriodontia

	Dvinia

	Procynosuchidae

	Trithelodontidae

	Chiniquodontidae

Prozostrodon

Mammaliaformes

	Mammalia

Catatan

↑ David S. Berman (2013). "Diadectomorphs, amniotes or not?". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 60: 22–35.
↑ Jozef Klembara; Miroslav Hain; Marcello Ruta; David S. Berman; Stephanie E. Pierce; Amy C. Henrici (2019). "Inner ear morphology of diadectomorphs and seymouriamorphs (Tetrapoda) uncovered by high‐resolution x‐ray microcomputed tomography, and the origin of the amniote crown group". Palaeontology. 63: 131–154. doi:10.1111/pala.12448.
↑ Seeley, Harry Govier (1895). "Researches on the Structure, Organisation, and Classification of the Fossil Reptilia. Part X. On the Complete Skeleton of an Anomodont Reptile (Aristodesmus rutimeyeri, Wiedersheim), from the Bunter Sandstone of Reihen, near Basel, Giving New Evidence of the Relation of the Anomodontia to the Monotremata". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 59: 167–169. doi:10.1098/rspl.1895.0070.
↑ Laurin and Reisz 2007.
↑ Carroll 1988: 397.
↑ Benton 2005: 122.

Referensi

Benton, Michael J. (2005). Vertebrate Paleontology, 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd. ISBN 0-632-05637-1.
Bramble, D. M. (1993). "Mammalian locomotor-respiratory integration: Implications for diaphragmatic and pulmonary design". Science. 262 (5131): 235–240. doi:10.1126/science.8211141. ;
Carroll, Robert L. (1988). Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. New York: W.H. Freeman & Co. ISBN 0-7167-1822-7.
Hopson, James A. (1987). "The Mammal-Like Reptiles: A Study of Transitional Fossils". The American Biology Teacher. 49 (1): 16–26.
Hoyt, Donald F. (1997). Synapsid Reptiles Diarsipkan 2009-05-20 di Wayback Machine.. Zoo 138 Vertebrate Zoology Home Page.
Lambert, David (2001). Dinosaur Encyclopedia. ISBN 0-7894-7935-4.
Laurin, Michel, and Robert R. Reisz (2007). Synapsida: Mammals and their extinct relatives. Version 6 April 2007. The Tree of Life Web Project.

Bacaan Lanjut

Colbert, E. H. (1969). Evolution of the Vertebrates (Edisi 2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc. ISBN 0471164666. ;

Lihat pula

Pranala luar

Synapsida - Pelycosauria Diarsipkan 2006-03-13 di Archive.is - at Palaeos
Transitional Vertebrate Fossils - includes description of important transitional genera in the evolutionary sequence linking primitive synapsids to mammals

[Berman-1] David S. Berman (2013). "Diadectomorphs, amniotes or not?". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 60: 22–35.

[Klembara-2] Jozef Klembara; Miroslav Hain; Marcello Ruta; David S. Berman; Stephanie E. Pierce; Amy C. Henrici (2019). "Inner ear morphology of diadectomorphs and seymouriamorphs (Tetrapoda) uncovered by high‐resolution x‐ray microcomputed tomography, and the origin of the amniote crown group". Palaeontology. 63: 131–154. doi:10.1111/pala.12448.

[3] Seeley, Harry Govier (1895). "Researches on the Structure, Organisation, and Classification of the Fossil Reptilia. Part X. On the Complete Skeleton of an Anomodont Reptile (Aristodesmus rutimeyeri, Wiedersheim), from the Bunter Sandstone of Reihen, near Basel, Giving New Evidence of the Relation of the Anomodontia to the Monotremata". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 59: 167–169. doi:10.1098/rspl.1895.0070.

[4] Laurin and Reisz 2007.

[Carroll397-5] Carroll 1988: 397.

[Benton122-6] Benton 2005: 122.

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Synapsida Rentang waktu: 320-100Ma. Takson keturunan Mammalia masih hidup sampai sekarang. PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N

Dimetrodon grandis skeleton at the National Museum of Natural History of U.S.A.
Klasifikasi ilmiah
Kerajaan:	Animalia
Filum:	Chordata
Superkelas:	Tetrapoda
Klad:	Reptiliomorpha
Klad:	Amniota
Klad:	Synapsida Osborn, 1903
Subkelompok
†Diadectomorpha?^[1]^[2] †Echinerpeton †Protoclepsydrops? †Caseasauria †Caseidae †Eothyrididae †Phreatophasma? Eupelycosauria †Ophiacodontidae †Varanopidae? Haptodontiformes †Edaphosauridae Sphenacodontia
Sinonim
Theropsida Seeley, 1895^[3]