Further Explicit Adjoints Locking and Lock-Free Adjoints Access

[jblueh]

Proposed Changes

• Protect AD::GetDerivative() call trees by AD::BeginUseAdjoints(), AD::EndUseAdjoints().
• GetAdjointSolution_time_n() and GetAdjointSolution_time_n1() use lock-free adjoints access now.

Related Work

continues #2146
related to #1984

PR Checklist

• I am submitting my contribution to the develop branch.
• My contribution generates no new compiler warnings (try with --warnlevel=3 when using meson).
• My contribution is commented and consistent with SU2 style (https://su2code.github.io/docs_v7/Style-Guide/).
• I used the pre-commit hook to prevent dirty commits and used pre-commit run --all to format old commits.
• I have added a test case that demonstrates my contribution, if necessary.
• I have updated appropriate documentation (Tutorials, Docs Page, config_template.cpp), if necessary.