MedFrameQA: A Multi-Image Medical VQA Benchmark for Clinical Reasoning
Suhao Yu*, Haojin Wang*, Juncheng Wu*, Cihang Xie, Yuyin Zhou

• [📄💥 May 22, 2025] Our arXiv paper is released.
• [💾 May 22, 2025] Full dataset released.

Star 🌟 us if you think it is helpful!!

MedFrameQA introduces multi-image, clinically grounded questions that require comprehensive reasoning across all images. Unlike prior benchmarks such as SLAKE and MedXpertQA, it emphasizes diagnostic complexity, expert-level knowledge, and explicit reasoning chains.

• We develop a scalable pipeline that automatically constructs multi-image, clinically grounded VQA questions from medical education videos.
• We benchmark ten state-of-the-art MLLMs on MEDFRAMEQA and find that their accuracies mostly fall below 50% with substantial performance across different body systems, organs, and modalities.

We open-sourced our data and code here.

MedFrameQA generation pipeline contains four stages:

1. Medical Video Collection: Collecting 3,420 medical videos via clinical search queries;
2. Frame-Caption Pairing: Extracting keyframes and aligning with transcribed captions;
3. Multi-Frame Merging: Merging clinically related frame-caption pairs into multi-frame clips;
4. Question-Answer Generation: Generating multi-image VQA from the multi-frame clips.

In figure (a), we show the distribution across body systems; (b) presents the distribution across organs; (c) shows the distribution across imaging modalities; (d) provides a word cloud of keywords in MedFrameQA; and (e) reports the distribution of frame counts per question.

Using Linux system,

1. Clone this repository and navigate to the folder

git clone https://github.com/haojinw0027/MedFrameQA.git
cd MedFrameQA

2. Install Package

conda create -n medframeqa python=3.10 -y
conda activate medframeqa
pip install -r requirements.txt
cd src

python process.py --process_stage download_process --csv_file ../data/30_disease_video_id.csv 

# Specify the number of videos to be downloaded
python process.py --process_stage download_process --csv_file ../data/30_disease_video_id.csv --num_ids number(-1 for all)

python process.py --process_stage video_process --csv_file ../data/30_disease_video_id.csv 

python process.py --process_stage pair_process --csv_file ../data/30_disease_video_id.csv 

# Specify the time intervals for the selection of video frames
python process.py --process_stage pair_process --csv_file ../data/30_disease_video_id.csv --bias_time 20

python process.py --process_stage vqa_process --csv_file ../data/30_disease_video_id.csv 

# Specify the max frame num of one question
python process.py --process_stage vqa_process --csv_file ../data/30_disease_video_id.csv --max_frame_num 5

python eval_process.py --input_file "your vqa pairs file path" --output_dir ../eval --model_name "your model"

# Specify the number of questions you want to evaluate
python eval_process.py --input_file "your vqa pairs file path" --output_dir ../eval --model_name "your model" --num_q number(-1 for all)

You can download our datasets to evaluate at SuhaoYu1020/MedFrameQA

If you find MedFrameQA useful for your research and applications, please cite using this BibTeX:

@misc{yu2025medframeqamultiimagemedicalvqa,
      title={MedFrameQA: A Multi-Image Medical VQA Benchmark for Clinical Reasoning}, 
      author={Suhao Yu and Haojin Wang and Juncheng Wu and Cihang Xie and Yuyin Zhou},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2505.16964},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CV},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.16964}, 
}

• We thank the Microsoft Accelerate Foundation Models Research Program for supporting our computing needs.