General Q&A about the design and function of electronic systems, electric power systems and infrastructure, their theory, and tools specific to those fields. Read these guidelines before posting.
Filters (None)
Background: I have already posted my question on electronics.stackexchange.com (EESE) and I did get an answer too. However, I am not satisfied by the explanation so far. Literature survey done til...
I have a question regarding the upper frequency limit for PCB-level PDN (Power Delivery Network) simulation. From Eric Bogatin's articles on Power Integrity, I understand that the "Bandini Mountai...
Hi, I was watching Many EMC Tips to Help You Design Better PCB Boards (with Keith Armstrong) and at 1:01:30 timestamp he talks about bonding reference plane to chassis and emphasizes that the conn...
In the R&D section of the company I work for we use a Segger JLINK to communicate and program our devices. We use our own small "converter board" PCB to convert the JLINK 2x10 pin header connec...
I need to measure the positive peak of a 1 kHz PWM/square wave using an ESP32 ADC. The waveform has variable duty cycle; the minimum positive pulse width is about 100 µs. After scaling, the ADC in...
Does output impedance of the DAC in STM32G4 vary appreciably with code? The built-in DAC buffer will be disabled. The datasheet gives only one value for DAC output impedance (section 5.3.20 on pa...
I'm using the AD5941 (CPZ-RL7) and driving 3 external mux address lines from its GPIO0, GPIO1, and GPIO2 pins. This IC has only 3 GPIO's. Firmware engineer reported that GPIO2 cannot act as general...
From IEC-62368 for signals below 30kHz the creepage distance for pollution degree 2 and material group IIIa,IIIb (FR-4 boards are IIIa) at 40V is specified to be 1.1mm. We have a connector that has...
I want to create a schematic symbol and reuse it for multiple ICs which have identical pinouts. For example, op-amps, or the venerable SN74LS00, SN74HC00, SN74HCT00. How can I do this in an Altiu...
I need to interface a radiation sensor (BG51 by Teviso Sensor Technologies) with TTL output with a CC1352P microcontroller. May I know how to approach this.
When downloading a Manufacturer Part Number (MPN) directly from Altium Manufacturer Part Search, I often see multiple footprint options available for the same component: IPC_A IPC_B IPC_C MFG (...
I have 4 very high-impedance analog signals coming from a fine-pitch 100-pin connector to AD8244 buffer inputs. An electrochemical biosensor IC will be mouted on this connector. Its reference elect...
I am working on a rigid-flex design with two ICs placed on different rigid sections: an MCU on one board an AD5941 on another board The two rigid sections are connected by a flex PCB. This is a 4...
I was going through some old batteries to test if they still work, and discovered the hard way that one or two of them had ruptured or leaked, leaving a considerable amount of white stuff on the ne...
In my circuit, I am using an OPA333 op‑amp to buffer a sensor signal before it goes through a two‑stage RC low‑pass filter (R13–C44 and R14–C45). My simulation shows the overall filter bandwidth i...
I have a CAN circuit with two TCAN3414DR transceivers on the same PCB, each connected to a different MCU but sharing the same physical CAN bus. This bus then goes via harness to a BMS and a Slave c...
Important: I know nothing about how to design a PCB or any of the jargon related to PCB designing I am following a tutorial titled Switching Loop Layout by Prof. Alex Hanson for Texas Instruments ...
I’m designing a 100% flexible PCB (no rigid FR-4 regions in the construction). The board is a wearable strap and we want a 4-layer flex stack. My PCB supplier (Würth “SLIM.flex 4F”) sent me an Alt...
I am trying to simulate a leaky integrator in LTspice using an AD8603 op‑amp. My long‑term goal is to model slow‑changing outputs from MOX gas sensors, but the gas sensor itself is not important fo...
There are GFCI (RCD) units for DC. How do they sense the small DC current difference? I understand how GFCI for AC works. It uses a differential current sensing transformer with two opposing pri...
In cleaning up my office, I found a strip of SOT-23 parts that got separated from their identifications. The only markings are "R12": I suspect it is a voltage regulator or reference, but it co...
The ATmega16U2 datasheet suggests putting an external lowpass filter from Vcc (the digital supply) to AVcc (the analog supply). However, the datasheet doesn't specify what type of lowpass filter...
I’m using an Infineon TLE4973 current sensor. It has a DCDI pin, which the datasheet describes as a single‑wire, open‑drain, UART‑based interface (master–slave). It specifies logic thresholds (LOW ...
I'm trying to clarify my understanding of the relationship between ADC resolution and ENOB (Effective Number of Bits), particularly when it comes to practical calculations. From what I understand,...
Measuring the resistance of water from my tap I got 500kOhm. Adding considerable amount of salt brought it down to 20kOhm: The question I have is why water is such a danger for short circuits if t...
Looking at Flex-Rigid PCB technology vs Flex PCB with added stiffeners under sections with components I struggle to see the advantage of Flex-Rigid for low layer counts, as it seems more complex to...
I am using the STM32WBA5MMG module in my design. The reference design is the MB2131 STM32WBA5M M.2 expansion board from ST (schematic), and the external debug connector sheet contains the note: ...
I have an ADC board. This board will communicate with a STM32 develoment board via SPI interface. I am using jumper cables for connecting the ADC SPI lines to ST32 evaluation board. Below is my AD...
I have two analog multiplexers on the same net (WORK_ELEC): TMUX1108 (8:1) TMUX1104 (4:1) For 4:1 MUX Enabled is going through an Inverter . They must be mutually exclusive (never enabled at th...
I built a small breakout board of for an ATmega328p microcontroller. It included an AMS1117 5 V regulator and a CP2102 USB-UART bridge for programming and serial communication. On the board I use a...
This a continuation of my previous question. As Olin suggested, I decided to simulate only Buck-Boost solution for powering my 16 bit ADC. Olin suggested me to add filtering at the output of the Bu...
In many hobby and even commercial designs, people use generic wire-wound inductors or common-mode chokes that do not have a specified insulation or hipot voltage rating. Drum-core inductors are som...
Basic Explanation of my System: The proposed design is a battery-powered wearable device that integrates advanced sensing and power management features. The system operates primarily from a single...
In the AM2224-1000 datasheet for the '1000' model the following parameters are given: Nominal voltage per phase: 1.4V Back-EMF amplitude: 3.8V/k step/s There is also torque/speed gra...
I’m working on a 48 V (60 V max) BLDC logic board, and I’m using an LM5069 hot-swap controller for the logic board. I need to control the UVLO/EN pin so the user can turn the system ON using a mom...
I’m designing a power control front-end for a 48 V (60 V max) system using the LM5069 hot-swap controller. My goal is to implement a press-to-turn-on / MCU-latch-ON / MCU-kill-power sequence using ...
I have currently started doing an SPI protocol verification project in UVM where I create only the testbench with no DUT as it is a Verification IP(VIP). Now I came across this topic called BFM(bus...
Requirement: I have to charge a bulky DC link capacitor (3000 µF, 400V) of a photovoltaic (PV) inverter which will be powered using an electronic PV emulator for my research thesis. I am trying to...
I need some help with grounding approach and the TVS diode connections. Chassis-GND <-> PCB-GND Bonding I am currently tying PCB GND to Chassis_GND using a 100 Ω resistor + 0.1 µF capacitor ...
Basic Explanation of my System: The proposed design is a battery-powered wearable device that integrates advanced sensing and power management features. The system operates primarily from a single...
this video with 39k, man rinses sonicare with rubbing alcohol. how's this safe? https://youtu.be/c5ObhA_mF-A?si=DuHdhvCwTjeQkpwo&t=142
Trying to update my understanding of basic semiconductors. It has been a very long time since I seriously looked at semiconductors. The most basic semiconductor application is a diode. From Wikip...
Consider a device with a microSD card. The microcontroller writes to the SD card periodically. The operators have an ability to remove the microSD card at any time (they will be removing it every...
I’m designing a 48 V input protection / hot-swap stage using the LM5069 and would really appreciate a sanity check on my schematic and component choices. Application specs Input source: 48 V ...
I am using a 12-bit ADC with its reference voltage powered by a switching regulator that introduces approximately 33 mV Peak to Peak ripple on the reference line and ripple frequency is 1.7 Khz. W...
ADE7933 contains an isolated DC-DC converter (Page 82). The control uses ~1MHz PWM signal with unknown rise time, but assuming something like 10ns, most of the energy would be contained in the 35MH...
I have designed a two-stage power supply and control power circuit. The design allows the entire system to be powered and controlled using a single external push switch (when pressed, it is shorted...
I need to interface the NTC thermistor with the SAM D5x/E5x microcontroller. During my research, I came across two common circuit configurations for NTC connections: one where the NTC is connected...
I own a significant amount of male (non-PD) [1] USB-A 2.0, Lightning, and (30-pin) Dock adapters, all of which adapt to female USB-C 2/3[.2]. I never considered these to be non-conformant. However,...
Old fashioned p-n junction devices suffered from a voltage drop (0.6V for Si, 0.2V for Ge, if I remember correctly). FETs and CMOS were the latest highlight back then, and highly prone to be destr...
