Fracking
Natural resources—materials from the Earth, found in nature, that can be used by humans for personal or economic gain, even their survival—include water, minerals, forests, and fossil fuels, and they are widely used as energy sources. There are two types of energy sources: renewable and nonrenewable. Fossil fuels (such as coal, oil, and natural gas) are finite, nonrenewable natural resources, formed over millions of years from the remains of ancient plants and microorganisms that are subjected to enormous heat and pressure deep within the Earth’s crust. There are also renewable and nonrenewable forms of alternative energies (alternatives to fossil fuels): these include renewable alternative resources (such as solar, tidal, wave, wind, biofuel, hydroelectric, and geothermal) and nonrenewable nuclear power (considered an alternative but not renewable energy source because it relies on uranium, a finite resource not easily replenished).
As reported by the U.S. Energy Information Agency (EIA), at the start of 2024 the United States’ energy consumption remained primarily fossil fuels (78 percent, comprised of 10 percent coal, 44 percent natural gas, and 46 percent oil/petroleum). Nuclear energy comprised 8 percent of total consumption, with renewable sources also comprising 9 percent (of these renewable sources, 1 percent was geothermal, 13 percent solar, 9 percent hydroelectric, 18 percent wind, and 59 percent biomass). Biomass energy includes the burning of wood, human and animal waste, and agricultural crops for heat and electricity and the converting of crops like corn and soybeans into liquid biofuels such as ethanol and biodiesel. (Note: Sum of percentages will not always equal exactly 100 percent because of the rounding of numbers.)[36] [37]
Alternative energies are often called “clean” energies, because they generate energy with little pollution, unlike fossil fuels. Whether alternative energy can meet energy demands effectively enough to phase out use of finite (and “dirtier”) fossil fuels is hotly debated.
Fracking plays a pivotal role in this debate.
Short for “hydraulic fracturing,” fracking is a method of extracting natural gas and oil from deep underground. While it is used to extract both elements, it is particularly instrumental in unlocking, in an economically feasible way, large quantities of deeply embedded natural gas. Traditional, shallow natural gas extraction targets porous, permeable rock formations where gas has migrated and accumulated in pockets closer to the earth’s surface; conventional vertical wells are used to extract this easily accessible gas. Fracking, however, targets low-permeability rock and shale deep below the surface that also contain oil and gas; extracting these dense and deep resources through conventional means is difficult and expensive. Fracking, on the other hand, can efficiently reach and extract these resources through a combination of vertical and horizontal drilling, which can extend laterally for thousands of feet for maximizing contact with the resource-rich shale layer.[1] [2]
There are three basic phases to the process. First, a vertical well is drilled deep into the earth, whereupon a horizontal well is drilled into the rock layer where the gas or oil is trapped. Second, a high-pressure fluid, comprised of water, sand, and chemicals, is pumped into the horizontal well to create cracks in the rock. Finally, the cracks release the trapped natural gas and oil, which flow up to the surface.[1] [2]
As Encyclopaedia Britannica summarizes the process,
fracking, in natural gas and petroleum production, injection of a fluid at high pressure into an underground rock formation in order to open fissures and allow trapped gas or crude oil to flow through a pipe to a wellhead at the surface. Employed in combination with improved techniques for drilling horizontally through selected rock layers, fracking has opened up vast natural gas deposits in the United States and elsewhere. At the same time, the rapid rise of the practice, frequently in regions with no history of intensive oil and gas drilling, has raised concerns over its economic and environmental consequences.[34]
The process is controversial. As the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences reports,
Residents, environmental advocates, and researchers are concerned about potential health effects and environmental impacts. Water quality is a primary concern because the hydraulic fracturing fluids used to fracture rock formations have chemicals that could harm human health and the environment, especially if they enter drinking water supplies. Other concerns relate to chemicals that are recovered and disposed of as wastewater. Emissions of air pollutants are another potential hazard.[35]
Colonel Edward A.L. Roberts first developed a version of fracking in 1862. During the American Civil War, at the Battle of Fredericksburg, Roberts noticed how artillery blasts affected channels of water. The idea of “shooting the well” was further developed by lowering a sort of torpedo into an oil well. The torpedo was then detonated, which increased oil flow. [2]
In the 1940s, explosives were replaced by high-pressure liquids, beginning the era of hydraulic fracturing. The 21st century brought two further innovations: horizontal drilling and slick water (a mix of water, sand, and chemicals) to increase fluid flow. Spurred by increased financial investment and global oil prices, fracking picked up speed and favor. [2] [3]
Although most U.S. states allow fracking, bans on the practice exist in New York, Maryland, Vermont, Washington, and California. Concerned about the possible contamination of water, the Delaware River Basin Commission, an interstate body, also banned fracking within the four-state Delaware River watershed, which includes sections of Delaware, New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey.[4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [32] [33]
So, should the United States continue fracking? Explore the debate below.
Pros and Cons at a Glance
| PROS | CONS |
|---|---|
| Pro 1: Fracking is the best way to extract natural gas, a necessary bridge fuel to get to 100% clean energy usage. Read More. | Con 1: The U.S. needs to immediately transition away from all fossil fuels, including natural gas. Read More. |
| Pro 2: Fracking is a safe method of extracting natural gas. Read More. | Con 2: Fracking pollutes groundwater, increases greenhouse gases, and causes earthquakes. Read More. |
| Pro 3: Fracking has allowed the U.S to produce and export more natural gas, which has increased national security and moved the country toward energy independence. Read More. | Con 3: The U.S. should not stake national security and energy independence on a finite, market-dependent resource. Read More. |
Pro Arguments
(Go to Con Arguments)Pro 1: Fracking is the best way to extract natural gas, a necessary bridge fuel to get to 100% clean energy usage.
“The choice is not between fossil fuels and renewable energy, but rather, how do we accelerate the growth of renewables while reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the use of fossil fuels,” explains Mark Little, president and chief executive for Suncor. [9]
Replacing coal and petroleum with natural gas obtained by fracking now allows the U.S. to achieve short-term and immediate reductions in greenhouse gases that cause climate change while alternative energies such as solar and wind are built into viable industries. [10]
In the 2014 State of the Union address, Pres. Barack Obama stated, “Natural gas—if extracted safely, it’s the bridge fuel that can power our economy with less of the carbon pollution that causes climate change.” [11]
Oil and gas company BP says, “As the world works towards net zero emissions, we think natural gas will play an important role in getting us all there….Natural gas has far lower emissions than coal when burnt for power and is a much cleaner way of generating electricity. Switching from coal to gas has cut more than 500 million tonnes of CO2 from the power sector this decade alone.” [12]
Pro 2: Fracking is a safe method of extracting natural gas.
“Hydraulic fracturing has been a key technology in making shale gas an affordable addition to the Nation’s energy supply, and the technology has proven to be a safe and effective stimulation technique. Ground water is protected during the shale gas fracturing process by a combination of the casing and cement that is installed when the well is drilled and the thousands of feet of rock between the fracture zone and any fresh or treatable aquifers,” according to the Ground Water Protection Council (GWPC). [13]
Studies completed by researchers at Pennsylvania State University and Yale University found fracking was not contaminating groundwater in the Marcellus Shale region of Pennsylvania. [14] [15] [16]
Mark Zoback, professor emeritus of geophysics at Stanford University, states, “The assertion that [fracking] caused or will soon cause severe environmental damage is simply not true and needlessly alarmist. Through emphasizing best practice, appropriate regulation, and enforcement of those regulations, I have every confidence that horizontal drilling and multi-stage fracturing can be done with minimal environmental impact.” [17]
Earthquakes caused by fracking, another focus of environmental and safety concern, are extremely rare, and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) maintains that there are no more earthquakes now than in prior years, only more equipment to detect the quakes. [18] [19]
Pro 3: Fracking has allowed the U.S to produce and export more natural gas, which has increased national security and moved the country toward energy independence.
Fracking accounts for 95% of new American natural gas wells. Eliminating fracking would severely hamper the country’s ability to be energy independent. [21]
“America’s energy independence has made our country more secure, put more money back in our pockets, and in rural areas—like those across central and northeast Pennsylvania—led to an economic explosion not seen in generations. The United States is now the world leader in oil and natural gas production and a net exporter of natural gas.…The less reliant the United States and our allies are on energy resources produced by countries that hate us, the less influence they have over us,” says U.S. Rep. Fred Keller (R-PA). [20]
An American Petroleum Institute study found that banning fracking could be disastrous, resulting in, among other consequences, a $1.2 trillion reduction in GDP that would trigger a recession; 7.5 million lost jobs; a $3.1 million trade deficit increase through 2030; an annual household income loss of $5,040 per year; an increase in household energy spending of $618 per year; and a return of American dependence on imported energy sources. [21] [22]
Con Arguments
(Go to Pro Arguments)Con 1: The U.S. needs to immediately transition away from all fossil fuels, including natural gas.
“Transitioning to renewable energy is not only necessary to fight the climate crisis; it is also the only way we can quickly and effectively meet rising energy demands.…Over a billion people around the world lack access to electricity, and increasing fossil fuel-based generation will not fix this.…Renewables, particularly small-scale renewables, are cheaper and faster to install. Small-scale renewables also tend to generate and keep power locally. This becomes a more effective way to fight energy poverty,” says Erich Pica, president of Friends of the Earth. [23]
According to many climate activists and scientists, there is no scenario in which the U.S. can continue to rely on fossil fuels, including natural gas obtained via fracking, while preventing imminent and irreversible climate disaster. [24]
Green America explains, “investing in a transition fuel is a dead end. The money spent on natural gas power facilities and infrastructure takes decades to recuperate. Companies would need to use these facilities for their full lifetimes, delaying the switch to renewables for far too long. Investment in natural gas does not incentivize a move to renewable energy. Stakeholders will be actively opposed to laws and regulations that promote clean power at the expense of natural gas companies.” [25]
Con 2: Fracking pollutes groundwater, increases greenhouse gases, and causes earthquakes.
According to Environment America Research and Policy Center, “Fracking uses vast quantities of chemicals known to harm human health … [including at least] 5 billion pounds of hydrochloric acid, a caustic acid; 1.2 billion pounds of petroleum distillates, which can irritate the throat, lungs, and eyes; cause dizziness and nausea; and can include toxic and cancer-causing agents; and 445 million pounds of methanol, which is suspected of causing birth defects.…People living or working nearby can be exposed to these chemicals if they enter drinking water after a spill or if they become airborne.” [26]
A study from Cornell University found that the fracking process releases large quantities of greenhouse gases, including methane, that ultimately results in 20% more global warming per unit than coal. While the fracking process itself is unlikely to cause earthquakes, the USGS has found that disposal wells for wastewater from fracking are associated with an “unprecedented increase” in earthquakes. [2] [27] [28]
“Fracking,” says U.S. Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-VT), “is a danger to our water supply. It’s a danger to the air we breathe, it has resulted in more earthquakes, and it’s highly explosive. To top it all off, it’s contributing to climate change. If we are serious about clean air and drinking water, if we are serious about combating climate change, the only safe and sane way to move forward is to ban fracking nationwide.” [29]
Con 3: The U.S. should not stake national security and energy independence on a finite, market-dependent resource.
“It’s easy to see why we should produce our own energy,” explains Rebecca Harrington, deputy editor of Business Insider. “Relying on other countries for oil, natural gas, and coal (the biggest sources used today) can get complicated. It can lead to wars, or compromise our relationships with foreign powers.…Fossil fuels will eventually run out around the world, however. Experts estimate that the U.S. only has enough natural gas reserves to last 93 more years, and enough coal to last about 283 years. Putting politics aside, there is only one surefire way to be completely and indefinitely energy independent: adopt 100% renewable energy.” [30]
As the COVID-19 pandemic has starkly illustrated, demand for natural gas can decrease dramatically. According to the International Energy Agency, global fossil fuel energy demand decreased by 6% in 2020, the largest drop on record: “In absolute terms, the decline is unprecedented—the equivalent of losing the entire energy demand of India, the world’s third largest energy consumer.” [31]
Renewables were the only energy sources to grow in 2020, directly reflecting the value they hold for U.S. energy independence. [31]
Assessment Quiz
After reading the above information, take our assessment quiz to test your knowledge of energy sources. Good luck!
1-minute Survey
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Discussion Questions
- Should the United States continue fracking? Why or why not?
- Should the United States use natural gas as a bridge fuel to get to 100% clean energy? Why or why not?
- What is the best way for the United States to establish energy independence? Explain your answer.
Take Action
- Evaluate the information on fracking from the Independent Petroleum Association of America (IPAA).
- Discover how fracking works by watching a Ted-Ed video.
- Consider the dangers fracking may pose to the water supply, as explained by Greenpeace.
- Consider how you felt about the issue before reading this article. After reading the pros and cons on this topic, has your thinking changed? If so, how? List two to three ways. If your thoughts have not changed, list two to three ways your better understanding of the other side of the issue now helps you better argue your position.
- Push for the position and policies you support by writing U.S. national senators and representatives.
Sources
The ProCon staff used the following resources for this feature:
- Marc Lallanilla, “Facts about Fracking,” livescience.com, Feb. 10, 2018
- Melissa Denchak, “Fracking 101,” nrdc.org, Apr. 19, 2019
- EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), “Hydraulic Fracturing for Oil and Gas: Impacts from the Hydraulic Fracturing Water Cycle on Drinking Water Resources in the United States,” cfpub.epa.gov, Dec. 2016
- CNN Wire Staff, “Vermont First State to Ban Fracking,” cnn.com, May 17, 2012
- Thomas Kaplan, “Citing Health Risks, Cuomo Bans Fracking in New York State,” nytimes.com, Dec. 17, 2014
- New York State, “Governor Cuomo Announces Legislation to Make the Fracking Ban Permanent Included in FY 2021 Executive Budget,” governor.ny.gov, Jan. 22, 2020
- Pamela Wood, “As Hogan Signs Fracking Ban, Environmentalists Question His Record,” baltimoresun.com, Apr. 5, 2017
- Jay Inslee, “Inslee Announces Opposition to Two Gas Projects in Washington,” governor.wa.gov, May 8, 2019
- Mark Little, “Climate and Energy Experts Debate How to Respond to a Warming World,” nytimes.com, Oct. 7, 2019
- Steve Weissman, “Natural Gas as a Bridge Fuel,” energycenter.org, Mar. 2016
- Barack Obama, “President Barack Obama’s State of the Union Address,” obamawhitehouse.archives.gov, Jan. 28, 2014
- BP, “Reimagining Energy,” bp.com (accessed Oct. 2, 2020)
- Groundwater Protection Council, “Modern Shale Gas Development in the United States: A Primer,” gwpc.org. Apr. 2009
- Tim Benson, “Research & Commentary: New Studies Confirm the Safety of Fracking in Pennsylvania,” heartland.org, June 20, 2018
- E. Barth-Naftilan, J. Sohng, and J.E. Saiers, “Methane in Groundwater Before, During, and After, Hydraulic Fracturing of the Marcellus Shale,” pnas.org, July 3, 2018
- Tao Wen et al., “Big Groundwater Data Sets Reveal Possible Rare Contamination Amid Otherwise Improved Water Quality for Some Analytes in a Region of Marcellus Shale Development,” pubs.acs.org, 2018
- Jeff McMahon, “Of Course Fracking Is Safe, Stanford Prof Says,” forbes.com, June 26, 2017
- USGS, “How Is Hydraulic Fracturing Related to Earthquakes and Tremors?,” usgs.gov (accessed Nov. 12, 2020)
- USGS, “Why Are We Having So Many Earthquakes? Has Naturally Occurring Earthquake Activity Been Increasing? Does This Mean a Big One Is Going to Hit? OR We Haven’t Had Any Earthquakes in a Long Time; Does This Mean That the Pressure Is Building Up for a Big One?,” usgs.gov (accessed Nov. 12, 2020)
- Fred Keller, “America’s Energy Independence Has Contributed to the Great American Comeback,” thehill.com, Feb. 5, 2020
- Mark Green, “Fracking Ban Could Cripple U.S., New Study Finds,” api.org, Feb, 27, 2020
- America’s Progress at Risk: An Economic Analysis of a Ban on Fracking and Federal Leasing for Natural Gas and Oil Development,” api.org, 2020
- Erich Pica, “Climate and Energy Experts Debate How to Respond to a Warming World,” nytimes.com, Oct. 7, 2019
- May Boeve, “Climate and Energy Experts Debate How to Respond to a Warming World,” nytimes.com, Oct. 7, 2019
- Green America, “Natural Gas: The Myth of Transition Fuels,” greenamerica.org, Oct. 2, 2020
- Environment America Research and Policy Center, “Fracking by the Numbers: The Damage to Our Water, Land and Climate from a Decade of Dirty Drilling,” environmentamerica.org, Apr. 14, 2016
- The Climate Center, “Study Shows Natural Gas Fracking More Harmful Than Coal,” theclimatecenter.org, Apr. 14, 2011
- USGS, “High-Rate Injection Is Associated with the Increase in U.S. Mid-Continent Seismicity,” pubs.er.usgs.gov, 2015
- Bernie Sanders, “Sanders, Ocasio-Cortez Lead First-Ever Bill to Ban Fracking Nationwide,” sanders.senate.gov, Jan. 21, 2020
- Rebecca Harrington, “There’s Only One Way for the US to Reach Energy Independence,” businessinsider.com, July 15, 2017
- Pippa Stevens, “Energy Demand, Hit by Coronavirus Crisis, Is Set to See Record Drop This Year, IEA Says,” cnbc.com, Apr. 30, 2020
- Greg Casto, “Policy Explainer: Drilling Down on State Efforts to Ban Fracking,” climate-xchange.org, August 9, 2024
- E360 Digest, “Regulators Ban Fracking Permanently in the Four-State Delaware River Watershed,” e360.yale.edu, March 1, 2021
- Encyclopaedia Britannica, “Fracking” (accessed December 3, 2025)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, “Hydraulic Fracturing & Health” (November 17, 2025), niehs.nih.gov
- U.S. Energy Information Administration, “U.S. Energy Facts Explained” (accessed December 3, 2025), eia.gov
- U.S. Energy Information Administration, “Monthly Energy Review” (September 2025), eia.gov
